임희재

1509H3-20

Merely having goals clearly defined is notsufficient, for one must also know, moment bymoment,whatpreciselyneeds tobedone. Forinstance,a salesperson'saim is toconcludea saleprofitably. However, each sale requires adifferentapproach. Shouldhebepushyorlaidback,authoritativeorfriendly? Andwhataspectof the product should he emphasize? Theanswerstothesequestionsdependonvariablesthatcannotbepredictedinadvance. Thisholdstruenot only for sales but also for most humanactivities. Onemustselectaparticularstrategyappropriate to theoccasionandfollowthechosencourse of action. Doing so will ensure morelastingsuccessinreachingone'sgoals.

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1509H3-21

There isstrongresearchevidencethatchildrenperform better in mathematics if music isincorporated in it. It has been shown thatmathematics is related with music in various

known ways so much that not putting therelationshiptogooduseinandoutofschoolcouldonly be to our disadvantage. Researchers at aLos Angeles school found that 136 second yearelementary school pupilswho learned to play thepiano and read music improved their numeracyskills. This could be so since learning musicemphasizes thinking inspaceand time,andwhenpupils learn rhythm, they are learning ratios,fractions and proportions. Other researchersinvestigatedthewaysinwhichfirstandthirdgradeteachers could integrate music into their regularmath classrooms. They concluded thatmusic-math integrated lessons had positive effects onthree mathematical ability areas of modeling,problemsolvingandapplication.

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1509H3-22

Do you have the emotional state of mind tobecomealeader? Peoplepaycloseattentiontoa

leader's subtle expressions of emotion throughbody language and facial expression. Someemotions suchasenthusiasmcanquicklybecomecontagious. Others, such as depression ordiscouragement, can drag down the entireorganization. Leaders with positive emotionalstatesofmindarelikehumanmagnets. Peoplenaturally gravitate to them and want to followthem. Such leaders inspire enthusiasm in theirorganizationsandattractthebestpeopletoworkforthem. Conversely, leaders who emit negativeemotional states of mind, who are irritable andbossy,repelpeopleandhavefewfollowers.

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1509H3-23

Effectivecoachesprioritize. Theyfocusonasingletaskinsteadoftryingtomultitask. Theyunderstand that multitasking is another way ofsaying you are going to complete several tasks,none of which are going to be very good.YuhongJiang,professorofpsychologyatHarvardUniversity, points out that the brain isn't built toconcentrateontwothingsatonce. Itworksmoreslowlyifittriesto. Effectivecoachesfocusonthosethingsthatneedtogetdoneandseparateouteverything else. Separating what's important

from what's not important is prioritizing.Ineffectivecoachesfailtoputthebigtasksfirst.They either believe they have unlimited time,thinkingthattheywillhavemoretimetomorrowtoget something done, or they underestimate howmuch time they reallydohave. Theyhavenoabilitytoestimatehowlongataskwilltake.

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1509H3-28

The Internet and communication technologiesplay an ever-increasing role in the social lives ofyoung people in developed societies.Adolescents have been quick to immersethemselves in technology with most using theInternettocommunicate. Youngpeopletreatthemobilephoneasanessentialnecessityof lifeandoftenprefer touse textmessages tocommunicatewith their friends. Young people alsoincreasinglyaccesssocialnetworkingwebsites.As technology and the Internet are a familiarresource for young people, it is logical that theywouldseekassistancefromthissource. Thishas

beenshownbytheincreaseinwebsitesthatprovidetherapeutic information for young people. Anumberof 'youth friendly'mental healthwebsiteshavebeendeveloped. Theinformationpresentedoften takes the form of Frequently AskedQuestions, fact sheets and suggested links. Itwould seem, therefore, logical to provide onlinecounsellingforyoungpeople.

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1509H3-29

An Egyptian executive, after entertaining hisCanadianguest,offeredhimjointpartnership inanewbusinessventure. TheCanadian,delightedwith theoffer, suggested that theymeetagain thenext morning with their respective lawyers tofinalizethedetails. TheEgyptiannevershowedup. The surprised and disappointed Canadiantried tounderstandwhathadgonewrong. DidEgyptians lack punctuality? Was theEgyptianexpecting a counter-offer? Were lawyersunavailable in Cairo? None of theseexplanations proved to be correct. Rather, theproblem was caused by the different meaningCanadiansandEgyptiansattachtoinvitinglawyers.

TheCanadianregardedthelawyers'presenceasfacilitating the successful completion of thenegotiation;theEgyptianinterpreteditassignalingtheCanadian'smistrustofhisverbalcommitment.Canadiansoftenusetheimpersonalformalityof

a lawyer's services to finalize agreements.Egyptians,bycontrast,morefrequentlydependonthe personal relationship between bargainingpartnerstoaccomplishthesamepurpose.

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1509H3-31

Earlyhumansocietieswerenomadic,basedonhuntingandgathering,and,inashiftingpatternoflifeinsearchofnewsourcesoffood,qualitiessuchas lightness, portability, and adaptability weredominant criteria. With the evolution ofmoresettled rural societies based on agriculture, othercharacteristics,othertraditionsofformappropriateto thenewpatternsof life, rapidlyemerged. It

must be emphasized, however, that tradition wasnot static, but constantly subject to minutevariations appropriate to people and theircircumstances. Although traditional formsreflected the experience of social groups, specificmanifestationscouldbeadaptedinvariousminuteandsubtlewaystosuitindividualusers'needs. Achaircouldkeepitsbasic,acceptedcharacteristicswhile still being closely shaped in detail to thephysique andproportions of a specific person.This basic principle of customization allowed aconstantstreamofincrementalmodificationstobeintroduced,which, if demonstrated by experiencetobeadvantageous,couldbe integratedback intothemainstreamoftradition.

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1509H3-32

Investigatorsasapersonalitytypeplaceahighvalue on science, process, and learning. Theyexcel at research,using logic and the informationgained through their senses to conquer complex

problems. Nothingthrillsthemmorethana"bigfind. "Intellectual,introspective,andexceedinglydetail-oriented, investigators are happiest whenthey'reusingtheirbrainpowertopursuewhattheydeem as a worthy outcome. They prefer tomarch to their own beat, and they dislike overlystructured environments that necessitate a setresponse to challenges. Investigators are notinterested in leadership, and developing theinterpersonal skillsnecessary to fuel collaborationis a hurdle formany of them. Theymay feelinsecureintheirabilityto"keepup"intheirfieldsand can react badly when forced to put moreimportant work on hold to complete a task thatdoesn'tintriguethem.

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1509H3-33

Itiseasytofindexamplesofcorrelationswhicharefarmoresystematicthancouldoccurbychanceand yet which it would be absurd to treat asevidence of a direct causal link. For instance,thereisahighdegreeofcorrelationbetweenshoesize andvocabulary size: peoplewith larger shoe

sizes tend to havemuch larger vocabularies thanpeoplewithsmallershoesizes. Buthavinglargerfeet does not cause anyone to gain a largervocabulary; nor does having a large vocabularycause your feet to grow. The obviousexplanationof thecorrelationis thatchildrentendtohavemuchsmallerfeetthanadults,and,becausechildren acquire their vocabularies gradually asthey grow older, it is hardly surprising that, onaverage, people with smaller feet have smallervocabularies. In other words, foot size andvocabulary size can be explained in terms offeaturesoftheprocessofhumandevelopmentfrominfancytoadulthood:acausewhichbothobservedphenomenahaveincommon.

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1509H3-34

Feedback is usuallymost effective when youoffer it at the earliest opportunity, particularly ifyourobjective is to teachsomeoneaskill. Forexample, if you are teaching your friend how tomakeyourfamouseggrolls,youprovideastep-by-

stepcommentaryasyouwatchyourpupil. Ifhemakesamistake,youdon'twaituntiltheeggrollsarefinishedtotellhimthatheleftoutthecabbage.Heneedsimmediatefeedbacktofinishtherest

of the sequence successfully. Sometimes,however,ifapersonisalreadysensitiveandupsetaboutsomething,delayingfeedbackcanbewise.Use your critical thinking skills to analyze whenfeedback will do the most good. Rather thanautomatically offering immediate correction, usethejust-in-timeapproachandprovidefeedbackjustbeforethepersonmightmakeanothermistake.

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1509H3-35

If you walk into a store looking for a newcomputer and the first salesperson you meetimmediately points to a group of computers andsays, "Any of those are good," and then walksaway,thereisagoodchanceyouwillwalkaway,too,andwithgoodreason. Why? Youwereneveraskedwhatyouwereseeking,howmuchyoucouldspend,orifthecomputerwouldbeusedforbusiness or pleasure or your child's homework

assignments. In brief, the salesperson neverconsidered or asked about your needs andpreferences. Justasitwouldcomeasnosurpriseto learn the salespersonwhowas indifferent to apotential customer'sneedswas soonoutof a job,the same holds true for writers who ignore theirreaders. That is, the reader is the writer's"customer"andonewhosebusinessorapprovalisoneweneedtoseek. Themoreyouknowaboutyourreader,thegreaterthechancesyouwillmeethisorherneedsandexpectations.

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1509H3-36

According to one traditional definition,aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that dealswith beauty, especially beauty in the arts.ExaminingthepleasingfeaturesoftheMonaLisaor a snow-capped mountain, for example, wouldcomeunderaesthetics. Thatdefinitionseemstoonarrow, however, since works of art and naturalobjectsmayinterestusinotherwaysthanbybeingbeautiful. Instead of evoking admiration ofbeauty, artistsmay evoke puzzlement, shock, and

even disgust. Consider Picasso's Guernica, ahuge(11-ft.×25.6-ft.)paintinginblack,white,andgrey thathemade in response to the slaughterofSpanishciviliansbyGermanandItalianwarplanesduringtheSpanishCivilWar. Imagesofacruelwardominate thecanvas. Thiswork iswidelyadmiredbutnotforbeingbeautiful. Soabetterdefinition of aesthetics would be that it is thebranch of philosophy that deals with the waysthingspleasepeopleinbeingexperienced.

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1509H3-37

A 5-year-old doing addition problems bycountingonmakesthesameerrorrepeatedly,withresponsessuchas:7+3=9,6+5=10and8+4=11. Theteacherasksthepupiltoshowhowtheseanswerswereobtainedandnoticesthatindoingtheaddition of 3 to 7, the pupil counts 'seven, eight,nine',whileturningupthreefingersinturn. Thepupil is 'counting on 3 from 7' but incorrectlystartingat7. The teacher recalls similar errors

that some pupils made when doing additionproblemsbycountingonalonganumber line.Analysisof theerrors leads the teacher tomodifythe teaching of these procedures, using thelanguage 'even and threemore' rather than 'even,countonthree. 'Thisisimmediatelyeffective.So the teacher reinforces this particular languagepattern in subsequent oral work with the wholeclass.

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1509H3-38

Can we sustain our standard of living in thesame ecological space while consuming theresources of that space? This question isparticularlyrelevantsincewearelivinginaneraofskyrocketingfuelcostsandhumans'ever-growingcarbon footprints. Some argue that we arealreadyatabreakingpointbecausewehavenearlyexhausted the Earth's finite carrying capacity.However,it'spossiblethatinnovationsandculturalchanges can expand Earth's capacity. We arealready seeing this as the world economies areincreasingly looking at "green," renewableindustrieslikesolarandhydrogenenergy. Still,

many believewewill eventually reach a point atwhichconflictwiththefinitenatureofresourcesisinevitable. Thatmeanssurvivalcouldultimatelydependongettingthehumanpopulationbelowitscarryingcapacity. Otherwise,withoutpopulationcontrol, the demand for resourceswill eventuallyexceedanecosystem'sabilitytoprovideit.

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1509H3-39

Scientific experiments should be designed toshowthatyourhypothesisiswrongandshouldbeconductedcompletelyobjectivelywithnopossiblesubjective influence on the outcome.Unfortunately few, if any, scientists are trulyobjective as they have often decided long beforetheexperiment isbegunwhat theywouldlike theresulttobe. Thismeansthatveryoftenbiasis(unintentionally) introduced into the experiment,theexperimentalprocedureortheinterpretationofresults. It is all too easy to justify to yourselfwhy an experimentwhich does not fitwith yourexpectationsshouldbeignored,andwhyonewhich

providestheresultsyou'hopedfor'istherightone. This can be partly avoided by conducting

experiments'blinded'andbyaskingotherstocheckyourdataorrepeatexperiments.

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1509H3-40

Certain species are more crucial to themaintenance of their ecosystem than others.Such species, calledkeystone species, arevital indetermining the nature and structure of the entireecosystem. Thefactthatotherspeciesdependonor are greatly affected by the keystone species isrevealedwhenthekeystonespeciesisremoved.Itisinthissensethatweshoulddrawattentiontofig trees. Different speciesof fig treesmaybekeystone species in tropical rain forests.Although figs collectively produce a continuous

cropoffruits,fruit-eatingmonkeys,birds,bats,andother vertebrates of the forest do not normallyconsume large quantities of figs in their diets.Duringthetimeofyearwhenotherfruitsarelessplentiful, however, fig trees become important insustainingfruit-eatingvertebrates. Shouldthefigtreesdisappear,mostofthefruit-eatingvertebrateswouldbeeliminated. Protectingfigtreesinsuchtropical rainforest ecosystems is an importantconservation goal because it increases thelikelihood that monkeys, birds, bats, and othervertebrateswillsurvive.

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