Week 4 Vocab: QUIZ Friday.• Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait• Dominant- trait that normally is expressed,

only need one allele (gene) for it to show• Recessive- trait that will only show if both

alleles are present• Allele- type of gene that comes from mom or

dad• Genotype- your genetic composition (BB,Bb)• Phenotype- your appearance (brown hair)

What do you know about the word genetics?

Genetics

The study of heredity

Mendel

• Father of Genetics• Experimented with pea

plants• He used self-pollinating

plants, that produced identical offspring.

Mendel

• Mendel studied seven different traits.• Trait- specific characteristic, like flower color.• P generation- parent generation.• F1 generation- offspring of the P generation.• Traits are controlled by genes.

Mendel and His Peas

• Mendel wanted to try cross-breeding pea plants.

• Cut off the male parts (pollen), and dusted pollen from another plant to cause fertilization.aka cross-pollination.

So where do the alleles come from?

• Mom and Dad• Look at these “X”s.• What are these?• Where are they

located?• Who gives them to you?• Where are the genes

located?• What are genes?

Dominant vs. Recessive• Dominant= capital letter• Recessive= lower case letter• If capital letter is present, then that trait is

ALWAYS expressed.• Must have two lower case letters for trait to

be expressed

Hornet Genetics

Question of the Day 1-29-13

• What is genetics the study of?• What letter type denotes dominant genes?• What letter type denotes recessive genes?

Question of the Day 1-29-13

• How many genes must an organism have to show a recessive trait?

• Where are your chromosomes located within the cell?

QUIZ TOMORROW-WRITE THESE DOWN

• T= tall, t= short• Genotypes for a tall plant. ________• Genotypes for a short plant: _______• Phenotype of a TT plant: ______, Tt plant

_____, tt plant: _______

Exit Slip-GRADED IN NOTES

• Place a “D” if the dominant trait is expressed, and an “R” if the recessive trait is expressed.

• 1. RR• 2. dd• 3. Ee• 4. Ll• 5. FF• 6. Qq• 7. ss

• Place a “G” for genotype, and a “P” for phenotype.

• 1. black hair• 2. Mm• 3. Hh• 4. blood pressure• 5. Yy• 6. eye color• 7. number of fingers

EOC Level 2• After learning about viruses in Biology class, Sam

decides to have his cat vaccinated against felineleukemia virus. According to cell theory, are viruses, such as feline leukemia, considered livingthings?

• A. Yes, because they can reproduce.• B. Yes, because they are composed of cells.• C. No, because they cannot adapt to their environment.• D. No, because they are not composed of cells.

EOC Level 2

• Many insects produce pheromones (chemical signals) to facilitate mating and reproduction. Scientists have discovered that pheromones, if given at a certain time in an insect’s life cycle, can confuse male insects and disrupt the mating process. Crop growers want to use this knowledge to help control insect pests. Which step would be LEAST likely to change this scientific information into a usable technology?

• A. Determining which pheromones most disrupt the mating of common insect pests

• B. Determining when, during an insect pest’s life cycle, the application of pheromones would most disrupt mating• C. Developing a practical means of dispersing the pheromones• D. Developing stronger insecticides to kill insects not affected by the pheromones•

EOC Level 2

• A scientist found that the results of an experiment did not support her hypothesis. If she is following proper scientific procedure, what should she do next?

• A. Discard those results and repeat the experiment.• B. Accept the hypothesis and exclude data that does not fit.• C. Reject the hypothesis and assume it is incorrect.• D. Create a new hypothesis and a new experiment to test it.

Dominant vs. Recessive• Dominant= capital letter• Recessive= lower case letter• If capital letter is present, then that trait is

expressed.• Must have two lower case letters for trait to

be expressed

Genotype vs. Phenotype

• Genotype- gene combinations an individual possesses (BB, Bb, bb)

• Phenotype- what an individual looks like based on genotype (brown or blue eyes)

Bipolar Jigsaw Activity

• If you were to guess a percent, what percent do you think genetics is responsible for making you how you are vs. environment?

• Online stopwatch

Quiz 25 pts.Dominant (D) vs. Recessive (R)• 1. GG• 2. Hh• 3. Ll• 4. mm• 5. kk• 6. Nn• 7. Rr• 8. FF• 9. jj• 10. Cc• 11. SS• 12. Pp

Genotype (G) vs. Phenotype (P)• 1. eye color• 2. Diabetes• 3. Jj• 4. Oo• 5. height• 6. blood type• 7. brown hair• 8. UU• 9. left handed• 10. behavior• 11. RR• 12. mm• 13. attached ears

Exploring Classroom Genetics

Trait Phenotype- what you look like Genotype- genetic make-up that makes up phenotype

Tongue-Rolling (R)

Free Earlobe (F)

Widow’s Peak (W)

Taste (T)

Straight Thumb (N)

Straight Little Finger (S)

Left over Right Thumb Crossing (L)Chin Cleft (C)

Mid-digital Hair (H)

Six Fingers (F)

Week 4 Vocab: QUIZ Friday.• Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait• Dominant- trait that normally is expressed,

only need one allele (gene) for it to show• Recessive- trait that will only show if both

alleles are present• Allele- type of gene that comes from mom or

dad• Genotype- your genetic composition (BB,Bb)• Phenotype- your appearance (brown hair)

EOC Level 1

• Breaking which type of bond would require the most energy?

• A. Covalent• B. Electrostatic• C. Hydrogen• D. Intermolecular

EOC Level 1

• Which formula represents an organic molecule?• A. CuSO4•H2O• B. C12H22O11• C. AgNO3• D. H2O

EOC Level 1

What is the correct order of organization of all living things from simplest to most complex?

• A. Atom, cell, organ, organelle, organ system, organism, molecule, tissue

• B. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

• C. Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organism, organ system

• D. Organelle, atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

EOC Level 2

Which sequence is in order from the simplest level of organization to the most complex? (erythrocyte= red blood cell)

• A. Muscle, erythrocyte, lipid, mitochondrion, carbon• B. Carbon, lipid, erythrocyte, mitochondrion, muscle• C. Muscle, mitochondrion, lipid, erythrocyte, carbon• D. Carbon, lipid, mitochondrion, erythrocyte, muscle

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

• Heterozygous: for a particular trait the individual has one dominant and one recessive allele. (Tt)

• Homozygous: for a particular trait the individual has both dominant or both recessive alleles. (TT, tt)

Punnett Squares• Used to predict possible offspring outcomes.• Cross parents.

– Tall (TT) x short (tt)

Genotypic Ratio:Phenotypic Ratio:# of Heterozygous Individuals:# of Homozygous Individuals:

Punnett Squares– Cross a Black Bull (Bb) with Black Cow (Bb)

– Genotypic Ratio:– Phenotypic Ratio:– # of Heterozygous Individuals:– # of Homozygous Individuals: – Can this bull be 100% guaranteed of throwing all black calves?

Punnett Square Practice

• 1. Cross a homozygous dominant purple pea plant (P) with a homozygous recessive white pea plant.

• 2. Cross 2 heterozygous spotted walking horses. Will they ever have solid colored babies?

Inheritance vs. Environment

• Researchers claim that 40-60% of your characteristics are genetically linked.

• What is the other major contributing factor?

How many chromosomes are in your somatic cells?

PM #2: Tomorrow Review

• Determine the mRNA from DNA:– T A C C C G G C G A T T A T C A C T

• Create the amino acid sequence from the mRNA above.

• If you delete the first “A” from the DNA sequence create the mRNA, amino acid chain, and identify the type of mutation.

Vocabulary Quiz Review Week #1• ____________- the odds of getting a particular trait.• ____________- the gene combination for a trait.• ____________- the outward appearance of a trait• ____________- genotype for a trait is either 100%

dominant or 100% recessive• ____________- genotype for a trait is dominant and

recessive.• ____________- map of an individual’s chromosomes.• ____________- segment of DNA that codes for a trait• ____________- passing of traits from parents to

offspring

Segregation

• Mendel wanted to see if recessive traits disappeared in F1 generation. So he crossed them to make an F2 generation.

• He realized that gametes (egg or sperm) only contain one set of genes.

• These alleles segregate.

Probability

• The odds that a particular event is going to take place.

• If you flip a coin, there is a ½ chance that it will land on heads.

• Apply this concept to segregation of alleles.

Practice

• If (P) = purple, (p)= white what do the following flowers look like?

• PP = ?• Pp = ?• pp = ?• Circle the homozygous genotypes.

Probability and Independent Assortment

• These principles can only be viewed if there are hundreds or thousands of offspring.

• You and your siblings are not enough to prove or disprove these principles.

• Probability- ________ of getting a particular result.

• Ind. Assortment- just because you inherit one dominant trait, does not mean all your traits will be __________.

Question of the Day 2-6-13

• 1. Using the letter R, give an example of a homozygous dominant individual.

• 2. Using the letter F, give an example of a heterozygous individual.

• 3. If you were an animal breeder, which would you prefer buying as breeding stock? A homozygous or heterozygous animal? JUSTIFY

Level 2

What are chromosome maps called?

Pedigree

• A chart that shows the phenotypes for an organism and all of its ancestors.

Pedigree Organization

• Squares=males• Circles=Females• Generation = roman

numeral.• Each individual is

numbered in the generation.

• Offspring = vertical lines.• Marriage = horizontal lines.

CREATE & ORGANIZE a Pedigree with a Phenotype for Hair Color

• Use your Family starting with one set of your biological grandparents. (3 generations)

• Shade in all circles/squares of brunette people, and leave blank all other hair colors.

Classroom Pedigree• Using each other CREATE & ORGANIZE a pedigree.• Neatness is worth 10 pts.

– Straight lines– key present– colored shapes– numbered generations and individuals – Place names in the shapes

• Pedigree is worth 30 lab pts.

Question of the Day

• What is the difference between a karyotype and a pedigree?

Classroom Pedigree

• Choose a person out of the basket.• Fill in the classroom pedigree chart, with the

phenotype of tongue-rolling• Left over Thumb= blue• Right over Thumb= green• Lines must be straight, generations must be

numbered, individuals must be numbered, and each individual must be blue or green.

Meiosis• Meiosis is the process by

which sex cells are produced.

• During meiosis the number of chromosomes are cut in half, so that the sex cells only contribute half of the genetic information for a particular organism.

• Meiosis

Chromosome Terminology

• As a human you have 46 chromosomes in your somatic cells.

• 23 inherited from your father, 23 inherited from your mother.

• You only have 23 chromosomes in your sex cells (egg/sperm).

Vocabulary Week #1• Probability- the odds of getting a particular trait.• Karyotype- map of an individual’s chromosomes.• Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait• Genotype- the gene combination for a trait.• Phenotype- the outward appearance of a trait• Homozygous- genotype for a trait is either 100%

dominant or 100% recessive• Heterozygous- genotype for a trait is dominant and

recessive.• Inheritance- passing of traits from parents to offspring

Question of the Day 4-14-11

• 1. How many chromosomes are in your somatic cells?

• 2. How many chromosomes are in your sex cells?

• 3. If you had to begin a job today, what line of work would you enter?

Level 2

Karyotype

• Map of an individual’s chromosomes that have been inherited from one’s mother and father

Karyotype Review• 1. Male/Female

• 2. Normal/Abnormal number of chromosomes.

• 3. List the autosome pairs (give numbers)

• 4. List the sex chromosome pairs.

Homologous Chromosomes• Each of the 23

chromosomes inherited by your parents line up in pairs.

• These pairs are known as homologous chromosomes.

• These homologous chromosomes are identical in size, shape, and location of genes.

Figure 9.15 The Human Karyotype

DNA chromatin in Interphase in cell.Chromosomes have been stained in Metaphase to distinguish homologous chromsomes.

Figure 9.15 The Human Karyotype

Where do homologous chromosomes come from?What phase are these homologous chromosomes next to one another?

All three of these conditions cause a form of mental retardation.

Exit Slip 2-10-13• 1. How many chromosomes will be in a human karyotype?

• 2. Define the term karyotype.

• 3. What is the study of inheritance called?

• 4. Make a pedigree:– Male I,1– Female, I, 2– Female, II, 1 Parents 1 & 2– Female, II, 2 Parents 1 & 2– Male, II, 3

Vocabulary List #2

• Sex-linked Trait- a trait found on the sex chromosomes (usually the X because it is bigger than Y)

• Codominance- traits expressed together• Incomplete dominance- blending of traits• Multiple alleles- more than 2 options for a trait• Polygenic traits- more than 1 gene codes for the trait• Evolution- change over time• Adaptation- a change in a trait to give an advantage• Natural selection- certain species with adaptation thrive,

those without the adaptation diminish.

Punnett Square Practice

• Cross Rr x rr• Cross Rr x Rr• Cross AA x AA• Cross AA x Aa• If P= purple, p= white. Give Genotypic ratio of

Pp xPp.• Give Phenotypic Ratio of Pp xPp

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

• Autosomes- chromosomes that codes for all traits except gender.– Homologous pairs #1-22

• Sex chromosomes- chromosomes that code for gender.– Homologous pair #23– Karyotyping Activity

Mendelian Exception #1

• Incomplete Dominance- think of this as a blending of genes.

• Neither gene is dominant.

• Heterozygous genotype is a blend of the two alleles.

• Red(RR) + White(WW) = Pink(RW) flower

Mendelian Exception #2

• Codominance- both alleles contribute to the phenotype.

• Genes do not blend, but show up distinctly.

• Roan cattle, blood type, calico cats

• Red cow (RR) x white bull(WW) = roan calf(RW)

Mendelian Exception # 3

• Multiple Alleles- a gene may have more than two alleles to code for a particular trait.

• Blood type, coat color, hair color, etc.

Mendelian Exception # 4

• Polygenic Traits- traits that are controlled by several different genes.

• Examples include hair color and skin color,

Practice Punnett Squares• Stop Talking and Work!

• Most of you have a great grade Let’s keep it that way!

Anticipatory Set 2-12-13

• What is the study of inheritance called?• Make a pedigree:

– Male I,1– Female, I, 2– Female, II, 1 Parents 1 & 2– Female, II, 2 Parents 1 & 2– Male, II, 3– Solve: 3x6+2x5-1=?

What happens when things go awry?

Nondisjunction

When chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase of meiosis.

Meiosis is the process that sex cells are formed.

Trisomy 13/Trisomy 18/Trisomy 21• Trisomy 13/18- typically

die by 3 months of age• Trisomy 21- Mental

retardation, facial distortions.

• Down’s typically occurs in egg and sperm production.

• Likelihood of Down’s occurs with maternal age.

Down’s Syndrome Karyotype

Sexual Nondisjunction

• Turner’s Syndrome in females, results in a (XO).

• Klinefelter’s Syndrome in males, results in (XXY-XXXXY)

Sexual Disorders Karyotypes

• What is the difference between autosomal nondisjunction and sex chromosome nondisjunction?

Recessive Allele Disorder # 1

• Albinism- animal/person lacks ability to produce pigment in hair, skin, and eyes if they have two recessive genes for pigmentation.

Dominant Allele Disorders

• DOMINANT ALLELE DISORDER: – Polydactyl- six digit. Henry VIII

had a 6th finger. (dominant gene)

Sex Linked Disorders # 1, 2, 3• Hemophilia- blood is

unable to clot. Queen Victoria had this, also affected Czar Nicholas due to intermarriage. (inbreeding depression)

• Muscular dystrophy- chronic muscle wasting disease.

• Colorblindness- usually in males.

Amniocentesis

• Prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities.

• A thin needle is inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus (a term applied to an unborn baby after the first trimester).

• Cells that are withdrawn have been sloughed off by the fetus, yet they are still fetal cells and can be used to determine the state of the fetal chromosomes, such as Down's Syndrome and the sex of the baby after a karyotype has been made.

Sex Linked Punnett Square

• A female carries the color-blindness gene (b), her husband has normal vision (B). Set up a PS to show the likelihood of having normal vision or colorblind children.

Level 2

Level 3

Level 1

Level 2