water productivity in agriculture

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W A T ER PR O DU C T I V I T Y I NA G R I C U L T U R EA G R I C U L T U R E

. . .

Head

Water Technolo Centre,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030.

1Key note paper in "Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Hydrology andwatershed" 6th December, 2006 Held at JNTU, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.


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In t roduc t ion Productivity, in general terms, is a ratio

between a unit of output and a unit of input

Water productivity broadly denotes the

out uts ( oods and services) derived from aunit volume of water

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According to Molden (1997), waterproductivity is the physical mass of production

or the economic value of production measured

against gross inflows, net inflows, depletedwater, process ep ete water or ava a e

water

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level

Crop production Livestock roduction

Tree production

Ecosystem services

Domestic, industrial, power generation

Tourism and recreational

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value o f w at er in a bas in

Induce farmers to seek ways to increase

water pro uct v ty an econom c e c ency

Recycling or reuse of water Managing surface and ground water for

conjunctive use

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ISSUESWater scarcity exists when the demand for water

exceeds the supply

Classified as:

a Ph sical water scarcit(b) Economic water scarcity(c) Managerial water scarcity(d) Institutional water scarcity(e) Political water scarcity

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Molden et al. (2003) estimated that by 2020approximately 75% of the worlds population

will live in areas experiencing physical or

economic water scarcity

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Produc t iv i ty in Agr ic u l t u re

Increasing technical efficiency through moreefficient utilization of production inputs

outputs with the highest returns

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Wat er produc t i v i t y and e f f i c ienc yater pro uct v ty , e an pro uct v ty, s a

partial-factor productivity that measures how systemsconvert water into goods and services

Performance of irrigation systems- classic irrigation ande ec ve e c ency

Classic irrigation efficiency focuses on establishing thenature and extent of water losses and included stora eefficiency, conveyance efficiency, distribution efficiencyand application efficiency

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Classic irrigation efficiency measures are useful formanagers of water system to

(a) Assess how much water they were losing in the storage,

conveyance, distribution, and application sub-systems(b) Identify interventions to improve performance

ass c e c ency a s to capture t e water re-useaspect

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W t d t i i t d t iWat er p roduct iv it y and w at er sav ing

Real water saving by reducing non-beneficial depletion can beaccomplished through: Reducing flows to sinks and reducingnon-beneficial evaporation

Increasing water productivity requires greater use of

labor Ca ital Management

Important following key questions are What happens to the water that is lost through runoff and deep percolation?

hat e ect does reduc ng non-bene c a use have on systems that weredependent on the water that it provided?

What happens to the water that is saved through reduced runoff and deeppercolation losses?

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produc t i v i t y

Global imperativesBasin LevelSystem Level

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Global Im perat ives

Blue Revolution in agriculture that focuses on increasing

productivity per unit of water more crop per drop(Annan, 2000).

Maintaining the level of global diversions of water to

agriculture at the level of the year 2000, while increasingfood roduction to achieve internationall -ado tedtargets for decreasing malnourishment and rural povertyby the year 2015, particularly in rural and peri-urbanareas in river basins with low average incomes and high

,water stress, with a specific focus on low-income groupswithin these areas(CPWF, 2002).

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Basin- level

Increase water availability to users and uses that aredisadvantaged

Reduce overall water demand and develop additionalwater resources Groundwater exploitation Water transfers from regions with excess water to regions that

Increase total basin level water benefits through moreroductive use of the available water resources

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Syst em leve l

Secure water for downstream farmers whoexperience water shortages

a) Associated with desiltingb) water outtake including the costs of pumping

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System level

Make water available for expansion of theirrigated area

Comply with water permit and pollution

re ulations to ensure ade uate rovision ofsafe water for non-agricultural users

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Farm leve l Reduce water costs (costs of pumping, delivering

water or water fees) Reduce loss of land roductivit associated with

Soil erosion

Water logging

Expand irrigated areas with the same amount of

irrigation water available

ncrease agr cu tura output, oo secur ty anprofitability

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t yAt system level Agronomic practices

Choice of salt tolerant crops varieties

Deficit irrigation Efficient management of Rain water

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t yAt Plant level

Varietal im rovement throu h lant breedinand molecular biology

The develo ment of short-season varietiesreducing the growing time from 5 months to

3.5 4 months, has also been a major source

of water savings

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t yFarm level Adoption of yield-increasing and water-saving

techno ogies

Farmers water management under water scarcity-

Improved agronomic practices, introduction of salttolerant crop varieties and saline water aquaculture

Water saving irrigation (WSI) practice To produce more rice with less water

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t iv i t yBasin level Response to water scarcity and sustainability

a) As the competition for water increases and river

basins become closed for all or part of the year,WP and economic efficiency (EE) are typically

increased by shifting to higher-valued crops

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erp p gProduc t i v i t y

Publicly managed, irrigation systems are being poorlymanaged and that policy and institutional reforms

Improved management of canal irrigation systems require

.

services

2. Greater participation in the O&M of systems by local user

groups3. Establishment of water rights

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t y

Policies and Institutions ter- ricin olic

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) and

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t y

Conjunctive usea) Talend problems

b) Over exploitation

c) Salinity could be greatly reduced with improvedcon unct ve management o sur ace-water an

groundwater resources

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t yRemote sensing and GIS Development of a precision agriculture technology that relates spatio-

temporal changes in soil salinity and other edaphic properties to crop yield

Development of site-specific reclamation guidelines to optimize crop yieldsand minimize environmental impacts

Development of salinity management tools to evaluate the sustainability ofdrainage water reuse on irrigated soils

eve opment o mprove tec no ogy or rap measurement o sa n ty,water content, and soil properties important for the management of salt-affected soil

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Development of irrigation systems which can varywater application across the field according to the

The develo ment of more water efficient crovarieties

Development of instruments which can rapidlydetermine plant water and nutrient requirements

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t yAquaculture

water)

-

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Inland fisheries

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erOpt ions for Im prov ing Wat erProduc t i v i t yForestry and Agro forestry

ees s ve e p e p vproductivity in two ways

as tree or crop transpiration

Trees can also increase the productivity of the

water that is used by increasing biomass of treesor crops produced per unit of water used

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Opt ions for Im prov ing Wat erp p gProduc t iv i t yWaste water use

Important in the peri-urban agriculture and providesve oo o arge sec ons o e soc e y

Unscientific use and management of these resources canlead to several health and sanitation hazards

Offer an assured source of water su l to otherwise water

stressed urban hinterlands for cultivation of vegetables andforage crops

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water productivity in agriculture

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