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    Vapor and Combined

    Power CyclesThe steam cycle and more

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    Carnot Cycle

    The standard all others are measuredagainst

    Not realistic model for vapor cycles

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    Rankine Cycle, Ideal

    1-2 isentropiccompression (pump)

    2-3 constant pressure

    heat addition (boiler) 3-4 isentropic

    expansion (turbine)

    4-1 constant pressureheat rejection(condenser)

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    Rankine Cycle, Ideal

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    Rankine Cycle Energy Analysis

    Energy balance, each process

    For pump

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    Rankine Cycle Energy Analysis

    For boiler

    For turbine

    For condenser

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    Rankine Cycle Energy Analysis

    Thermal efficiency

    Heat rate: amount of heat (Btu) to

    generate 1 kWh of electricity

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    Real vs. Ideal Cycle

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    Increase Efficiency?

    Lower condenser pressure

    Increase superheattemperature

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    Increase Efficiency?

    Increase boiler pressure

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    Reheat

    Materials limit temperature of steam, but can we takeadvantage of higher steam pressures and not havequality of steam issues?

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    Reheat

    Equations become:

    Purposes of reheat: keep turbine inlet

    temps within limits, increase quality ofsteam in last stages of turbine

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    Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle

    Regeneration:effective use ofenergy

    Open (direct contact)feedwater heaters(mixing chambers)

    Closed feedwaterheaters (heatexchangers)

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    Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle

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    Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle

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    2nd Law Analysis

    Ideal Rankine cycle is internally reversible

    Analysis indicates where irreversibilitiesare

    Again for steady-flow system:

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    2nd Law Analysis

    For a cycle:

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    Cogeneration

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    Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycle

    Use of two cycles to maximize efficiency

    Gas power cycle toppinga vapor powercycle

    Combined cycles have higher efficiencythan either independently

    Works because:

    Gas turbine needs high combustion temp tobe efficient, vapor cycle can effectively userejected energy

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