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DecolonizationDecolonization

India, Pakistan, Vietnam, etc…India, Pakistan, Vietnam, etc…

Britain’s Withdrawal from IndiaBritain’s Withdrawal from India Indians basically paid for Indians basically paid for

British rule, as Britain British rule, as Britain dominated the country dominated the country through a divide and rule through a divide and rule strategystrategy

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi – – leader of Indian leader of Indian nationalism and passive nationalism and passive resistance movementresistance movement led led Salt MarchSalt March to the sea to the sea

breaking the British breaking the British monopoly on saltmonopoly on salt

imprisoned many times, imprisoned many times, where he became a martyr where he became a martyr by going on hunger strikesby going on hunger strikes

1947 – the British weary of 1947 – the British weary of Gandhi’s policies leave IndiaGandhi’s policies leave India

Conflict Between India and Conflict Between India and PakistanPakistan

Gandhi’s vision of a country of many Gandhi’s vision of a country of many religions does not come true religions does not come true India is partitioned into two; India for the Hindus India is partitioned into two; India for the Hindus

and Pakistan under and Pakistan under Ali JinnahAli Jinnah for the Muslims for the Muslims Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremistGandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist East Pakistan later breaks away to become East Pakistan later breaks away to become

BangladeshBangladesh India and Pakistan have come to the brink India and Pakistan have come to the brink

of nuclear war over the ownership of the of nuclear war over the ownership of the northern territory of Kashmirnorthern territory of Kashmir

More British Retreat from More British Retreat from Colonial EmpiresColonial Empires

the British noticing the costs of maintaining the British noticing the costs of maintaining an empire and wanting to avoid conflict start an empire and wanting to avoid conflict start withdrawing from their colonieswithdrawing from their colonies 1948 – Burma and Sri Lanka become independent 1948 – Burma and Sri Lanka become independent

/ British withdraw from Palestine/ British withdraw from Palestine 1957 – Ghana becomes independent1957 – Ghana becomes independent 1960 – Nigeria becomes independent1960 – Nigeria becomes independent British withdraw from Cyprus, Kenya, and Aden British withdraw from Cyprus, Kenya, and Aden

under pressure from militant movementsunder pressure from militant movements withdrawal has led to poverty and instability withdrawal has led to poverty and instability

in Africa, but stability and economic growth in Africa, but stability and economic growth in Asiain Asia

France and AlgeriaFrance and Algeria voting structure had given the French more voting structure had given the French more

power than the native Muslim people of Algeriapower than the native Muslim people of Algeria violent clashes between the Muslims and the violent clashes between the Muslims and the

French directly after World War II spur on even French directly after World War II spur on even more Algerian nationalismmore Algerian nationalism

civil war breaks out in 1954 between Algerian civil war breaks out in 1954 between Algerian nationalists led by the nationalists led by the National Liberation National Liberation FrontFront and the French – the war divides French and the French – the war divides French opinion and does not end till 1962opinion and does not end till 1962

under under General Charles de GaulleGeneral Charles de Gaulle, France , France eventually grants Algeria independence in 1962eventually grants Algeria independence in 1962

many Muslims who supported France either flee many Muslims who supported France either flee Algeria for France or are massacredAlgeria for France or are massacred

In 1959, Charles De Gaulle as President of the French Republic visited Algiers to great acclaim from its European inhabitants, known as colons. By 1962, however, he had sponsored a referendum that led to Algerian independence and the flight of most of those people. Loomis Dean/Getty Images, Inc.

France and VietnamFrance and Vietnam

communist, anti-colonial, and communist, anti-colonial, and nationalistic Vietnam leader nationalistic Vietnam leader Ho Chi Ho Chi MinhMinh declares Vietnam’s declares Vietnam’s independence from France in 1945independence from France in 1945

civil war breaks out in 1947civil war breaks out in 1947 the French are crushed at Dien Bien Phuthe French are crushed at Dien Bien Phu peace accord in 1954 splits Vietnam in peace accord in 1954 splits Vietnam in

twotwo North Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh and the communistsNorth Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh and the communists South Vietnam – French controlledSouth Vietnam – French controlled

Vietnam and the Cold WarVietnam and the Cold War the United States believing that North Vietnam was a the United States believing that North Vietnam was a

puppet of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of puppet of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China form the China form the Southeast Asia Treaty OrganizationSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization to combat the communiststo combat the communists

France withdraws from South Vietnam in 1955 leaving France withdraws from South Vietnam in 1955 leaving Vietnamese political groups to fight for its powerVietnamese political groups to fight for its power

United States supports United States supports Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-, a strong anti-communist nationalist (but certainly not for democracy) communist nationalist (but certainly not for democracy) the the National Liberation FrontNational Liberation Front with its military with its military

wing the wing the Viet CongViet Cong make it a goal to overthrow make it a goal to overthrow DiemDiem

Diem becomes more repressiveDiem becomes more repressive in 1963, Diem is assassinated by an army coup, in 1963, Diem is assassinated by an army coup,

supported by the United States supported by the United States the United States, hoping for popular support in South the United States, hoping for popular support in South

Vietnam support Vietnam support Nguyen Van ThieuNguyen Van Thieu to be in charge to be in charge

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War Kennedy is Kennedy is

assassinated and his assassinated and his successor successor Lyndon Lyndon JohnsonJohnson steps up the steps up the commitment to South commitment to South Vietnam especially Vietnam especially after the an attack on after the an attack on an American ship in an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkinthe Gulf of Tonkin

Hundreds of Hundreds of thousands of soldiers thousands of soldiers invade Vietnam and invade Vietnam and conduct a destructive conduct a destructive and deadly warand deadly war

Results of the Vietnam WarResults of the Vietnam War peace negotiations start in peace negotiations start in

1968, but no treaty till 19731968, but no treaty till 1973 1975 – South Vietnamese 1975 – South Vietnamese

troops evacuate country, troops evacuate country, but are routed by the North but are routed by the North Vietnamese turning all of Vietnamese turning all of Vietnam over to the Vietnam over to the communists / South communists / South Vietnam capital renamed Vietnam capital renamed Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh City

Vietnam’s results in the U.S.Vietnam’s results in the U.S. war hurt American prestige,war hurt American prestige, many European nations felt many European nations felt

the United States neglected the United States neglected them to fight an aggressive them to fight an aggressive colonial war colonial war

produced enormous produced enormous divisions and debates in the divisions and debates in the United StatesUnited States

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War

1965-1973 – major 1965-1973 – major bombing attacks of bombing attacks of VietnamVietnam

at war’s peak – at war’s peak – 500,000 American 500,000 American troops are stationed in troops are stationed in Vietnam – 58,000 Vietnam – 58,000 Americans killedAmericans killed

1969 – 1969 – VietnamizationVietnamization – – President Nixon’s President Nixon’s policy to gradually policy to gradually withdraw troops from withdraw troops from VietnamVietnam

Map 29–6 DECOLONIZATION SINCE WORLD WAR II The Western powers’ rapid retreat from imperialism after World War II is graphically shown on this outline map covering half the globe—from West Africa to the southwest Pacific.