waste management presentation

Waste Management

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE• Identify the industrial and domestic sources

of waste and their characteristics;• Develop knowledge of waste treatment

disposal and remediation processes;• Understand the concepts of risk assessment

and remediation standards;• Describe and share practical knowledge and

technology of chemical ,physical and biological treatment of hazardous waste.

Waste Management

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE• Describe and be able to apply the current

remediation processes and technologies;• Understand the criteria behind selection of

treatment technologies and site remediation; and

• Educate communities and stakeholders on best practices in waste management.

Waste Management

Waste Types and Sources

Definition of Wastes“substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”

Disposal means“any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses.

Waste Management

Solid wastes: domestic, commercial, mining and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes

Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles,

cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash

Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

Waste Management

Classification of Wastes according to their Properties.

Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

Non-biodegradablecannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,

cans, styrofoam containers and others)

Waste Management

Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment

Hazardous wastesSubstances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically.

Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically.

TYPES OF WASTES

residential industrialcommercial

agricultural

mining

construction

Municipal solid waste Hazardous waste

Waste Management

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTEThreat to public health

rodents, insects = vectors of diseases (transmit pathogens, typhoid, plague

poisonous materials

flammable materials

Irreversible environmental damage in ecosystemsterrestrial and aquatic

air pollution (incineration)

water pollution (land burial)

Technical and environmental difficulties +administrative, economic and social problems

Waste Management

PROBLEMS WITH LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTE• too little space for disposal• costs• harm to the environment and public health• landfills are unreliable in long run

Waste Management

Refuse (municipal solid waste)All non-hazardous solid waste from a communityRequires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site

Ordinary refuse: garbage + rubbish

GarbageHighly decomposable food wasteVegetable + meat

RubbishGlass, rubber, tin cansSlowly decomposable or combustible material – paper, textile, wood

TrashBulky waste material that requires special handlingMattress, TV, refrigeratorCollected separately

COMPOSITION OF URBAN SOLID WASTE

paper

hard waste

plastics

metals

food waste

glass

wood

other

• 0,6 – 1,2 m3 waste / day / person

• 120 – 250 kg / m3 without compaction

• 40-50% is paper

Waste ManagementResponsibility of the local municipalityrefuse collection vehicles

enclosed, compacting type with a capacity of 15 m3

compaction: 50% reductionFrequency of collection and the point of pickup depends:

type of communitypopulation density

land use in the collection areacombined collection of garbage and rubbish is cheaper for recycling it is essential to separateseparated collection!!! (paper, metal, plastic, glass, organics, chemicals, batteries)

Waste ManagementWASTE TREATMENT AND RESOURCE

RECOVERY

1. Reduce the total volume and weight of material that requires disposal

Help to conserve land resources

2. Change the form or characteristic of wasteComposting, neutralizing, shredding, incineration

3. Recover natural resources and energy in the waste material

Recycling and reuse!!! (it takes 17 trees to make 1 ton of paper)

Waste Disposal Methods

14

Predominant method of waste disposal in

developing countries Illegal dumping problems Groundwater contamination, air pollution, pest and health hazards

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Open Dumps

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Ocean Dumping

Source: The Independent

Sanitary Landfills

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Waste Disposal Methods (cont’d)

SOLID WASTE

What is a solid waste

• Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or gas, is solid waste– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):

• Solid waste from home or office

– Industrial Solid Waste:• Solid waste produced from Mines, Agriculture or

Industry

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Waste Management

Benefits of Recycling

The ultimate benefits from recycling are• cleaner land, air, and water, • overall better health, and • a more sustainable economy.

Municipal Waste

• On-site (at home)• Open Dump• Sanitary Landfill• Incineration• Ocean dumping

Open Dump

• Unsanitary, draws pests and vermin, harmful runoff and leachates, toxic gases

• Still accounts for half of solid waste

Sanitary Landfill

• Sanitary Landfill– Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth

once a day and a thicker layer when the site is full– Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates:

can cause problem by overflow– Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting

Sanitary LandfillLeachates

• is any liquid that in passing through matter, extracts solutes, suspended solids or any other component of the material through which it has passed.

• In the narrow environmental context leachate is therefore any liquid material that drains from land or stockpiled material and contains significantly elevated concentrations of undesirable material derived from the material that it has passed through

Sanitary Landfill

• Avoid:– Swampy area/ Flood plains /coastal areas– Fractures or porous rocks– High water table

• Prefer:– Clay layers– Heads of gullies

Monitoring of Sanitary Landfills

• Gases: Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulphide• Heavy Metals: Lead, Chromium in soil• Soluble substances: chloride, nitrate, sulfate• Surface Run-offs• Vegetation: may pick up toxic substances• Plant residue in soil• Paper/plastics etc – blown by the wind

Incineration

Solves space problem but:– produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2

– High temp furnaces break down hazardous compounds but are expensive ($75 - $2000/ton)

– Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste burnt

Ocean Dumping

• Out of sight, free of emission control norms• Contributes to ocean pollution• Can wash back on beaches, and can cause death of

marine mammals • Preferred method: incineration in open sea• Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping of

sewage sludge and industrial waste• Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can cause habitat

destruction and export of fluvial pollutants

Ways of Reducing Solid Waste• Incineration, compacting• Hog feed: requires heat treatment• Composting: requires separation of organics from glass

and metals• Recycling and Reusing

Recycling: facts and figures• In 1999, recycling and composting activities prevented

about 64 million tons of material from ending up in landfills and incinerators. Today, this country recycles 32 percent of its waste, a rate that has almost doubled during the past 15 years.

• 50 percent of all paper, 34 percent of all plastic soft drink bottles, 45 percent of all aluminum beer and soft drink cans, 63 percent of all steel packaging, and 67 percent of all major appliances are now recycled.

• Twenty years ago, only one curbside recycling program existed in the United States, which collected several materials at the curb. By 2005, almost 9,000 curbside programs had sprouted up across the nation. As of 2005, about 500 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.

Waste Exchange

• One persons waste can be another persons raw material

• Isopropyl alcohol = cleaning solvent• Nitric Acid from Electronic Industry = high

grade fertilizer• Spent acid of steel industry = control for H2S

LANDFILL DESIGN• Modern landfills are designed to

minimise these problems:– Location– Landfill Liner– Compaction of waste– Daily Cover – Landfill Cap– Leachate Management System– Landfill Gas management System

LANDFILL LOCATION

• In order to obtain a permit a landfill operator must first carry out a detailed investigation and prove to the satisfaction of the planning authority and the EA that the site: – is located in a geologically stable area– is not located on a major aquifer;– Is not located in a vulnerable area;– is designed to reduce the risk of damage to

the environment and human health;– will be monitored regularly for the duration of

operations and aftercare period.

Installation of monitoring/site investigation borehole

LANDFILL LINERS• Landfill Liners are constructed on the base

and sides of a landfill site to prevent leachate from leaking into the surrounding soils.

• Landfill Liners may be constructed from:– Compacted Clay– Bentonite Enhanced Sand– Geomembrane– Geotextile Protector– Dense Asphaltic Concrete (DAC)– Combination of the above

LANDFILL LINERS

Construction of compacted clay liner

LANDFILL LINERS

LANDFILL LINERS

Installation of Geomembrane Basal Liner

LANDFILL LINERS

Construction of Dense Asphaltic Concrete Liner

This is a new method of lining landfills.

The first landfill to be constructed with this type of lining system in the UK is North of London and was completed this summer.

LANDFILL LINERS

CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE

• All construction carried out on landfill sites is supervised and recorded by an independent consultant.

• Following construction, certification reports are produced by the consultant and issued to the Environment Agency for approval.

LANDFILL OPERATIONS

• Waste is placed in layers approximately 3 m thick and compacted.

• At the end of each working day approximately 0.3 m of clay or sand material is placed on top of the waste to:– minimise the infiltration of rainwater– isolate the waste from birds and vermin– reduce odours

LANDFILL OPERATIONS• To prevent wastage and the formation of

layers of weakness within the waste mass the daily cover is scraped off and re-used each day.

• Leachate that collects at the base of the waste mass is collected and re-circulated into the waste. This:– increases the rate of decomposition of the waste

and therefore, rate of settlement;– decreases disposal costs.

LANDFILL CAP• Landfill caps placed above the waste

after completion of infilling prevent the infiltration of rainwater, minimising the production of leachate.

• Landfill Caps are usually constructed from:– Recompacted clay– Geomembrane

LANDFILL CAP

Construction of geomembrane cap

LANDFILL CAP

LEACHATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM• Leachate management systems are installed to:

– prevent the accumulation of leachate in the base of the landfill

– collect, re-circulate and dispose of leachate during operations and after closure

• They comprise of:– leachate drainage blanket at base of landfill– pipes along base and sidewalls of landfill– wells to monitor and extract the leachate

LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• Landfill gas management systems are installed to prevent the build up of gases within the landfill and to prevent migration of landfill gas through the underlying strata.

• There are 2 ways landfill gas can be managed:– passive– active


• Passive management systems comprise of wells with perforated tops to allow the gas to vent into the atmosphere

• Active management systems involve the active extraction of the gas.

• The extracted gas can be used to generate electricity.


Electricity generating system

MONITORING

• Monitoring is carried out before, during, and after the placement of waste.

• Numerous monitoring wells are constructed around a landfill site (both upstream and downstream) to check for contamination.

• Chemical testing is carried out regularly on: – Groundwater – Leachate– Landfill Gas

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4- Landfills Public/private ownership and operation

In most developing countries landfills are owned and operated by local governments. Where expertise is available in the private sector, municipal planners should explore the option of privatizing landfill operations on a contractual basis. This option should be weighed carefully in bases of cost recovery and the payment of fees.

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4- Landfills

Monitoring and control of leachate:

Leachate management is a key factor in safe landfill design and operation. The natural decomposition of MSW and rain infiltration into the site causes potentially toxic contaminants. The wetter the climate is the greater potential risks of ground- and surface water contamination. The geology of a site can exacerbate or reduce amount of leachate.

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4- Landfills

Continue Monitoring and control of leachate:

Household hazardous waste (e.g., paint products, garden pesticides, automotive products, batteries) and hazardous wastes from commercial and industrial generators can release organic chemical and heavy metals contaminants in leachate.

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4- Landfills


Natural or synthetic materials are used to line the bottom and sides of landfills to protect ground and surface water. Two feet or more of compacted clay, thin sheets of plastic made from a variety of synthetic materials and others used in lining landfills. Natural and synthetic liners can crack, if improperly installed, or can lose strength over time.

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4- Landfills


More than one liner or a mix of natural and synthetic liners, called a composite liner, is a recommended alternative. To minimize production of leachate, covering material should be applied after each day of MSW is spread.

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4- Landfills

Leachate collection and treatment:

Leachate collection systems are installed above the liner and consist of a perforated piping system which collects and carries the leachate to a storage tank. Periodically, leachate removed from the storage tank and treated or disposed of.

Most common leachate management methods are: discharge to wastewater treatment plant, on-site treatment and recirculation back into the landfill.

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4- Landfills

Leachate recirculation

over waste in landfills showed an increase the quantity (by factor of 10) and quality of methane gas for recovery as well as possibly reduces the concentration of contaminants in leachate and enhances the settling of the waste.

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4- Landfills

Leachate reinjection may be appropriate for areas with low rainfall. This technology could be more cost-effective than other treatment systems.

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4- Landfills

Possible drawbacks of leachate recirculation include clogging of leachate collection systems, increasing release of leachate to the environment and increasing odor problems.

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4- Landfills

At controlled dumps monitoring operations may involve the scheduled withdrawal of samples to test for indicator contaminants such as bacteria, heavy metal ions, and toxic organic acids.

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4- Landfills

Monitoring operations at sanitary landfills may involve computerized statistical sampling and automatic reporting of results at the regulatory agency. Such systems are costly and require skilled personnel.

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4- Landfills Monitoring and control of landfill gas

Gas management is required at sanitary landfills. At controlled dumps, it should be monitoring to determine if dangerous amounts of gas are being released. A low-cost design (passive collection system) to handle landfill gas consists of covered vertical perforated pipes, using natural pressure of gas to collect and vent or flare it at surface. More costly active collection systems utilize covered network of pipes and pumping to trap it. Gas is processed and used for process heat or electricity. This collection system is risky and expensive.

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4- Landfills Continue Monitoring and control of landfill gas

Gas management is required at sanitary landfills. At controlled dumps, it should be monitoring to determine if dangerous amounts of gas are being released. A low-cost design (passive collection system) to handle landfill gas consists of covered vertical perforated pipes, using natural pressure of gas to collect and vent or flare it at surface. More costly active collection systems utilize covered network of pipes and pumping to trap it. Gas is processed and used for process heat or electricity. This collection system is risky and expensive.

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4- Landfills

Access and tipping area

Fencing should be designed to restrict unauthorized access to the landfill and to keep out animals. A staffed gate should be the point of entry to the facility for vehicles and any waste pickers. Gate should be equipped with scales for the weighing of vehicles as they enter and exit the facility. They provide critical information for planning purposes and for operational management of collection vehicles.

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4- Landfills

Pre-processing and waste picker policy

Landfill is the least efficient alternative for materials recovery operations. Where composting is attractive at the landfill and/or waste picking activity is permitted, sorting of the waste should occur close to the gate or tipping area rather than at the working cell. Such activities reduce the volume of material to be landfilled and extend the life of the facility.

Waste picking policy should be established during the design phase of the facility

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4- Landfills

Operations and safety manuals

Manuals should be prepared during the design phase of the landfill. This permits their content to be specifically adapted to the processes for which the facility is designed. Clear operating procedures and well-trained workers are vital to safe and effective landfill operations.

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4- Landfills

Closure/post-closure plans

Essential closure and post-closure elements are:

• Plans for the sealing and application of final cover (including vegetation)

• Plans for long-term leachate and gas management system monitoring;

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4- Landfills

Continue Closure/post-closure plans

• Plans for long-term ground and surface water monitoring;

• Financial assurance guarantees to the local or state government; and

• Land use restrictions for the site

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4- Landfills

In the case of controlled dumps in most developing countries, closure and post-closure plans are not prepared. However, ongoing monitoring and control of the facility after its useful life is an unavoidable for periods that may exceed 30 years after their closure.

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4- Landfills

Community relations

The designer should establish a program for ongoing dialog with community. This should be based on transparency in landfill operations and procedures to addressing community concerns. Some facilities offer give-backs to their host community.

Wastewater Treatment

Liquid Waste• Sewage• Highly toxic Industrial Waste & Used Oil

– Dilute and Disperse– Concentrate and Contain– Secure Landfill

• Sealed drums to be put in impermeable holds with monitoring wells to check for leakage: does not work

– Deep well Disposal• Pumping in deep porous layer bounded by impermeable

formations, well below water table• $1 million to drill, $15-20/ton afterwards• Restricted by geological considerations, can trigger earthquakes

Wastewater TreatmentPurpose:

To manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries

to reduce the threat of water pollution.

Pre-treatment Preliminary treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Sludge (biosolids) disposal


Wastewater Treatment Pre-treatment

- Occurs in business or industry prior to discharge

- Prevention of toxic chemicals or excess nutrients being discharged

in wastewater

Wastewater TreatmentWater discharged from homes, businesses,

and industry enters sanitary sewersWater from rainwater on streets enters

storm water sewersCombined sewers carry both sanitary

wastes and storm water

Wastewater TreatmentWater moves toward the

wastewater plant primarily by gravity flow

Lift stations pump water from low lying areas over hills

Wastewater TreatmentPreliminary Treatment

- removes large objects and non-degradable materials - protects pumps and equipment from damage - bar screen and grit chamber

Wastewater TreatmentBar Screen

- catches large objects that have gotten into sewer system such as bricks, bottles, pieces of wood, etc.

Wastewater TreatmentGrit Chamber

- removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc.

Mesh Screen- removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic bags, syringes, etc.


Preliminary Treatment

Wastewater TreatmentMeasurement and sampling at the inlet

structure- a flow meter continuously records the volume of water entering the treatment plant- water samples are taken for determination of suspended solids and B.O.D.

Wastewater TreatmentSuspended Solids – the quantity of solid

materials floating in the water column

B.O.D. = Biochemical Oxygen Demand- a measure of the amount of oxygen required to aerobically decompose organic matter in the water

Wastewater TreatmentMeasurements of Suspended Solids and

B.O.D. indicate the effectiveness of treatment processes

Both Suspended Solids and B.O.D. decrease as water moves through the wastewater treatment processes

Wastewater TreatmentPrimary Treatment

-- a physical process-- wastewater flow is slowed down and suspended solids settle to the bottom by gravity-- the material that settles is called sludge or biosolids

Wastewater TreatmentPrimary Treatment

Sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks is pumped to the sludge thickener.- more settling occurs to concentrate the sludge prior to disposal


Wastewater TreatmentPrimary treatment reduces the suspended solids

and the B.O.D. of the wastewater.From the primary treatment tanks water is

pumped to the trickling filter for secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment will further reduce the suspended solids and B.O.D. of the wastewater.

Wastewater TreatmentSecondary Treatment


Secondary treatment is a biological processUtilizes bacteria and algae to metabolize organic matter in the wastewaterIn Cape Girardeau secondary treatment occurs on the trickling filter


the trickling filter does not “filter” the water water runs over a plastic media and organisms clinging to the media remove organic matter from the water

Wastewater TreatmentFrom secondary treatment on the trickling filter

water flows to the final clarifiers for further removal of sludge.

The final clarifiers are another set of primary sedimentation tanks.

From the final clarifiers the water is discharged back to the Mississippi River.

Wastewater TreatmentThe final clarifiers

remove additional sludge and further reduce suspended solids and B.O.D.

Wastewater TreatmentDisposal of Sludge or Biosolids

-- the sludge undergoes lime stabilization (pH is raised by addition of lime) to kill potential pathogens

-- the stabilized sludge is land applied by injection into agricultural fields

Wastewater TreatmentDisposal of Sludge or Biosolids

-- in the past, the sludge was disposed by landfill or incineration

-- landfill disposal discontinued to the threat of leachate

-- incineration discontinued because of the ineffectiveness and cost

Wastewater TreatmentThe final part of the field trip tour

will be in the treatment plant lab.

Wastewater TreatmentThe wastewater plant lab conducts a

number of measurements and tests on the water.

suspended solids temperatureB.O.D. nitrogenpH phosphorus

Wastewater TreatmentIn addition to test performed at the

wastewater lab, an off-site contract lab performs additional tests

heavy metals priority pollutants

W.E.T (Whole Effluent Toxicity) tests

TRP Chapter 2.1 111

HAZARDOUS WASTE

TRP Chapter 2.1 112

General definitionA hazardous waste has the potential to

cause an unacceptable risk to:

– PUBLIC HEALTH

– THE ENVIRONMENT

TRP Chapter 2.1 113

Why definition is difficult

HAZARDOUS WASTE

PHYSICAL FORM

PHYSICAL PROPERTIESCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

COMPOSITION

The hazard associated with a waste depends on:

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

TRP Chapter 2.1 114

Examples of hazardous waste definitions: Basel Convention

45 categories of wastes that are presumed to be hazardous.

PLUS …...

These categories of waste need to exhibit one or more hazardous characteristics:

flammable, oxidising, poisonous, infectious, corrosive, ecotoxic

TRP Chapter 2.1 115

Examples of hazardous waste definitions: UNEP

Wastes other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment

TRP Chapter 2.1 116

Examples of hazardous waste definitions

UNDER United Nations REGULATIONS:

1 The waste is listed in UNEP regulations

2 The waste is tested and meets one of the four characteristics established by UNEP:

• Ignitable• Corrosive• Reactive• Toxic

3 The waste is declared hazardous by the generator

TRP Chapter 2.1 117

The objective of definitions

Why define wastes?

To decide whether or not that waste should be controlled - this is important for the generator as well as the regulator

Why create a list?

• Clear and simple

• No need for testing

TRP Chapter 2.1 118

Different methods of classification

Lists eg Basel Convention Annex I, Basel List A, EU European Waste Catalogue, US EPA list

Origin eg processes, Basel Convention Annex II

Hazardous characteristics eg toxicity, reactivity, Basel Convention Annex III

Chemical and physical properties eg inorganic, organic, oily, sludges

• Need to match classification to objectives

• No method will suit all cases

TRP Chapter 2.1 119

Methods of waste classification: by origin

•Waste streams eg Basel Convention

•Miscellaneous or ubiquitous wastes eg • contaminated soils• dusts• redundant pesticides from agriculture• hospital wastes

TRP Chapter 2.1 120

Example of waste classification by origin: Basel

The Basel Convention’s List of

Hazardous Waste Categories (Y1-Y18) identifies wastes from specific processes

eg Y1 Clinical wastes

Y6 Wastes from the production and use of organic solvents

Y18 Residues from industrial waste disposal operations

TRP Chapter 2.1 121

Methods of waste classification: by hazardous characteristics

Main characteristics:• Toxic• Corrosive

UN Committee on the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road or Rail (ADR) lists waste characteristics. These have been adopted by Basel Convention - Annex III gives 13 characteristics, based on ADR rules, including:

• Explosive• Flammable• Toxic and eco-toxic

Represented as codes H1-H13

• Ignitable• Reactive

TRP Chapter 2.1 122

Hazardous characteristics: Toxicity

Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin

Examples:•Spent cyanide solutions•Waste pesticides

TRP Chapter 2.1 123

Hazardous characteristics: Corrosivity

Acids or alkalis that are capable of dissolving human flesh and corroding metal such as storage tanks and drums

Examples:•acids from metals cleaning processes eg ferric chloride from printed circuit board manufacture

•liquor from steel manufacture

TRP Chapter 2.1 124

Hazardous characteristics: Ignitability

Ignitable wastes:• can create fires under certain conditions• or are spontaneously combustible

Examples: •Waste oils•Used solvents•Organic cleaning materials•Paint wastes

TRP Chapter 2.1 125

Hazardous characteristics: Reactivity

Reactive wastes are unstable under ‘normal conditions’ They can cause: • explosions • toxic fumes • gases or vapours

Examples:• Peroxide solutions• Hypochlorite solutions or solids

TRP Chapter 2.1 126

Hazardous characteristics: Eco-toxicity

Eco-toxic wastes are harmful or fatal to other species or to the ecological integrity of their habitats

Examples:

• Heavy metals

• Detergents

• Oils

• Soluble salts

TRP Chapter 2.1 127

Methods of waste classification: by chemical, biological and

physical properties

• Inorganic wastes eg acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewaters from electroplating

• Organic wastes eg pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs

• Oily wastes eg lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminted fuel oils

• Sludges eg from metal working, painting, wastewater treatment

TRP Chapter 2.1 128

•Hazardous waste from households - outside the controls in many countries

•Small quantity generators - often placed outside the system, at least initially

•Aqueous effluents discharged to sewer or treated on-site - controlled separately from hazardous wastes in most countries

•Sewage sludge - excluded in some countries•Mining wastes - often excluded•Agricultural waste - often excluded•Nuclear waste - always excluded

Exclusions from control systemsSome wastes may be excluded from the legal definition of hazardous wastes, and thus not subject to controls. These vary, but may include:

TRP Chapter 6.5 129

Thermal treatment

TRP Chapter 6.5 130

Definitions

Thermal treatment = destruction of hazardous waste by thermal decomposition

Thermal treatment methods include: • incineration - complete combustion using excess

oxygen• gasification - incomplete combustion in the partial

absence of oxygen• pyrolysis - thermal decomposition in the total

absence of oxygen

TRP Chapter 6.5 131

Application of thermal treatment

Suitable for organic wastes Thermal treatment processes:

• require high capital investment • are highly regulated• need skilled personnel• require high operating and safety

standards• have medium to high operating costs

TRP Chapter 6.5 132

Good practice in hazardous waste combustion

3 Ts:

• Time

• Temperature

• Turbulence

Flue gas cleaning systems

TRP Chapter 6.5 133

Waste characteristicsDifferent waste types have different heat values ie

the amount of heat released during complete combustion - Calorific Value (CV)

• Gross Calorific Value (CV) includes heat released

by steam condensation• Net Calorific Value does not include the heat from

condensation

Also important: • Flash point• Viscosity• Chlorine, fluorine, sulphur & heavy metals

TRP Chapter 6.5 134

Examples of Calorific Value

Mixed waste from plant

cleaning operations 10,000 - 30,000 kj/kg

Wastewater 5,000 kj/kg

(0 - 10,000kj/kg depending on organic content)

Industrial sludge 1,000 - 10,000 kj/kg

Paints and varnishes >20,000 kj/kg

Chlorinated hydrocarbons 5,000 - 20,000 kj/kg

For comparison, MSW = ~10,000kj/kg

Source: Indaver

TRP Chapter 6.5 135

Combustion

Requires: • addition of excess air • mechanical mixing of waste • even distribution and aeration of waste

Behaviour of waste during combustion varies according to its heat value and its formSome low CV wastes burn easily = strawSome low CV wastes are difficult to burn = wet sludgesSome high CV wastes burn easily = tank bottoms Some high CV wastes are difficult to burn = contaminated soils, certain plastics

Certain wastes change their physical characteristics during combustion

TRP Chapter 6.5 136

Combustion techniques

Bed plate furnaces: use gravity to mix waste - used for homogeneous and wet wastes such as sludge cake

Fluidised bed furnaces: waste is introduced into a bed of sand which is kept in suspension - used for wastes of similar size and density

Incineration grates: wastes fed onto the grate are turned or moved to ensure aeration of the waste mass via holes in the grate - used for solid wastes eg municipal wastes, not liquids or sludges

Rotary kilns: wastes are placed in slowly rotating furnace - suitable for solids, sludges and liquids

TRP Chapter 6.5 137

Operation of the furnace

• good understanding of waste characteristics

• technical skills• control of waste feed • mixing of wastes • temperature to be kept at required

level despite variations in waste• excess air• flue gas control• regular maintenance

Must be consistentNeeds:

Source: David C Wilson

TRP Chapter 6.5 138

Energy recoveryWaste combustion produces heat but combustion of low CV wastes may not be self-supporting

Energy recovery is via production of steam to generate electricity

• Only steam production: 80% efficiency is typical• Steam can be used for in-house demands• Steam can be delivered to adjacent users eg other industrial

plants• Electricity can be generated: 25% efficiency typical

Opportunities to sell heat are improved where facilities are in industrial areas

Sale of surplus energy improves plant economics

TRP Chapter 6.5 139

By-products of incinerationMay be:

• solid • liquid• gaseous

Comprise:• recovered materials such as metals, HCl• flue gases• slag and ash• products of the flue gas treatment, also called air pollution control (APC) residues

• wastewater

TRP Chapter 6.5 140

Solid residues

• bottom ash or slag

• fly ash

• air pollution control (APC) residues

Terms and regulations on treatment and disposal of solid residues differ between countries

Bottom ash may be landfilled or used as an aggregate substitute eg for road building

TRP Chapter 6.5 141

Flue gases

Quantity and type of pollutants in emissions depend on:

• pollutants in waste• technology • efficiency of operation

Average 6 - 7 Nm3 of flue gas per kg waste

Specific collection/treatment for:

Dust - staged filters

Chlorine - neutralised by scrubbing with lime

Sulphur - washing stage

Dioxins - combustion control, activated carbon

Source: David C Wilson

TRP Chapter 6.5 142

Dioxins

• Family of around 200 chlorinated organic compounds, a few of which are highly toxic

• Widespread in the environment

• Present in waste going to incineration

• Can be re-formed in cooling stages post-combustion

• 3Ts help destroy dioxins in waste, reduce reformation

• Use of activated carbon to filter from flue gases

• Emissions limits extremely low

TRP Chapter 6.5 143

Example of flue gas cleaning technology

Source: Indaver

TRP Chapter 6.5 144

Wastewater from incineration

•Controls vary from country to country•Quantity:

• influenced by gas scrubbing technology chosen ie wet, semi-dry, dry

•Treatment:• in aerated lagoons• widely used• low cost • may not meet required standard

• physico-chemical treatment may also be needed

TRP Chapter 6.5 145

Measurement

Of what:• controlled parameters eg carbon monoxide

How: • regular • continuous

Set out in:• national regulations

• permitted operating conditions

Problems:·Measuring equipment may be imprecise

·Errors in correlation

·Errors in sampling

TRP Chapter 6.5 146

Measurement: an example

Emissions from rotary kiln incinerator

Continuous monitoring for:

HCl, CO, dust, SO2, HF, TOC, Nox, O2

Monthly measurement for:

9 heavy metals

Twice a year (soon to be continuous):

PCDD/PCDF

ALSO monitored: wastewater and solid residues Source: Indaver, Belgium

TRP Chapter 6.5 147

Costs

• Related to site-specific and country-specific factors

• High level of sophistication & control = high construction costs

• Air pollution control costs = 30-40% of total

• Treatment costs per tonne similar to other technologies

• Cost savings because volume, weight and hazard of waste remaining for disposal greatly reduced

• Recovery and sale of energy/heat from the process improves economics

TRP Chapter 6.5 148

Cement kiln incinerationWidely used for range of hazardous wastes eg oily wastes, wastewaters, sludges, solvents, organic compounds

Provides:• good combustion conditions

• alkaline environment

• vacuum operation

• high thermal inertia

• no impact on quality of cement product

• opportunity to recover energy content of waste

• no by products

TRP Chapter 6.5 149

Requirements for co-combustion in cement kilns

• suitable for pumpable organic wastes

• not suitable for wastes with high water, sulphur, chlorine, heavy metals content

• waste needs pre-treatment/blending for use as fuel

• adaptations may be needed eg fuel feed, dust controls

• must meet Health and Safety concerns re handling of hazardous wastes

• dependent on demand for product

TRP Chapter 6.5 150

Examples of technology 1Rotary kiln incinerator

Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley

TRP Chapter 6.5 151

Examples of technology 2 Fluidised bed combustion

Circulating fluidised bed Bubbling fluidised bed

Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley

TRP Chapter 6.5 152

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis = thermal decomposition process which takes place in the total absence of oxygen

Products of pyrolysis: • combustible gases• mixed liquid residue

Advantages: • low operating temperature • no need for excess air so less flue gas• by-products are combustible

TRP Chapter 6.5 153

Application of pyrolysis

For single waste streams such as:

• scrap tyres • waste plastics

For treatment of contaminated soils

TRP Chapter 6.5 154

Gasification

Gasification = incomplete combustion in the partial absence of oxygen

Enables efficient destruction of hazardous waste at lower temperatures than incineration

Thermal destruction is ensured by a combination of high-temperature oxidation followed by high temperature reduction

Products:• useful gases eg hydrogen, carbon monoxide• solid char

TRP Chapter 6.5 155

Key considerations• Waste reduction and avoidance by generators

should always be a priority

• Need to consider residues from treatment processes and their disposal

• Thermal treatment is the best available technology for some organic hazardous wastes - providing that it is designed, managed and operated properly

• There is often opposition from the public and from environmental groups, largely based on dioxin concerns

TRP Chapter 6.5 156

Summary

Thermal treatment:

• is suitable for organic wastes• includes different technologies, all require high

capital investment • is highly regulated, requires high operating and

safety standards• needs skilled personnel• has medium to high operating costs• generates useful energy• has by-products which need careful handling• often attracts opposition

TRP Chapter 4.2 157

Waste minimisation

TRP Chapter 4.2 158

Why minimise waste?

On-site recycling

Off-site recycling

disposal

disposalsource

sourcewaste

No waste minimisation

With waste minimisation, recycling and treatment

to treatment

waste

TRP Chapter 4.2 159

Preferred hierarchy of waste management options

Source reduction

On-site/off-site recycling

Treatment

Final disposal

Waste diversion

TRP Chapter 4.2 160

Source reduction opportunities

Source reduction

Housekeeping improvement

Product reformulation

Input material alteration

Technology alteration

TRP Chapter 4.2 161

Factors influencing waste minimisation

•Government policy and regulations

•Technological feasibility

•Economic viability

•Management commitment and support

TRP Chapter 4.2 162

Waste minimisation - incentives

•Reduced costs:

• raw materials, energy, water

• storage and handling

• waste disposal

• health and safety

•Regulatory compliance

•Improved efficiency

•Improved corporate image

TRP Chapter 4.2 163

Waste minimisation - barriers

•Economic barriers

•Technical barriers

•Regulatory barriers

TRP Chapter 4.2 164

Waste minimisation opportunities applicable to all operations 1

•Use higher purity materials•Use less toxic raw materials•Use non-corrosive materials•Convert from batch to continuous process•Improve equipment inspection & maintenance•Improve operator training•Improve supervision•Improve housekeeping

Waste minimisation opportunities applicable to all operations 2

Improve material tracking and inventory control:

•avoid over-purchasing• inspect deliveries before acceptance•make frequent inventory checks• label all containers accurately•ensure materials with limited shelf-life are

used by expiry date•where possible, install computer-assisted

inventory control

Case studies

Delivering textile dyeing wastewater, Thailand

TRP Chapter 4.2 167

Implementing a company waste minimisation programme

• A systematic and ongoing effort to reduce waste generation

• Must be tailored to specific company needs and practices

• 3 main phases:

• planning and organisation

• conducting a waste audit

• implementing, monitoring and reviewing

TRP Chapter 4.2 168

Phase 1: Planning and organisation

•Obtain management commitment

•Establish programme task force

•Set goals and priorities

•Establish an audit team

TRP Chapter 4.2 169

Phase 2: Waste audit

6 main steps:

identify plant operations

define process inputs

define process outputs

assess material balance

identify opportunities

conduct feasibility study

TRP Chapter 4.2 170

Step 1: Identify plant operations

• Inspect the site

• Identify different processes undertaken on site

• List processes and obtain as much information as possible on them

TRP Chapter 4.2 171

Step 2: Define process inputs

Account for all the material flows into each individual process

• materials• energy• water

Make sure all inputs are accounted for in detail eg kg of raw materials, kilowatts of electricity, litres of water

Make sure figures are on same basis eg annual, monthly, weekly inputs

TRP Chapter 4.2 172

Step 3: Define process outputs

Identify and quantify all process outputs• primary products• co-products• waste for re-use or recycling• waste for disposal

TRP Chapter 4.2 173

Step 4: Assess material balance

To ensure that all resources are accounted for, conduct a materials balance assessment

=Total material in

Total material

out+ Product

TRP Chapter 4.2 174

Typical components of a material balance

Inputs Outputs

Production process or unit

operation

Raw material 1

Raw material 2

Raw material 3

Water/air

Product

By-product

Wastewater

Wastes for storage or off-site disposal

Gaseous emissions

TRP Chapter 4.2 175

Step 5: Identify opportunities for waste minimisation

Using data acquired during the waste audit, make preliminary evaluation of the potential for waste minimisation

Prioritise options for implementation

TRP Chapter 4.2 176

Step 6: Conduct feasibility study

Conduct feasibility analysis of selected options

Technical considerations: •Availability of technology•Facility constraints including compatibility with existing operation

•Product requirements•Operator safety and training•Potential for health and environmental impacts

Economic considerations:•Capital and operating costs•Pay-back period

TRP Chapter 4.2 177

Phase 3: Implementing, monitoring and reviewing

•Prepare Action Plan

•Identify resources

•Implement the measures

•Evaluate performance

TRP Chapter 4.2 178

Summary

•There are a number of good reasons for minimising waste - source reduction comes at the top of the waste hierarchy

•Factors which influence waste minimisation include regulations, technological feasibility, economic viability and management support

•There are both incentives and barriers; some opportunities widely applicable - and valuable experience from demonstration projects

•Guide to implementing a company waste minimisation programme and conducting an audit


WHAT IS RECYCLING?

Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates a host of environmental, financial, and social benefits. After collection, materials (e.g., glass, metal, plastics, and paper) are separated and sent to facilities that can process them into new products and materials


KEY PEOPLE

Step 1. – Key People - Select a Recycling Coordinator The recycling coordinator will need to have good communication and organizational skills. Creativity, patience, persistence, a sense of humor, and good rapport with other people in your business are important character qualities If you are the owner or manager of a small business, you will probably be the coordinator, at least in the beginning


KEY PLAYERS

A coordinator’s role typically includes: Conduct a waste audit and determine what to recycle Selecting the contractor Designing the collection system Educating employees Tracking the program’s progress Designate area monitors to assist the coordinator in: - Keeping the collection containers free of non-recyclable material - Notifying the coordinator if containers overflow - Encouraging employee participation


KEY PEOPLE

Step 1. – Key People - Cleaners Always involve janitors in the planning process for any recycling program Additional training may be necessary to familiarize them with new or alternative waste collection procedures Realistically assess their safety concerns and how changes will affect their workload The cleaners' commitment and cooperation in executing your recycling program are crucial to success You may need to modify the janitorial contract to specify recycling services.


KEY PEOPLE

Step 1. – Key People - Landscape Contractors Plant waste from decorative landscaping for many downtown courtyards, atriums, and sidewalks often goes straight to landfill By working with your landscape contractor, you can potentially have plant waste hauled to a commercial composting facility


KEY PEOPLE

Step 1. – Key People – Food Handlers Food and other "wet wastes" contaminate dry recyclable waste unless you keep them in separate dumpsters It may be possible to reduce food waste through the suggestions of food handlers Donating food may be another alternative rather than disposal Food waste can also be recycled through composting


KEY PEOPLE

Step 1. – Key People - Construction Contractors The materials generated during the demolition phase of a renovation are mostly recyclable It is necessary to provide the contractor with a staging area and time in which to separate the materials If the contractor separates the materials, the value of the material can be rebated back to reduce hauling costs


WASTE AUDIT

Step 2. – Conduct a Waste Audit The reason to conduct a waste audit is to find out what’s in your trash The waste audit will help you identify which materials to collect for recycling, what size and type of containers you will need, and what waste could possibly be prevented in the first place Find out if your company or individual employees are already collecting any materials for recycling A waste sort or “dumpster diving” should be the first place to gather “bottom line” information and should be done just prior to refuse pickup


WASTE AUDIT

Step 2. – Conduct a Waste Audit Gather the following materials and resources: sorting tables a large scale for weighing the waste separate bins for each sorting category gloves surgical masks a calculator materials for recording data


WASTE AUDIT

Step 2. – Conduct a Waste Audit Safety First! Talk to your facility safety representative prior to doing a waste sort Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, gloves, and surgical masks If you discover any hazardous material, don’t touch it and contact your safety representative


WASTE AUDIT

Step 2. – Conduct a Waste Audit Once you have transferred all of the garbage to your sorting table, identify the materials you generate (for example, cardboard, office paper, and food waste) Weigh each type of material and record your findings Total the different amounts of waste found in each dumpster to find the “bottom line” Do similar waste sorts within the facility to determine what size recycling containers you’ll need and where they should be placed


DECIDING WHAT TO RECYCLE

Step 3. – Deciding What to RecycleCertain materials are either banned or restricted from from disposal facilities, such as: Tires Green Waste (yard trimmings) Appliances Used Oil Scrap Metal Auto Batteries •Contact your landfill to find a listing of restricted materials and how these materials can be disposed



Step 3. – Deciding What to RecycleIn some municipalities, businesses are required to recycle certain commodities such as: Bars and restaurants serving alcoholic beverages might be required to recycle glass Office buildings might be required to recycle office paper, newspaper and cardboard Hotels, restaurants, food courts, grocery stores, hospitals, and food manufacturers who generate large volumes of food waste might be required to recycle food waste•You should contact your local solid waste regulator to determine what materials you must recycle



Step 3. – Deciding What to RecycleTarget materials with reliable markets, such as: Aluminum Corrugated cardboard Used Oil Copper/Brass Office/Computer paper Tires Steel Newspaper Green Waste Glass



Step 3. – Deciding What to RecycleThe following liquids may be recycled and reused on your premises in most areas with special equipment: Solvents Antifreeze Frying oil


COLLECTION CONTRACTORS

Step 4. – Selecting a Collection Contractor In selecting a collection contractor, you are looking for good, reliable service at the best price The prices paid for recyclable materials vary with the type of material and can fluctuate dramatically from month to month Moreover, your company’s economic benefit from recycling will probably come from reduced disposal costs, rather than money paid to you from the sale of recyclables



Step 4. – Selecting a Collection Contractor Option 1: Refuse hauler is also the recycling hauler If your refuse hauler provides both waste disposal and recycling collection, the hauler should be able to offer a combined cost/pay structure In other words, he would charge you for the hauling of both refuse and recyclables and credit you the current market value on the recyclables This can reduce your overall disposal costs or at least provide a break-even arrangement



Step 4. – Selecting a Collection Contractor Option 2: Recycling company picks-up A second option is to have a recycling company (or processor) collect and pay you for a material or collect it at no charge/no pay, depending on the current value of each material A small collector will most likely provide no charge/no pay service If you select a recycler, you should discuss lowering disposal costs with your refuse hauler, once your recycling program is underway



Step 4. – Selecting a Collection Contractor When you talk to the various companies to compare prices and services, ask the following questions to help you make your decision: What materials do you collect? What materials do you purchase, and how much is paid for each? Do you charge for collection of recyclables? If you’re picking up trash and recyclables, what will be the net savings in my disposal costs? Do you pick up on schedule or on call? If on schedule, how often? If on call, how much lead time is needed?



Step 4. – Selecting a Collection Contractor Do you provide collection and/or storage containers? Will you help us organize and promote our recycling program? Are you willing to sign a long-term agreement? (A one-year minimum is recommended.) What is the allowable level of contamination? What are your reporting and accounting procedures? How long have you been in business? Once you have made the selection, include the information you have gathered in a written agreement


DESIGNING A RECYCLING SYSTEM

Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System KEY: MAKE IT AS SIMPLE AND EASY TO RECYCLE AS IT IS TO THROW AWAY! The goal is to design a collection system that is convenient for everyone and does not incur additional labor costs



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System Recyclables should flow from individual employees to area collection containers or directly to central collection/storage Place area recycling containers in convenient locations normally frequented by employees Recycling containers should look distinctly different from trash containers Place regular trash cans nearby to avoid unwanted trash getting mixed in with the recyclables



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System At Desks Each employee usually gets their own small recycling tray or upright box for convenience When full, the employee empties the paper into the larger paper bins Trays and upright bins may be available from your municipality for free.



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System Office Suites Some space is required in offices for recycling bins Based on weekly service, the rule-of-thumb for a white or mixed paper program is one 12-gallon container in each copy or printer areaFor a beverage bottle and can program, you need one lined container per kitchen area



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System Dumpsters Most buildings have dumpsters for garbage Dumpster sizes are measured in cubic yards; one cubic yard is equal to about three toters Dumpsters are good for larger loads or bulky materials, such as cardboard They have lids which are easy to lock (which will protect materials from theft and or contamination if the dumpsters are located outside). Special garbage trucks are equipped to pick up and empty dumpsters automatically.



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System Compactors Where space is limited, many buildings prefer to invest in compacting equipment Compactors come in a wide range of styles and sizes They can be rented or purchased and are often customized for a specific site or use Some of the investment can be recovered by disposal savings because you need less frequent garbage or recycling pick ups



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System To select the best containers for your needs, consider the following: durability, cost, capacity, ease of handling, and attractiveness Check with local vendors on the types and styles available While containers need to be convenient for everyone, you also need to consider the work involved in emptying them By keeping in mind the needs of both employees and custodial or maintenance people you will find an acceptable balance that works for everyone involved



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System Transferring to Central Collection and/or Storage KEY: INTEGRATE RECYCLING COLLECTION WITH EXISTING SYSTEMS KEY: DISTRIBUTE THE RESPONSIBILITIES.



Step 5. – Designing a Recycling System Central Collection/Storage AreaDetermine the best location for you with your building or facility manager and your collection contractor, using these guidelines: Is the site large enough? Is there easy access to freight elevators and loading docks? Does the area meet with local fire and building codes? Are sprinklers required/in place?


TRAINING AND PROMOTION

Step 6. – Training and Promotion Phase 1: Program Announcement Announce the start of the program with a brief, upbeat memo from the head of the company The memo should highlight the benefits of the program to everyone, outline the collection procedure, and give the time for a meeting to formally introduce the recycling program and answer questions



Step 6. – Training and PromotionPhase 2: Meeting/Educational Session Encourage everyone to attend an information session about the new program The meeting should focus on the cooperative nature of recycling and the importance of each individual to its continued success Highlight the main points of the program, taking care to explain the separation and collection procedures Emphasize the benefits to the environment, the company and the employees



Step 6. – Training and PromotionPhase 3: Follow-Up Follow-up can be done as a part of a regular meeting agenda or with memos or newsletters Consistency is the key to any successful program, and recycling is no different Note how much is being taken out of the waste stream, how much was donated to charity, how big the party fund is, and so on


PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Problem 1: Low Participation Rate Here are some of the things you can do to stimulate participation: Solution, Part 1: Provide Information People may not know how to recycle Provide reminders to tenants in memos and other promotional pieces Check that signs explain the recycling program See the Training and Promotion Section of this training



Solution, Part 2: Put Containers in the Right Places Check the location of recycling bins Make sure there are enough of them and that they are conveniently located Make it easier to put recyclable materials in the recycling bins than to put them in the garbage Make sure everyone can easily reach a recycling bin



Solution, Part 3: Appoint Recycling Experts It helps everyone to have an expert available to ask questions Designate motivated employees to be recycling coordinators for specific areas and let everyone know how to reach them Include the names or phone numbers for the experts in all the promotional materials



Solution, Part 4: Motivate Some people simply don't care at all about recycling Some people are very busy and might consider recycling to be a waste of time that is better spent on their "real work" Some of these people can be convinced to participate by providing incentives, such as games, prizes, and recognition or by making recycling easier than not recycling You can also put recycling into contracts when doing business outside your company



Problem 2: Contamination This is when non-recyclables are mixed with recyclables Solution: If contamination of recyclables is a problem throughout your building, ask your recycling company to help find procedural flaws or collection deficiencies If contamination is isolated to certain individuals in the building, focus your educational efforts on making sure they know the policies Solicit management help to change behavior



Problem 3: Unauthorized Scavenging This is when people are stealing the recyclables.Solution: Provide a secure, central storage area for recyclable materials between pick ups It should be secured from public access, yet easily accessible to your custodial staff and the recycling company Inform cleaners when unauthorized scavenging takes place and ask them to report suspicious activities to management



Problem 4: Lack of Space This can either be a lack of space near the points of generation or at the central collection and storage.Solution Lack of storage space is one of the biggest problems in many downtown office buildings Request assistance from your recycling company The two most practical solutions are to: (1) have materials collected more frequently and (2) install compacting equipment Be sure to consider health and safety as well as fire hazards when you address space issues


BUYING RECYCLED

Closing the Loop Business must also support the purchase of recycled products By purchasing recycled products made with recycled materials, you are helping to ensure that a market will continue to exist for the materials collected in your recycling programs Building managers, through purchasing recycled products, can make a difference


BUYING RECYCLED

Identifying Recycled-Content Products “Recycled-content products” are made from materials that would otherwise have been discarded (i.e. aluminum soda cans or newspapers) “Postconsumer content” refers to material from products that were used by consumers or businesses and would otherwise be discarded as waste. If a product is labeled "recycled content," the rest of the product material might have come from excess or damaged items generated during normal manufacturing processes—not collected through a local recycling program


BUYING RECYCLED

“Recyclable products” can be collected and remanufactured into new products after they've been used There are more than 4,500 recycled-content products available, and this number continues to grow Make the commitment to “Close the Loop” and to purchase these products


Remember, You Control Your Facility or Area!

Review Procedures With Them Before Starting the

Job!

Ensure They Are Properly Trained!

Determine Their Environmental Compliance Record!

Determine Who Is in Charge of Their People!

Determine How They Will Affect Your Facility’s

Environmental Compliance!

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS


ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL SOLID WASTE RECYCLING PROGRAM

1. DETAILED WRITTEN SOLID WASTE RECYCLING

INSPECTION GUIDELINES.

2. DETAILED WRITTEN SOLID WASTE RECYCLING BEST

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.

3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS

4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING

5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION

6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP

waste management presentation

Environment

waste water

waste types

waste management

land disposal of waste

nonhazardous solid waste

domestic sources of

solid wastes

industrial wastes