Vulnerable and Loving It(?)

Jim Lafrenz, P.E.

American Concrete Pavement Association5420 Old Orchard RoadSkokie, IL 60077

(847) 966-2272airports@pavement.com

Which Target Would You Select?

You Cannot Afford Either Option

April 1983 – 63 Deaths

253 Marines – October 1983

1993 – 6 Deaths, 1042 Injuries

19 Deaths – Hundreds Injured

1996

212 Deaths – 4650 Injured

1998

USS Cole – 17 Dead

3600(?) Deaths – Thousands Injured

September 11, 2001

The Response

168 Deaths – 400 Injured

1995

The Terrorist Defined

Foreign– Theological– Cultural– Extremist– Depends Upon Terror

to Make a Statement– Targets Large

Populations– Depends Upon Media

Coverage

Domestic– Targets a Specific

Group or Icon– Extremist– Uses Terror to Subdue

or Avenge

Basic Conclusions

Active Defense Fails– Police– Military– Intelligence

Passive Defense Not Implemented

– Anti Collapse– Controlled Entry

The Target Will Be Defeated

Active Defense Will Continue to Fail

Policy for Passive Defense Will Continue to Lag Events

No Consideration for Minimizing Collateral Damage

Tactics and Threats

Vehicles Attack Stand-Off Ballistics Entry (Forced/Covert) Airborne - Chem/Bio Waterborne - Bio

Threat– Minimum (50 #)– Low(220#)– Medium (500#)– High (1000#)– Special Case

Levels of Protection Tactic Level of

ProtectionPotential Structure Damage Potential Injury

Bombingtactics

Minimum Significant damage, but noprogressive collapse

Majority of personnel sufferserious injuries. There are likelyto be a limited number offatalities

Low Damaged – unrepairableNo collapse, but structuralmembers will requirereplacement

Majority of personnel sufferlacerations and blunt traumainjuries from window glazing andnon-structural elements

Medium Damaged - repairableDamaged structural elementscan be repaired

Mostly minor and some seriouslacerations and blunt traumafrom window glazing and non-structural elements

High Superficial damage Only superficial lacerations andblunt trauma from non-structuralelements

Ballisticstactic

Low Limited - screening Unlikely

High Superficial – hardened None

Stand Off Distance

0 100 200 300 400 500

1000#

500#

220#

50#

MinimumLowMediumHigh

TN

T E

quiv

alen

t

Feet

TNT EQUIVALENCY

Relative Explosive Weights

500 lb. charge 1,000 lb. charge

50 lb. charge 220 lb. chargeAUTOMOBILE: trunk or other

location - easily hidden

AUTOMOBILE: trunk/passenger

compartment - not easily hidden

PICKUP: bed filled TRUCK: 2-1/2 ton truck & larger

back compartment filled

Stand Off Distance

0 100 200 300 400 500

Truck

SUV

Minivan

Car

MinimumLowMediumHigh

Conventional Annealed Glass

Glass With Micro Film

Window Retrofits

Window Width, in.

Ela

stic

Sec

tion

Mod

ulus

, in^

3

Catcher Bar Design Curves

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 720

2

4

6

8

10

15 m il FRF , fy=35 ksi stee l15 m il FRF , fy=46 ksi stee l12 m il FRF , fy=35 ksi stee l12 m il FRF , fy=46 ksi stee l8 m il FRF , fy=35 ksi stee l8 m il FRF , fy=46 ksi stee l4 m il FRF , fy=35 ksi stee l4 m il FRF , fy=46 ksi stee l

Stan doff, feet

Cha

rge

Wei

ght,

lbs

Fragm ent R etention Film Thickness Selection

10 50 100 500 1,000 5,000 10,00010

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

F R F T h ickn e ss1 5 m il1 2 m il8 m il4 m il

WINDAS

Organizing for Vulnerability

Pa ssive D efense

B u ild in g S tan d ard sP o lice

F ire D ep artm en t

R ecovery

N ation a l G u ard

Active D efense

C IA

N S A

D S A

F B I

Intelligence

Organizing for Defense

P u b licR e la tion s

R isk A n a lys is

S tan d ard s

Tra in in gE d u ca tion

C ounterT errorsim

B u ild in gS tan d ard s

Pa ssive D efense

P olice

F ire

R ecoveryP u b lic H ea lth

N ation a lG u ard

Active D efense Intelligence

Escaping Vulnerability

Plan for Passive (Buildings Kill and Injure - Not Bombs)

Use Active as the interim and not the rule

Logical Analysis– Minimize Cost– Maximum Collateral

Protection

Standoff and Delay Most Effective Techniques– Chance of Discovery

Vulnerability Assessment Tools

Security Engineering Planning Assistant Mil HDBK 1013-10, 12, 14 WINDAS

DoD AT/FP Construction Standards Protective Structures Automated Design

System

Questions

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