Biochemistry Unit Notes

What is in the food you eat?

Our food is made up of _____________________________________________.

- Organic:

o Why is Carbon important?

- Macromolecules:

There are 4 major categories of organic macromolecules:

1. ____________________________

2. ____________________________

3. ____________________________

4. ____________________________

All living things are made up of the 4 main organic molecules!

What process do all living things do that we just learned about?? _________________________

We get the macromolecules that we need through ____________________________________

______________________________.

Which part of the cheeseburger do you think contains the most carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates:

In our bodies, carbohydrates are used primarily to _____________________________________ for a

____________________________________!!!

How does 3 atoms turn into a bowl of noodles?

Atoms come together to make __________________ and then the _________________ come together to

make even larger __________________.

Atoms _________________ ___________________ _____________________

One molecule of carbohydrate is called a ______________________________.

The root word of monosaccharide is “sacchar” which means _____________.

Therefore a monosaccharide is a _____________________________.

______________________ is the most common monosaccharide.

- 6 carbon sugar that is shaped like a hexagon.

________________________ is another example of a monosaccharide.

- 6 carbon sugar that is shaped like a pentagon.

Disaccharide:

An example of a disaccharide is ______________________ (milk sugar).

What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?

What type of sugar do our bodies use for energy?

Another example of a disaccharide is _______________________ (table sugar).

- Sucrose is made up of one molecule of _______________________ bonded to one molecule of

__________________.

Polysaccharide:

Starch is a branched chain of ______________________.

- _______________ make starch to be a ________________________ molecule.

What does it mean for a food to be “starchy”?

Usually this food would be a vegetable. Why?

Glycogen is a highly branched chain of ____________________.

- ______________ make glycogen to store _______________________ that is broken down during a

meal.

Why is glycogen so important?

extra glucose

GLYCOGEN

Cellulose:

- Who makes it?

Why do plants need cellulose?

Their cells are lined with ________________________ to __________________________________________.

Since cellulose is so rigid _____________________________________________________________________

_________________________________.

- Humans cannot break apart cellulose into glucose!

LET’S RECAP!

Is bread the only thing we eat that has carbohydrates in it? ____________

- ____________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

“Carb loading”

C, H, and O atoms

Monosaccharides Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

What part of the cheeseburger do you think contains the most lipids?

There are 3 types of lipids:

1. _____________________

2. _____________________

3. _____________________

Lipids:

- Mostly made up of ________________________ and __________________

Lipids are ______________________________ which means that they do NOT mix with water.

Hydro-phobic = _______________________________________

Uses of liquids:

There are 2 structures that a lipid can have.

1. ________________________: ___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

o Examples:

2. ________________________: ___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

o Examples:

Liposuction: _______________________________________________________________________________

Why are lipids so abundant in cheese?

LET’S RECAP!

Lipids are used for ____________________ term energy.

Lipids are _____________________________ which means ________________-hating.

Proteins:

Like carbohydrates, proteins are made up of _____________________________________________________.

The small parts that proteins are made up of are called ____________________________________________.

The amino acids that come together to make _________________ are held together by _______________.

When 2 __________________________ are bonded together, we call it a ____________________.

When more than 2 ____________________________ are bonded together to make a protein, we call it a

_______________________.

All amino acids have the same _______________________.

The “R” represent a _______________________.

Every amino acid has a different ________________________ and this is how we get different amino acids.

If we make proteins in our bodies, why do we need to eat foods that contain proteins.

We eat foods with protein so we _______________________________________________________________

__________________.

Proteins are used by organisms for:

1. ________________________________________

2. ________________________________________

3. ________________________________________

4. ________________________________________

Structural support:

- Our bodies use proteins to make ________________________, ___________________, and

____________________.

- Other animals also use protein to make ___________________ and ________________________.

Muscle movements:

- Protein makes up the structures that we use to _____________________________________

(___________________ and ____________________).

Why does meat have so much protein in it???

What do you think our body does with proteins?

When we eat foods with proteins in them, our bodies______________________________________________

and use the _________________________________that they are made of.

Why do bodybuilders drink protein shakes and eat protein bars?

Some Important Proteins…

Insulin – helps our bodies store ____________________ in ______________________

Hemoglobin – helps our _____________________ carry ____________________

RECAP!

Nucleic acids are compounds made out of __________________, ____________________,

___________________, __________________, and ______________________.

Nucleotides: ______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________

What do these nucleotides have to do with our cheeseburger?

Nucleic acids make up our ___________!

DNA is what gives our cells ____________________________ on how to _____________________________

____________________________.

C, H, O, P, and S atomsAmino Acids

DipeptidePolypeptide

RECAP!

What are the main sources of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in a meal of spaghetti and meatballs?

ENZYMES:

Changes that the molecules undergo are called ________________.

- Reactions happen ___________________________________________.

An enzyme is …

- A protein that ______________________________________________________

___________________________.

- A catalyst. A catalyst is a _____________________________________________

_______________________.

What is the catalyst in this reaction? ________________

C, H, O, N and P atomsNucleotides

DNAProteins

instructions to make…

Is it changed in the reaction? ___________

Catalysts lower the amount of energy that it takes to get a reaction started. This energy is called

_______________________________.

Enzymes lower activation energy by holding molecules together.

Reactions can occur without the help of catalysts or enzymes, but ________________________

______________________________________________________.

Each enzyme is specially designed to react with ___________________ molecules.

In the case of digestive enzymes, their names match with the parts of foods that they help react.

- Lac______ helps breakdown lac______.

Each enzyme has a special place where the reaction occurs. This place is called the ________________.

- When a molecule needs the help of an enzyme, it ____________________________ and then the

reaction takes place.

The molecule that binds to the active site is called the _________________________.

Each enzyme has a ________________________ and structure that matches certain molecules.

- That is why we say enzymes are “___________________”.

When an enzyme changes its shape it __________ do its job. It is ______________!

Each enzyme works best at a certain _________________ and _________________.

If the pH is changed from its optimal level, then the enzyme will _______________ just like with temperature.

- Digestive enzymes in the stomach work best at the very acidic pH of around __________.

An _______________ is a molecule that blocks the active site and keeps the enzyme from doing its job.

Lactase is just one enzyme that breaks down lactose but there are many different enzymes at work in your

body.

What are some of the other enzymes that we covered and what do they do?

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

- ________________________________________________________________________

Every reaction in your body is helped by an enzyme!!

Enzymes are the “workers” of your body!!