· web view3) biology multiple choice which of the following is an insertion of the human biceps...
TRANSCRIPT
ROUND 1TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Rough endoplasmic reticulum is named rough because it possesseswhat cellular structures?
ANSWER: RIBOSOMES
BONUS1) BIOLOGY Short Answer In humans, backflow of blood from ventricles into atria duringcontraction is prevented primarily by what structures?
ANSWER: VALVES
TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following occurs in meiosis but NOT in mitosis:
W) spindle apparatus attaches to kinetochoresX) nuclear membrane is not visibleY) crossing overZ) chromosomes line up at central area of cell
ANSWER: Y) CROSSING OVER
BONUS8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the anatomical term for the specific section of the smallintestine into which the pancreatic duct delivers its digestive enzymes?
ANSWER: DUODENUM
15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following MOST closely represents the location ofthe temporal bone in humans:
W) above the eyeX) cheek or lateral border of the eyeY) back of skullZ) top of skull
ANSWER: X) CHEEK OR LATERAL BORDER OF THE EYE
BONUS15) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common name for the joint that is formed by thearticulation of the tibia, the fibula, and the femur?
ANSWER: KNEE
TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is typically the largest organelle of a mature plant cell and cancomprise up to 80% of the cell’s volume?
ANSWER: CENTRAL VACUOLE (ACCEPT: VACUOLE)
BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What eukaryotic cell organelle primarily functions to modify, sort,and package products for exocytosis?
ANSWER: GOLGI (ACCEPT: GOLGI APPARATUS, COMPLEX or STACK)
TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer How many walking legs are found in arachnids?ANSWER: 8
BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the MOST common term for the general type ofnourishment characteristic of mushrooms where the organism derives its nutrients by absorbing thebiological products of another organism?
ANSWER: SAPROPHYTIC (ACCEPT: SAPROBE or SAPROPHAGE or SAPROPHYTE)
Round 3
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Short Answer How many autosomes are in a normal nucleated human nerve cell inG-zero of the cell cycle?
ANSWER: 44
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of the human body:W) there are substantial numbers of lymph nodes in the wall of the large intestineX) veins have comparatively thick walls with more muscle than arteriesY) there are two layers of smooth muscle in the walls of the small intestineZ) the small intestine is longer than the large intestine
ANSWER: X) VEINS HAVE COMPARATIVELY THICK WALLS WITH MORE MUSCLETHAN ARTERIES
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice What specific part of the human brain has the most influence onheart rate, sleep, body temperature, and metabolism, and is a large part of the ventral portion of the diencephalon (read as: die-en-SEFF-ah-lon):
W) hypothalamus (read as: hypo-THAL-ah-mus)X) cerebellumY) pituitaryZ) sella turcica (read as: TURR-sik-ah)ANSWER: W) HYPOTHALAMUS
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 5 muscles that are NOT part of the humanrotator cuff: supraspinatus; infraspinatus; subscapularis; teres minor; latissimus dorsi
ANSWER: LATISSIMUS DORSI
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the area of the human brain that functions to allow the twohemispheres to communicate?
ANSWER: CORPUS CALLOSUM
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Myelination of nerves is an adaptation to:W) increase axon lifetimeX) increase speed of nerve conductionY) protect nerves from damageZ) prevent nerves from misfiringANSWER: X) INCREASE SPEED OF NERVE CONDUCTION
lTOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer What substance converts pepsinogen (read as: pep-SIN-oh-gen) intoits active form in the human stomach?
ANSWER: HCl (ACCEPT: HYDROCHLORIC ACID) (DO NOT ACCEPT: GASTRIC JUICES)
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific cells of the human stomach secrete pepsinogen?ANSWER: CHIEF CELLS (ACCEPT: CHIEF)
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of the human body:W) there are substantial numbers of lymph nodes in the wall of the large intestineX) veins have comparatively thick walls with more muscle than arteriesY) there are two layers of smooth muscle in the walls of the small intestineZ) the small intestine is longer than the large intestine
ANSWER: X) VEINS HAVE COMPARATIVELY THICK WALLS WITH MORE MUSCLETHAN ARTERIES
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice What specific part of the human brain has the most influence onheart rate, sleep, body temperature, and metabolism, and is a large part of the ventral portion of the diencephalon (read as: die-en-SEFF-ah-lon):
W) hypothalamus (read as: hypo-THAL-ah-mus)X) cerebellumY) pituitaryZ) sella turcica (read as: TURR-sik-ah)
ANSWER: W) HYPOTHALAMUS
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 5 muscles that are NOT part of the humanrotator cuff: supraspinatus; infraspinatus; subscapularis; teres minor; latissimus dorsi
ANSWER: LATISSIMUS DORSI
ROUND 4TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Robert Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ mostly because of:W) his observations of red blood cellsX) his observations of cork cellsY) his analysis of hundreds of different protozoansZ) his readings of the works of other early microscopists
ANSWER: X) HIS OBSERVATIONS OF CORK CELLS
BONUS1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 organisms that would be considered tohave radial symmetry: flatworms; cestodes; Echinoderms; sea urchinsANSWER: ECHINODERMS; SEA URCHINS
TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The cloaca (read as: klo-AY-ka) is a reproductive structure of:W) female birdX) male sharkY) female cestodeZ) male lobster
ANSWER: W) FEMALE BIRD
BONUS8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following does NOT belong to the Arthropoda:W) ArachnidaX) DiplopodaY) ChilopodaZ) Nematoda
ANSWER: Z) NEMATODA
TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a function of the pollen tube inflowering plants:W) attaches pollen to the developing antherX) allows pollen to absorb nutrients as they develop in the antherY) enables the ovule to breach through the micropyleZ) carries the sperm nuclei to the ovule
ANSWER: Z) CARRIES THE SPERM NUCLEI TO THE OVULE
BONUS15) BIOLOGY Short Answer Most of the molecular oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere came fromwhat biological process?
ANSWER: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the scientific name for the openings in the grasshopper body through which air enters?
ANSWER: SPIRACLES
BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 cellular structures that are NOT typicallyfound in diploid higher plant cells: centrioles; flagella; lysosomes; plasmodesmata
ANSWER: CENTRIOLES; FLAGELLA; LYSOSOMES(Solution: flagella are found in certain plants sperm cells; centrioles in some algae)
TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Organisms that have radial symmetry and belong to the Radiatatypically have how many germ layers?
ANSWER: 2
BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 5 animal groups that are NOTechinoderms: sea urchins; sand dollars; tunicates; rotifers; brittle stars
ANSWER: TUNICATES; ROTIFERS
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common term for the specific type of cartilage thatforms the disks between human vertebrae?
ANSWER: FIBROCARTILAGE
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are considered part of theconnective tissue: blood; adipocytes (read as: ADD-ih-poe-sites); muscles; nerves
ANSWER: BLOOD; ADIPOCYTES
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Blood albumin is most directly involved with:W) osmoregulationX) hormone regulationY) bile productionZ) acid base regulation
ANSWER: W) OSMOREGULATION
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true in humans:W) trisomy X originates from a nondisjunctionX) all enzymes are proteinsY) albumin is produced by the liverZ) the spleen produces red blood cells in the fetus
ANSWER: X) ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following human cell types is MOST directlyresponsible for the secretion of antibodies:
W) monocytesX) CD4+ cellsY) T activator lymphocytesZ) B cells
ANSWER: Z) B CELLS
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific ion is most central to muscle contraction in striatedhuman muscle?
ANSWER: CALCIUM (ACCEPT: CALCIUM 2+ or Ca2+)
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the botanical term for the stem of a group of flowers?
ANSWER: PEDUNCLE
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer In mammals, the action potential of a neuron is most dependent onthe transmembrane movement of what 2 ions?
ANSWER: SODIUM AND POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: Na+ and K+)
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following tissues is MOST directly responsible forthe increased diameter of a tree trunk from year to year:W) apical meristemX) pericycleY) vascular cambiumZ) pith
ANSWER: Y) VASCULAR CAMBIUM
BONUS
3) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 metabolic processes which directlyrequire oxygen: glycolysis; alcohol fermentation; electron transport system
ANSWER: ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Short Answer During meiosis, how many chromatids are in a chromosomal tetrad?
ANSWER: 4
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of nucleated mammaliancells:W) mast cells contain large amounts of histamineX) the golgi apparatus processes proteins for exocytosisY) microtubules are components in ciliaZ) all the DNA in a nucleated cell is in the nucleus
ANSWER: Z) ALL THE DNA IN A HUMAN NUCLEATED CELL IS IN THE NUCLEUS(Solution: mitochondrial DNA is present)
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific part of any member of the Anthophyta producespollen?ANSWER: STAMEN (ACCEPT: ANTHER)
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Short Answer Which one of the following 4 plant groups is phenotypically andphylogenetically LEAST related to the others: ferns; liverworts; hornworts; mosses
ANSWER: FERNS
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Which one of the following 4 animal groups is LEAST closelyrelated to the others: brachiopods; gastropods; cephalopods; bivalves
ANSWER: BRACHIOPODS
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer From the OUTSIDE to the INSIDE, name the 3 embryonic germlayers in mammals:
ANSWER: ECTODERM; MESODERM; ENDODERM
ROUND 7TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In Barbara McClintock’s famous experiments revealing theexistence of transposable genes, she primarily used which of the following as her experimentalorganism:W) drosophilaX) E. coliY) lambda phageZ) corn plants
ANSWER: Z) CORN PLANTS
BONUS1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT properly matched with its functionor operation:W) conjugation and transfer of genetic material between bacteriaX) F plasmids and reversible incorporation into bacterial genomeY) transposons and plasmids interchanging genesZ) R plasmids and antibiotic resistance
ANSWER: Y) TRANSPOSONS AND PLASMIDS INTERCHANGING GENES
TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice During photosynthesis, from what substance does the oxygen thatis liberated originate:
W) glucoseX) airY) waterZ) carbon dioxide
ANSWER: Y) WATER
BONUS8) BIOLOGY Short Answer The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has whatspecific charge?
ANSWER: +1 (ACCEPT: 1 PLUS or ONE POSITIVE)
TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Short Answer Bacterial transduction is primarily caused by the transference ofwhat specific biological substance?
ANSWER: DNA
BONUS15) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 organisms that are human ectoparasites:Plasmodium ovale; Ascaris; Trichinella spiralis (read as: Trick-ih-nel-la spear-rah-liss); Ixodes(read as: icks-OH-dees)
ANSWER: IXODES
TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer In plants, water molecules are generally protected from water loss to the outside environment by what lipid-based structure covering the epidermis?
ANSWER: CUTICLE
BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 plant structures that are typicallymodified leaves: corms; tendrils; cacti spines; bracts
ANSWER: TENDRILS; CACTI SPINES; BRACTS
TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What biological substance is the SECOND MOST abundant organiccompound on Earth after cellulose, and is especially abundant in sclereids, xylem fibers andtracheids?ANSWER: LIGNIN
BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are complex carbohydrates:chitin (read as: KIE-tin); amylase; cellulose; glycogen
ANSWER: CHITIN; CELLULOSE; GLYCOGEN
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific area of the human diencephalon is responsible forproducing factors that regulate the release of hormones of the pituitary?
ANSWER: HYPOTHALAMUS
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is an insertion of the human biceps femorismuscle:W) ventral portion of the head of the femurX) lateral sides of the head of the tibiaY) ileac crestZ) pubic symphysis
ANSWER: X) LATERAL SIDES OF THE HEAD OF THE TIBIA
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true:W) comb jellies or ctenophores (read as: ten-OH-fours) have radial symmetryX) lobsters have bilateral symmetryY) protostomes have no true coeloms (read as: SEE-loams)Z) flatworms are acoelomates (read as: ah-SEA-low-mates)
ANSWER: Y) PROTOSTOMES HAVE NO TRUE COELOMSBONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are compound fruits:tomato; raspberry; grape; pineapple
ANSWER: RASPBERRY AND PINEAPPLE
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST meets the premises of the HardyWeinberg equilibrium:
W) random mating, small populations, and no genetic loadX) random mating, large populations, and no genetic loadY) non-random mating, small populations, and no net mutationsZ) non-random mating, large populations, and no net mutations
ANSWER: X) RANDOM MATING, LARGE POPULATIONS, AND NO GENETIC LOAD
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 classes of biological molecules whoseimmediate breakdown product can generate energy by feeding into metabolism at the level ofpyruvate or acetyl Co-A: lipids; proteins; carbohydrates
ANSWER: LIPIDS; PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATES (ACCEPT: ALL)
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer The pincers of scorpions are a modification of what arachnidappendage?
ANSWER: PEDIPALPS
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 organisms that are cephalopods (read as: SEFF-al-low-pods): squid; mussel; chambered nautilus; slug
ANSWER: SQUID; CHAMBERED NAUTILUS
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is missing in bryophytes and is anevolutionary advancement of higher plants:W) vascular tissueX) epidermal tissueY) chloroplastsZ) plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-mo-dez-MAH-tah)
ANSWER: W) VASCULAR TISSUE
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Short Answer If the flower color red is dominant and white is recessive, what will be the expected phenotypic ratio of red to white flowers in the first generation of a cross between parent plants both heterozygous for flower color?
ANSWER: 3 TO 1
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Short Answer In photosystem one, when NADP+ forms NADPH with the catalytichelp of NADP+ reductase, from what specific place in the chloroplast are the hydrogen ions derived?
ANSWER: STROMA
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A occurs:
W) in the cytosolX) in the ERY) in the mitochondrionZ) in the lysosome
ANSWER: Y) IN THE MITOCHONDRION
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice According to the 3 domain system of classification with the 3domains being, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, which of the following would be LEAST likely tobelong to the domain Bacteria:
W) chlamydiaX) spirochetes (read as: spy-row-keets)Y) gram positive bacteriaZ) non-nucleated thermophiles
ANSWER: Z) NON-NUCLEATED THERMOPHILES
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In which of the following does the RUBISCO enzyme play acentral role:W) Photosystem OneX) Electron TransportY) Photosystem TwoZ) Calvin Cycle
ANSWER: Z) CALVIN CYCLE
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Animal tissues are generally divided into four main types. If three ofthem are, connective, nervous, and muscle, what is the fourth tissue?
ANSWER: EPITHELIAL (ACCEPT: EPITHELIUM)
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 4 choices from the SMALLEST to theLARGEST, assuming average size for each: erythrocyte; mitochondrion; polio virus; macrophageANSWER: POLIO VIRUS; MITOCHONDRION; ERYTHROCYTE; MACROPHAGE
ROUND 10TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the maximum ATP moleculesgenerated from the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose in a typical eukaryotic cell:
W) 8 molesX) 16 molesY) 24 molesZ) 38 moles
ANSWER: Z) 38 MOLES
BONUS1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 metabolic pathways where
substrate-level phosphorylation occurs: citric acid cycle; glycolysis; electron transport system
ANSWER: CITRIC ACID CYCLE; GLYCOLYSIS
TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding Avianmigratory patterns:W) migration of birds from the tropics to the northern latitudes is typically endogenously controlledX) the migratory timing of many birds is being affected by global changeY) both large and very small birds migrate long distancesZ) breeding in most birds is timed to be when fewest predators are present
ANSWER: Z) BREEDING IN MOST BIRDS IS TIMED TO BE WHEN FEWEST PREDATORSARE PRESENT
BONUS8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following MOST likely occurs during speciation(read as: spee-cee-A-tion):
W) increased mutation ratesX) reproductive isolationY) elimination of recessive allelesZ) increase in genetic loadANSWER: X) REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true about vaccinations:
W) they were first developed against viral infections such as small poxX) they allow the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively on exposure to thedisease causing agentY) they will typically protect the person from infection within 24 hours after vaccinationZ) they often require adjuvants which are nonspecific irritants for best results
ANSWER: Y) THEY WILL TYPICALLY PROTECT THE PERSON FROM INFECTIONWITHIN 24 HOURS AFTER VACCINATION
BONUS15) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 4 storage forms of energy from the most readilyavailable to humans to the most difficult to mobilize: adipose stores; ATP; glycogen; glucose
ANSWER: ATP; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN; ADIPOSE STORES
TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the final electron acceptor for electrons passing down theelectron transport system?
ANSWER: OXYGEN (ACCEPT: MOLECULAR OXYGEN or O2)
BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 molecules that are typically NOT foundin plant cell plasma membranes: phospholipids; integral proteins; cholesterol; cellulose
ANSWER: CHOLESTEROL; CELLULOSE(Solution: cellulose is in cell wall, not cell plasma membrane)
TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What base triplet is the start codon for methionine (read as: methEYE-oh-neen)?ANSWER: AUG
BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer If you wanted to radioactively label protein and DNA to tell whichone was present in a certain place, what 2 isotopes would you most likely use for the protein and the DNA, respectively?
ANSWER: PROTEIN = S-35; DNA = P-32 (ACCEPT: SULFUR-35 AND PHOSPHORUS-32)(DO NOT ACCEPT: SULFUR AND PHOSPHOROUS)
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The genetic material of different viruses can be:W) only double-stranded DNAX) only single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNAY) only double-stranded DNA or double-stranded RNAZ) either single-stranded DNA and RNA or double-stranded DNA and RNA
ANSWER: Z) EITHER SINGLE-STRANDED DNA AND RNA OR DOUBLE-STRANDEDDNA AND RNA
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT characteristic of retroviruses:W) they have single-stranded RNA as their genetic materialX) they make mRNA from their original RNAY) they incorporate their genome into the DNA of the host cell using reverse transcriptaseZ) the host cell polymerase transcribes viral genes
ANSWER: X) THEY MAKE mRNA FROM THEIR ORIGINAL RNA
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice TSH causes the thyroid to produce more T3. When T3 rises, itflows through the blood to the brain to decrease the release of TSH. Which of the following is the MOST accurate and common term for this physiological phenomenon:W) metabolic reactionX) hormonal balanceY) negative feedbackZ) endocrine action
ANSWER: Y) NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In mammalian kidneys, reabsorption of water occurs mostly inwhich of the following:W) glomerulusX) descending limb of the loop of Henle (read as: HEN-lee)Y) proximal convoluted tubuleZ) Bowman’s capsule
ANSWER: X) DESCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice During embryogenesis, which of the following is MOST accurateconcerning the blastopore:W) it does not exist in protostomesX) it originates before the blastula stageY) it forms the anus in deuterostomes (read as: DOO-ter-oh-stomes)Z) it is the hollow center of the gastrula
ANSWER: Y) IT FORMS THE ANUS IN DEUTEROSTOMES
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a primary function of histones H2A,H2B, H3 and H4:W) preventing damage to DNA from ionizing radiationX) densely packaging DNA into nucleosomesY) holding DNA in the double helical configurationZ) directing the packaging of DNA into looped domains of about 300 nanometers
ANSWER: X) DENSELY PACKAGING DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer The corpus luteum in humans primarily secretes what hormone?ANSWER: PROGESTERONE
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 physiological inputs that affect thehomeostatic actions of the hypothalamus in humans:limbic system; olfactory system; retina; reticular formation
ANSWER: ALL
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In early experiments in the mid-1900’s, the source and fate ofoxygen involved in photosynthesis was mostly determined through experiments that used:W) animals in closed containers that would die unless a plant was introduced into the containerX) a heavy isotope of oxygen as a tracerY) fluorescent labeling of various enzymes and organic productsZ) simple accounting of the atomic mass of all the reactants and products
ANSWER: X) A HEAVY ISOTOPE OF OXYGEN AS A TRACER
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Short Answer By number or name, identify all of the following 4 processes thatcontribute directly to genetic variation in humans: 1) random fertilization of ova with sperm; 2)crossing over; 3) independent assortment; 4) mitosis
ANSWER: 1, 2 AND 3 (ACCEPT: ALL BUT #4)
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In the famous experiment by Hershey and Chase that showedDNA was the genetic material, what did they use to transmit the DNA into E. coli:W) other E. coliX) electric shocksY) a blenderZ) bacteriophage
ANSWER: Z) BACTERIOPHAGE
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer In the Amanita mushroom, what is the name of the cell in whichkaryogamy and meiosis occur and what is the product of meiosis, respectively?
ANSWER: CELL = BASIDIUM; PRODUCT = BASIDIOSPORE
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following are MOST often used to introduce foreigngenes into mammalian genomes:
W) sliceosomes (read as: sly-see-oh-somz)X) zinc fingersY) plasmidsZ) telomeres
ANSWER: Y) PLASMIDS
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following regulate development in animals, plantsand fungi, and were first discovered in Drosophila:W) homeobox (read as: HOME-ee-oh-box) genesX) p53Y) shock genesZ) oncogenes
ANSWER: W) HOMEOBOX GENES
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Black water fever is a complication of malarial infection. The termblack water comes from what oxidized product in the urine of infected individuals?
ANSWER: HEMOGLOBIN (ACCEPT: MET-HEMOGLOBIN)BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 human blood cells that are consideredlymphocytes: helper T cells; CD8 cells; CD4 cells; plasma cells
ANSWER: HELPER T CELLS; CD8 CELLS; CD4 CELLS; PLASMA CELLS(ACCEPT: ALL)
ROUND 13TOSS-UP1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the form of highly condensed chromatinthat is not transcribable in its present form and typical of the type of chromatin visible in the light microscope when the cell is in interphase:W) Z DNAX) euchromatinY) heterochromatinZ) histochromatinANSWER: Y) HETEROCHROMATIN
BONUS1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a primary consequence of histoneacetylation:W) increased access of transcriptional factors to DNAX) decreased access of transcriptional factors to DNAY) increased rate of cells entering mitosisZ) G-1 block
ANSWER: W) INCREASED ACCESS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS TO DNA
TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a primary target of certain HIV drugs,such as AZT, specifically because HIV is a retrovirus:W) reverse transcriptaseX) HIV receptorsY) CD 4 cellsZ) CD 8 cells
ANSWER: W) REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
BONUS8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 5 products that are NOT produced by theadult human liver: clotting factors; glycogen; erythropoietin; bile; corticotropin (read as: coretick-oh-TRO-pin)
ANSWER: ERYTHROPOIETIN AND CORTICOTROPIN(Solution: erythropoietin = kidney; corticotropin = pituitary)
TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice During the electron transport system, a store of potential energy is created that will be converted into high energy phosphates. The potential energy is best described as:W) ADPX) ATPY) the hydrogen ion gradientZ) the sodium differential
ANSWER: Y) THE HYDROGEN ION GRADIENT
BONUS15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice What is the first place in the breakdown of glucose, starting inglycolysis and through the Krebs cycle, where CO2 is released:W) pyruvate yielding Acetyl Co-AX) 3-phosphoglycerate (read as: 3-foss-foe-GLISS-err-ate) yielding 2-phosphoglycerateY) isocitrate yielding alpha ketogluterateZ) oxaloacetate (read as: ox-AL-oh-ACETATE) yielding citrate
ANSWER: W) PYRUVATE YIELDING ACETYL Co-A
TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer How many codons in the entire genetic code call for amino acids?
ANSWER: 61
BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following organelles that are bounded by a doublemembrane: nucleus; mitochondrion; chloroplast; lysosome
ANSWER: NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRION; CHLOROPLAST
(ACCEPT: ALL BUT LYSOSOME)
TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What part of the human brain releases the most corticotropin?
ANSWER: PITUITARY
BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the average yield of ATP for every NADH and for everyFADH2, respectively, that pass through the electron transport system?
ANSWER: NADH = 3; FADH2 = 2
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of chloroplasts:W) they are relatively large organelles and can exceed 3 microns longX) thay have smaller ribosomes than are found in the plant cytosolY) they contain thylakoid (read as: THY-la-koid) stacksZ) their numbers are controlled primarily by the cell’s nuclear genes that control division
ANSWER: Z) THEIR NUMBERS ARE CONTROLLED PRIMARILY BY THE CELL’SNUCLEAR GENES THAT CONTROL DIVISION
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer By number or name, identify all of the following 4 areas of plantswhere you would be MOST likely to see meristematic tissue:1) longitudinal section of a terminal bud2) cross-section of the pith of a sunflower stem3) transverse section of a lateral root tip4) cross-section of central parenchymal cells of a corn stem
ANSWER: 1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: 1 - LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A TERMINAL BUD AND3 - TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A LATERAL ROOT TIP)
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If the human SRY gene is inactivated in the first week ofgestation, which of the following will occur:W) the embryo will dieX) the embryo will remain femaleY) the embryo will continue as a maleZ) the embryo will remain in a quiescent state
ANSWER: X) THE EMBRYO WILL REMAIN FEMALE
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following functions primarily by cutting RNAstrands at specific sites:W) micro RNAX) episomeY) ribozymeZ) ligase
ANSWER: Y) RIBOZYME
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer In which of the following 4 phases of cell cycle would a chemicalthat causes mispairing of bases during replication do the most damage: G-1; G-2; S; M
ANSWER: S
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer For a dihybrid cross between parent plants that are eachheterozygous for both traits, if there is complete dominance and independent assortment, what is the total fraction of the offspring that will have a recessive phenotype for either trait and the dominantfor the other?
ANSWER: 6/16 (ACCEPT: 3/8)(Solution: 3/16 + 3/16)
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Short Answer What elemental ion is MOST commonly excreted in large amounts ifthe human adrenals are producing low levels of corticosteroid?
ANSWER: SODIUM (ACCEPT: Na+)
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If a person had low levels of corticosteroid, which of the followingwould be the BEST way to test whether the adrenal glands themselves are not functioning or if it isthe fault of the pituitary gland:W) monitor the kidney for sodium excretionX) measure the blood plasma for high levels of potassiumY) inject small amounts of corticotropin and find if the adrenals produce corticosteroidsZ) monitor the urine for high amounts of protein and sodium
ANSWER: Y) INJECT SMALL AMOUNTS OF CORTICOTROPIN AND FIND IF THEADRENALS PRODUCE CORTICOSTEROIDS
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following would most hematologists agree is theMOST likely reason mammalian erythrocytes contain no nuclei or mitochondria:W) to prevent oxidation of hemoglobinX) to allow for more hemoglobin molecules per red blood cellY) to limit the lifespan of the red cell to 120 daysZ) to allow it to retain its bi-concave shape
ANSWER: X) TO ALLOW FOR MORE HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES PER RED BLOODCELL
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What molecule in the lac operon exerts its control by inactivating therepressor?ANSWER: ALLOLACTOSE
TOSS-UP20) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most effective allosteric inhibitor ofenzymes such as phosphofructokinase (read as: phos-foe-FRUCK-toe-kynase), in glycolysis:W) ADPX) ATPY) cyclic AMPZ) NAD+
ANSWER: X) ATP
BONUS20) BIOLOGY Short Answer In a human heart, if the end diastolic volume is a constant 30 cubiccentimeters and the heart rate is a constant 60 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output, inmilliliters, if the stroke volume is 80 milliliters?
ANSWER: 4800
(Solution: cardiac output 60 × 80 = 4800)
TOSS-UP24) BIOLOGY Short Answer A tetrad in prophase one of meiosis has how many chromosomes and chromatids, respectively?ANSWER: CHROMOSOMES = 2; CHROMATIDS = 4
BONUS24) BIOLOGY Short Answer In beta oxidation of fats, long-chain hydrocarbon fatty acids feedinto the Krebs cycle most commonly via what central molecule of glucose metabolism?ANSWER: ACETYL CoA (ACCEPT: ACETYL CO-ENZYME A)
TOSS-UP8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following was a technique invented by Meselson andStahl in their classic experiments to support the theory of semiconservative replication:W) radiolabeling of DNAX) density gradient centrifugationY) electrophoresisZ) autoradiographyANSWER: X) DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION
BONUS8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If a solution of phospholipids were dropped into a non-polar liquid,which of the following would MOST likely happen:W) the fatty acid tails would be stripped from the phosphate headsX) the phospholipids would mix evenly in the non-polar liquidY) micelles (read as: MY-CELLS) would form with polar heads on the outsideZ) micelles would form with polar heads on the inside
ANSWER: Z) MICELLES WOULD FORM WITH POLAR HEADS ON THE INSIDE
TOSS-UP15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is MOST directly involved in the motilityand intercellular signaling in T-cells:W) filamentous actinX) 200-nanometer myosin fibrilsY) cathepsin-myosin complexesZ) microvilli
ANSWER: W) FILAMENTOUS ACTIN
BONUS15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of micro RNA in eukaryotes:W) they regulate gene expressionX) they target homologous sequences in mRNAY) they are small polypeptide-coding sequencesZ) they are transcribed by RNA polymerase two
ANSWER: Y) THEY ARE SMALL POLYPEPTIDE-CODING SEQUENCES
TOSS-UP22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the primary target organ of luteinizing hormone in thehuman male?
ANSWER: TESTIS
BONUS22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 plant types that are specifically adaptedto arid environments with bright Sun: C4 plants; CAM plants; C3 plants
ANSWER: C4; CAM PLANTS
TOSS-UP25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What protein is the primary component of the thick filaments seen in a cross section of a sarcomere’s myofilaments?
ANSWER: MYOSIN
BONUS25) BIOLOGY Short Answer To what specific protein do calcium ions bind directly leading tomuscle contraction in striated human muscle?ANSWER: TROPONIN-C (ACCEPT: TROPONIN)
TOSS-UP3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice The movement of cells from G-1 in the cell cycle into S-phase ismostly under the control of:W) cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinasesX) the availability of purines and pyrimidinesY) ubiquitin (read as: you-BIK-qui-tin) and proteosomes (read as: PRO-tee-oh-somes)Z) G proteins and APC’s
ANSWER: W) CYCLINS AND CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES
BONUS3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If you fluorescent-labeled the outsides of the trans-membraneproteins of one mammalian cell with a yellow label and another cell with a red label and fused them,which of the following would MOST likely occur over about 1 hour at 37ºC:W) the labels would remain unevenly distributed on the outside of the cellsX) the labels would quickly disappearY) one color would show up in the inside of the cell and the other would remain on the outsideZ) the labels would mix evenly on the outside of the cell
ANSWER: Z) THE LABELS WOULD MIX EVENLY ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL
TOSS-UP10) BIOLOGY Short Answer To what specific part of the tryptophan or lac operon will therepressor typically bind in order to exert its control on the operon?
ANSWER: OPERATOR
BONUS10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the primary difference in regulationbetween the lactose and tryptophan operons:W) tryptophan activates its repressor and lactose leads to an inactive repressorX) when tryptophan is present, the repressor is inactive and the opposite is true for allolactose in thelac operonY) allolactose is considered a co-repressor whereas tryptophan is actually an inducerZ) when tryptophan is not present, the co-repressor is able to inactivate the promoter directlyANSWER: W) TRYPTOPHAN ACTIVATES ITS REPRESSOR AND LACTOSE LEADS TOAN INACTIVE REPRESSOR
TOSS-UP17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the BEST description ofphotorespiration:W) the process whereby primitive bacteria use light to help oxidize inorganic moleculesX) the competition of carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen for RubiscoY) the gaining of chemical energy in photosynthesisZ) the loss of reduced electrons from photosystem one
ANSWER: X) THE COMPETITION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND MOLECULAR OXYGENFOR RUBISCO
BONUS17) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name 2 of the following 4 plant types that have the LEAST amountof photorespiration if all are exposed to a bright summer Sun: agave; corn; begonia; tulip
ANSWER: AGAVE; CORN
TOSS-UP 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Which 2 of the following 4 hormones play the largest roles in regulating sperm production in humans: luteinizing hormone; estradiol; progesterone; follicle stimulating hormone
ANSWER: LUTEINIZING HORMONE; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (ACCEPT: LH; FSH)
BONUS 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Give the corresponding alternate DNA strand synthesized by reverse transcriptase from the following mRNA: (read slowly, pausing between each triplet) AUA, CAG, ACU, UUC, AUU
ANSWER: TAT, GTC, TGA, AAG, TAA