warmup #4 according to our discussion on the setup of feudal manors, visually depict the landscape...
TRANSCRIPT
WarmUp #4
• According to our discussion on the setup of feudal manors, visually depict the landscape of a manor.– i.e. draw/sketch a feudal manor
• include the estates for the lord• include the living quarters for the vassals and/or knights • include the church…& living quarters for the clergy
– reference previous notes and/or pgs. 382-386.
The Church & the Late Middle Ages
Role of the Catholic Church• Church: unifying force in Europe• the Great Schism split the Roman Catholic Church,
from the (Eastern) Orthodox Church– RC > Pope (bishop of Rome): head of church– EO > Patriarch: head of church
• monks: men dedicated to God – separated from society – followed rule for each day (St. Benedict) – lived in monasteries– got $$$ from nobles
• nuns: female monks, who lived in abbeys
• missionary effort• Western Europe converted by 1050 AD (St. Patrick)
Monastery/Abbey
Popes vs. Kings• the popes were BOTH the religious & political
authority: owned land in/around Rome (papal states)
• over time bishops/abbots: vassals to lords– chosen for political, not spiritual reasons
• popes exercised more power than expected– excommunication: kick people out of the Church
Catholic Church in High Middle Ages• sacraments: receiving God’s grace
– taught as necessary for salvation
• Mary, the mother of Jesus = highest saint• relics: physical objects from the saints
– worthy of worship (pieces of the cross, the head of John the Baptist etc.)
• pilgrimage to churches/monasteries that housed relics (Canterbury: Thomas a Becket)
• new orders of monks:– Franciscan: followed Francis of Assisi
• vow of absolute poverty– Dominican: followed Dominic de Guzman
• vowed to fight heresy (denying beliefs)– Inquisition founded as Church court combated heresy
Franciscan & Dominican Monks
Decline of Church Power• political ambitions of popes > clashes with kings• conflict between pope & the king of France
– king of France…got French pope elected
• 1305-1377 popes lived in Avignon, France• Pope Gregory XI back to Rome• Italian pope elected next…French elect their own pope!• Papal Schism
– 1378-1417: 2+ popes– finally Council called…which deposed popes– new pope was elected & followed
• weakened authority of the Church & the pope• Jan Hus: Czech reformer, who called for end to
corruption…was burned as a heretic!
Avignon Popes & Jan Hus
The Black Death• Bubonic Plague began in 14th Century• killed huge portions of population• 1347-1351 AD: 38 million died• total population: 75 million• up to 60% of a town might die…whole villages • unsure of causes…judgment from God?• waves of anti-Semitism: hostility toward Jews• economic consequences:
– lessened trade– increased wages for labor– decreased food prices– virtually, ended serfdom
The Black Death
Hundred Years’ War• England owned land in France • 1337: War between countries over the rightful king of France
– remember Eleanor of Aquitaine!
• English: – knights but also relied on peasant soldiers with longbows
• 1415 Agincourt: huge victory for English King Henry V• 1429 Joan of Arc: (French peasant girl) convinced French
dauphin (crown prince) to let her lead the French army– won Battle of Orleans – became the symbol of hope/determination for the French
• 1430: English captured her & burned her as a heretic• the French fought on & won the Hundred Years’ War, inspired
by Joan of Arc as a martyr• By 1453: French controlled their own territory
Joan of Arc: “Map Analysis”---pg. 421
Political Recovery• England: post-Hundred Years’ War:
– very weak…& in debt!– no heir to throne > War of the Roses (civil war)– Yorks vs. Lancasters– “Princes in Tower” of London
• Richard III becomes king, as a result of their death
– finally Henry Tudor…married Elizabeth of York• claimed throne as Henry VII
• Spain:– struggle between Christian states & Muslim kingdoms
• 1469: Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon – unifying Spain under Christian rule
• 1492: Spain kicked all Muslims & Jews out of country– Spanish Inquisition
• “to be Spanish = to be Roman Catholic”
Spain & England