welcome europe’s buildings under the...

Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope BPIE, 10.11.2011 Aeropolis II, Brussels

WELCOME

Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope

Agenda

9.30 Introduction – Oliver Rapf, BPIE Executive Director 9.40 Key note: EPBD implementation and the challenge for renovating the European building stock , Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy 9.50 Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope’ (Report Part 1 + Part 2) Where do we stand today?, Marina Economidou, BPIE 10.20 Panel 1: Future perspectives on data monitoring, what kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established? 11. 00 Coffee break 11. 20 European Buildings under the Microscope (Report Part 3) - Developing scenarios and roadmaps

• Modeling and scenarios, Dan Staniaszek, Sustainability Consulting • Policy Recommendations , Marina Economidou, BPIE

12. 00 Panel 2: Designing the way ahead 12.45 Final conclusions (Oliver Rapf, BPIE) 13.00 Lunch

4

Michaela Holl, the European Commission, DG Energy

BPIE report launch 10 November, Brussels

Policy and data challenges of the

EU policy on energy efficiency in

buildings

5

Policy context

• Energy Efficiency Action Plan (COM 2011 (109) final), Low carbon roadmap 2011 (112) final), EE Directive (COM 2011 (370) final) stipulate:

- EU currently not on track for 2020 targets

- still considerable savings potential in the EU building sector

-need for building sector to contribute with up to 90 % CO2 reductions by 2050

• Likelyhood of significantly increased budget for EE/RES in 2014-2021 under Cohesion spending and take off of EEE-F→ Need for qualitative assessment of investments!!!

• But also: tightened budgets, austerity…

•

6

Buildings in a 2050 scenario

3

Source: IEA 2007, WEO 2007, ETP 2008)

7

The EPBD

• Framework Directive with no EU-level harmonisation of requirements

• Sets basic framework for calculation method, requirements setting, inspections, certification

• Implementation and enforcement issue

• Upcoming Member States duties of recast: – Transposition by July 2012, application by 2013

– Calculation of Cost optimal benchmarks as of 2013

– Application of nearly zero energy buildings definition and development of action plans

8

Policy challenges beyond EPBD

• The recast EPBD will not be sufficient for achieving EU 2020 targets: in addition need for funding/financing instruments (Art 10) and more efforts on existing buildings (3% target in EED)

Furthermore:

• Need to develop role of buildings as part of 2050 roadmap

• Need to develop segment-specific buildings policies (public/commercial/residential etc.)

• Need to develop more knowledge on appropriate degree of refurbishment (cost optimality)

9

Status quo on data

• availability of ex ante studies demonstrating savings potential at macro level (Fraunhofer 2009, WBSD, Mc Kinsey etc)

• availability of tools to assess theoretical impact of measures (PRIMES, MURE)

• First research on degrees of renovation (lock in effect) e.g. Central European University Budapest)

But not:

• still no comprehensive picture on building stock and its energetic quality across EU

• building data hidden in sectoral data for tertiary and household

• Building data not broken down to different building categories/segments (e.g. publicly owned vs occupied buildings, share of public buildings not yet fulfilling minimum requirements etc, current rate of refurbishment in different segments..)

10

Savings expected to be achieved with already

existing measures

TO TAP THE REMAINING ECONOMIC ENERGY SAVING

POTENTIALS FOR 2020 THROUGHOUT THE SECTORS

Remaining saving potential to be addressed with

new measures

2%

5%

16%

11% 29%

11

Data needs for the future policy

challenges

• Need for disaggregated data that reflects the diversity of the building stock

• Need to differentiate the abstract macroeconomic savings potential for different segments (including cost effectiveness of certificates and inspections, should everyone do a “deep renovation” etc..)

• Need for detailed ex post evidence on impact of quality of implementation (EPC!)

• Need to improve cross comparison of national calculation methods, requirements etc

• Need for data to support Commission’s duty in assessing national applications of cost optimality and NZEB

12

Thank you for your attention!


Agenda




EUROPE’S

BUILDINGS

UNDER THE MICROSCOPE PARTS 1 & 2

Marina Economidou Expert in Energy Efficiency Brussels, 10 November 2011

http://www.canstockphoto.com/file_view.php?id=6709578

http://www.canstockphoto.com/views-of-the-old-town-at-speyer-germany-2186206.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/housing-in-europe-4652682.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/building-facade-0566518.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/row-of-houses-2851268.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/family-house-1893414.html

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-blocks-of-flats-image13308534

http://www.canstockphoto.com/old-house-in-romania-4146537.html


http://www.dreamstime.com/houses-rimage2872265-resi336036

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-beautiful-bright-czech-colorful-houses-image15485064

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-modern-houses-in-amsterdam-image13233620

http://www.canstockphoto.com/house-4875015.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/small-new-house-1133636.html


http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-modern-houses-in-winter-time-image3931830

http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-soviet-time-built-suburb-house-image128658

http://www.canstockphoto.com/colorful-houses-in-trastevere-roma-1461316.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/new-single-family-house-5729057.html

http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-image-houses-in-chania-greece-image19322636



http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-esplanade-beach-houses-image4654890

Country experts Advisory Committee

Randall Bowie, Rockwool Céline Carré, Eurima Susanne Dyrbøl, EuroACE Pascal Eveillard, Eurima Michaela Holl, DG Energy, EC Adrian Joyce, EuroACE Jens Laustsen, Independent Consultant Oliver Loebel, PU Europe Yamina Saheb, International Energy Agency Constant Van Aerschot, Lafarge/WBCSD Rick Wilberforce, Glass for Europe

Thank you

Steering Committee: BPIE, EuroACE, Eurima, Glass for Europe, PU Europe

Consultants

Jens Laustsen Paul Ruyssevelt Dan Staniaszek David Strong Silvia Zinetti

Europe’s buildings under the microscope

Parts 1 & 2

Methodology

What did we do?

• Survey template covering legal, financial

and technical information on the energy

performance of buildings

• Countries covered: EU27, Norway and

Switzerland

• Buildings covered: single and multi-

family houses, offices, educational

buildings, hospitals, hotels and

restaurants, sports facilites, wholesale

and retail trade buildings

• Picture of European building stock,

Policies and Financial programmes,

identify gaps

• 3 regions considered for data analysis

and scenario modelling


Parts 1 & 2

SOURCES - Official data/official statistics (Eurostat, IEA statistics, national statistics, EPC register)

- Country detailed studies

- Model findings

- Estimations based on available date

- Expert guestimates

ORGANISATION

Ownership profile (private owned/public owned)

Tenure profile (owner occupied/private tenant/..)

Location (urban/rural))

ENERGY PERFORMANCE

- Total Floor area

- Typical consumption levels

- Envelope insulation levels

- Air-tightness levels

- Building use

- Construction period

- Size

BUILDING CODES

- Energy Performance Requirements

- Other requirements

ACTIVITY

- New build rates

- Renovation rates

- Level of renovations undertaken

ENERGY CARRIERS

- Per building type

- Per end-use

INSPECTIONS

- Legal requirements

-Compiance and control

- Penalties

- Info about inspections undertaken so far

EPC SCHEMES

- Legal requirements

- Compliance and control

- Costs

-Penalties

- Register/performance of registered buildings

- Certification methodology

FINANCIAL PROGRAMMES

- Programs, incentives, fiscal instruments, VAT reduction, tax deduction

- Evaluation made for programme (job creation, generated investments from the scheme, money going back to the government in form of VAT etc.)

Data collected


Parts 1 & 2


Parts 1 & 2

Learning experience

Floor areas

•RESIDENTIAL: 25 full responses, NON-RESIDENTIAL: 19 full, 4 partial → Reported EU total: 92%. Estimations based on prevailing floor space per capita for missing building categories

•Reported in gross/net/useful/heated → Conversion factors were applied

Defintions

•Variations in types (e.g. Office, hospital, public building etc.) → Assumptions had to be made in order to broadly divide the reported data in the above function type

Ownership/tenure

•More complete picture for residential

•Difficult for breakdown of non-residential types

Construction activity

•New build rates

•Renovation rates reported as estimations. Difficult to associate renovation rate with derpth

Performance of existing stock

•More complete picture in residential buildings

Age of existing stock

•More complete data for residential buildings

Programme evaluation

•Not sufficient information

•Rarely in terms of co-benefits

PART 1

Europe’s buildings today


http://www.canstockphoto.com/views-of-the-old-town-at-speyer-germany-2186206.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/housing-in-europe-4652682.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/building-facade-0566518.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/row-of-houses-2851268.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/family-house-1893414.html

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-blocks-of-flats-image13308534

http://www.canstockphoto.com/old-house-in-romania-4146537.html


http://www.dreamstime.com/houses-rimage2872265-resi336036

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-beautiful-bright-czech-colorful-houses-image15485064

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-modern-houses-in-amsterdam-image13233620






http://www.canstockphoto.com/colorful-houses-in-trastevere-roma-1461316.html

http://www.canstockphoto.com/new-single-family-house-5729057.html

http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-image-houses-in-chania-greece-image19322636



http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-esplanade-beach-houses-image4654890

Total floor area of buildings

• 24 billion m2 for EU 27; 25 billion m2 with Norway and Switzerland added

• 5 most populated countries (DE, FR, UK, IT and ES) account for 65% of total

floor space.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

DE

FR UK IT ES PL

NL

SE CH

RO BE

PT

HU EL AT

CZ

DK

NO FI BG SK IE LT SI LV CY EE LU MT

Bill

ion

m2

Floor Space by country

Residential Non Residential

North & West 50%

South 36%

Central & East

14%

Floor space distribution per region


Parts 1 & 2

Residential floor area distribution

South 50 m2

North & West 41 m2

Central & East 26 m2

Single family house floor space per capita

North & West 36 m2

South 31 m2

Central & East 22 m2

Apartment floor space per capita

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

LV

EE

ES

LT

CH

CZ

BG

SE

PL

AT

DE

RO

BE

CY

PT

LU

HU

FI

FR

SK

IT

DK

SI

MT

NL

NO

EL

UK

IE

Single Family Houses Apartments


Parts 1 & 2

75% of building stock; 64% SFH, 36% Apartments



Non-residential floor area distribution

• Wholesale & retail buildings heating and

cooling conditions may differ substantially

from other categories due to large areas of

wholesale buildings often being used only for

storage purposes.

• Offices and educational buildings together

account for 40% of the entire non-residential

floor space. These buildings have similar

heating and cooling conditions to residential

buildings (although they are of shorter use)

• Hospitals (7% of total non-residential floor

space) have continuous usage patterns,

where energy demand can vary substantially

depending on the services provided (from

consultation rooms to surgery rooms).

Wholesale & retail, 28%

Offices, 23%

Educational, 17%

Hotels & restaurants, 11%

Hospitals, 7%

Sport facilities, 4%

Other, 11%

European non-residential building stock (m2)


Parts 1 & 2


Age profile

• Variations in the age profile between the 3

regions are relatively small. Nonetheless,

older buildings (before 1960) have the

biggest share in the North & West region

• A large boom in construction between

1961 and 1990 (with a few exceptions,

the housing stock more than doubled in

this period)

• Countries with the biggest share of

recently constructed buildings (1990-

2010) appear to be Ireland, Spain and

Poland

• Countries with the biggest share of

residential stock dating from 1961 to 1990

seem to be Estonia, Hungary, Latvia and

Finland.

Age profile of residential floor space

EE: Data only from 1951 onwards. IT: Data excludes heritage buildings before 1950. LT: Data only from 1941 onwards. ES: Data excludes secondary houses SE: Data only from 1921


Parts 1 & 2

Residential ownership

Ownership of residential buildings in

Europe by number of dwellings (except

for FR which is in floor area)

• The largest share of dwellings

is held in private ownership

• Austria reports more than 20%

of residential dwellings held in

public ownership

• Other category typically

consists of social housing units

owned by non-public bodies

(e.g. NL)

Other


Parts 1 & 2

Residential tenure

• In all EU countries, at least

50% of dwellings are occupied

by their owner

• Austria, UK, Czech Republic,

The Netherlands and France

have significant portions of

public rented dwellings (in

most cases these are

occupied by social tenants)

• Greece and Czech Republic

are among the countries with

the biggest share of private

tenants

Tenure of residential buildings by

number of dwellings (except for FR

which is in floor area)

Other


Parts 1 & 2

Non-residential ownership

• Data on the ownership of non-

residential buildings was only

available/reported from 15 countries.

• The ownership profile in the non-

residential sector is more

heterogeneous than in the residential

sector, spanning from as low as 10%

to 90% from country to country.

• Non-residential public owned

buildings would be a good target for

public policy to begin large-scale

renovation to deliver significant

reductions in energy use (the impact

would be higher in some countries).

Ownership of non-residential buildings

by number of buildings (except for FR,

SK,, SI which are in floor area and FI in

volume of buildings)


Parts 1 & 2

Final energy consumption in buildings

The final energy consumption has had a 50% increase in electricity and gas use and a

decrease in use of oil and solid fuels by 27% and 75%, respectively.

Overall, the energy use in buildings has a rising trend with an increase from around

400 Mtoe to 450 Mtoe over the last 20 years.

Historical final energy consumption in the building sector since 1990 for

the EU27, Switzerland and Norway

Solid Fuels

Oil

Gas

Electricity

RES

Derived heat


Parts 1 & 2

Residential energy mix

• Space heating is the most

energy intense end-use in

EU homes accounting for

around 70% of total final

energy use.

• Heating share is typically

lower in warmer climates.

• The energy mix for heating

varies significantly from

country to country

• While Spain relies mostly on

oil to fulfill its heating needs,

Poland relies mainly on coal

and France on gas.

Share of heating consumption in terms of final energy use in

residential buildings with corresponding energy mix


Parts 1 & 2

250 225

246

187 176 156 159

94 80

53

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

19

18

19

48

19

57

19

68

19

78

19

83

19

87

19

95

20

05

20

10

Germany Germany

228 237 255

230

167

131 101

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Bulgaria Bulgaria

200 200 195

140 130 120 110

68

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Portugal Portugal

196 189 158 147 150 138 124

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Sweden Sweden

TYP

ICA

L U

VA

LUES

TY

PIC

AL

HEA

TIN

G

CO

NSU

PTI

ON

LEV

ELS

Residential energy performance

• Older buildings tend to consume more • Large saving potential associated with older building stock


Parts 1 & 2

Non-residential energy mix

Since 1990, electricity consumption has increased by a remarkable 74%. Gas

consumption has also had a considerable increase while oil and solid fuels

decreased, mainly due to the shift ocurred a little bit throughout all Europe,

from these last fuels towards gas.

Energy mix in the non-residential sector in the and corresponding difference compared to

1990 profile


Parts 1 & 2

Non-residential energy consumption shares

• Non-residential average specific energy

consumption was estimated at 280kWh/m2

(covering all end-uses), being at least 40%

larger than the equivalent value for the

residential sector.

• Variations are expected from country to

country and also from one building type to

another.

• Hospitals, hotels and restaurants represent

a rather/relatively small share of the overall

non-residential consumption

• Offices and wholesale and retail buildings

account for over 50% of energy use

• Education and sports facilities account for a

further 18% of the energy use while other

buildings account for some 6%.


Parts 1 & 2

PART 2

Policies and programmes for improving energy efficiency in buildings

Identified barriers

Bar

rie

rs


Parts 1 & 2

EPC schemes

Implementation status

Existing EPC registers/databases have proven to be extremely useful in monitoring and analysing

the opportunities for energy performance improvement.

In the longer term, they will also prove invaluable in assessing trends in energy performance.

Yes, at national level, 11

Penalties foreseen, 18

All, 20

Under development or at regional level, 7

No penalties, 10

Some, 9

No, 10

Un

kno

wn

, 1

Database/Register

Penalty schemes

Buildings concerned

*Until 2010

Countries concerned: EU27, CH, NO


Parts 1 & 2

Energy performance requirements

Performance based requirements1

New build

Renov. New build

Renov.

AT HU

BE-Wl x IE x BE-Br x IT

BE-Fl x LT

BG LV x x CH MT x x CY NL x CZ NO

DE x PL

DK x PT

EE RO x x EL SE

ES SI 3

FI P2 SK

FR UK

• Nearly all countries have adopted a national methodology setting performance/based requirements for new buildings

• In some cases, two approaches exist in parallel (e.g. NO, ES, PL, CH): 1st on holistic approach and 2nd on performance of single elements

• Many different approaches have been applied and no direct comparison can be made (see next slide)

• Performance levels are expressed in kWh/m2a, percentage improvement based on reference buildings, 0:100 E valu scale (e.g. BE), A to G scale (IT, CY)


Parts 1 & 2

Single Family Houses Apartment

Blocks Offices

Educational

Buildings Hospitals Hotels & Restaurants Sports facilities

Wholesale & retail

trade

AT H: 66 kWh/m2a H: 66

kWdfdh/m2a

H:22.75 kWh/m3a

C: 1 kWh/m3a

H:22.75

kWh/m3a

C: 1kWh/m3a

H:22.75 kWh/m3a

C: 1kWh/m3a

H:22.75 kWh/m3a

C: 1kWh/m3a

H:22.75 kWh/m3a

C: 1kWh/m3a

H:22.75 kWh/m3a

C: 1kWh/m3a

BE - Br E70 E75 E75 E75 (services)

BE - Wl

E<100,

Espec<170kWh/m2a ,

Overheating<17500

kh/an

E<100,

Espec<170

kWh/m2a,

Overheating<175

00 kh/an

E<100 E<100

BE - Fl From 2012, E70 From

2014, E60

From 2012, E70

From 2014, E60

From 2012, E70

From 2014, E60

From 2012, E70

From 2014, E60

BG

F:122-146

H&C: 82.5-102.5

kWh/m2a

F: 90-146

H&C: 50.0-102.5

kWh/m2a

F: 80-132

H&C:40.0-82

kWh/m2a

F: 56-98

H&C: 40-82.0

kWh/m2a

F: 180-242

H&C: 50-102.5 kWh/m2a

F: 176-230

H&C: 50-102.5 kWh/m2a

F: 90-134

H&C: 40-82 kWh/m2a

F: 90-134

H&C: 40-82 kWh/m2a

CH Space heating demand (effective energy): 5 litre heating oil equivalent per m2 (based on MuKEn 2008)

H: 54 kWh/m2a H: 42 kWh/m2a H: 46 kWh/m2a H: 43 kWh/m2a H: 44 kWh/m2a H: 58 kWh/m2a H: 40 kWh/m2a H: 36 kWh/m2a

CY A or B category on the EPC scale

CZ F: 142 kWh/m2a F: 120 kWh/m2a F: 179 kWh/m2a F: 130 kWh/m2a F: 310 kWh/m2a F: 294 kWh/m2a F: 145 kWh/m2a F: 183 kWh/m2a

DE New buildings must not exceed a defined primary energy demand for heating, hot water, ventilation, cooling and lighting installations (lighting installations only for commercial) based on of

a reference building of the same geometry, net floor space, alignment and utilisation.

EE P: 180 kWh/m2a P: 150

kWh/m2a

P: 220

kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a P: 400 kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a

EL The Primary energy requirement for new and renovated building in Greece is = 0.33 – 2.73 x Reference Building energy performance

ES The energy performance requirements is not expressed in units of kWh/m2a

FI This is based on thermal transmittance (heat loss) measured in units of W/K. For a single family house, a typical value is 134 W/K

FR-H1 PFF: 130kWh/m2a PESH:

250kWh/m2a

PFF:

130kWh/

m2a PESH:

250kWh/

m2a

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

FR -H2 PFF: 110kWh/m2a PESH:

190kWh/m2a

PFF:

110kWh/

m2a PESH:

190kWh/

m2a


FR -H3 PFF: 80kWh/m2a PESH:

130kWh/m2a

PFF:

80kWh/m2

a PESH:

130kWh/

m2a


HU P: 110-230 kWh/m2a P: 110-230

kWh/m2a

P: 132-260

kWh/m2a P: 90-254 kWh/m2a

Energy performance requirements-1


Single Family Houses Apartment Blocks Offices Educational

Buildings Hospitals Hotels & Restaurants Sports facilities

Wholesale & retail

trade

IE MPEPC = 0.6 & MPCPC

= 0.69

MPEPC = 0.6 &

MPCPC = 0.69

MPEPC & MPCPC

should not exceed

1

MPEPC &

MPCPC should

not exceed 1

IT Regulations for new buildings are based on a set limit for heating, DHW, cooling and lighting. Only Class A+ to C buildings comply with requirements for new buildings

LT Min Class C buildings: 80 kWh/m2a for buildings over 3000m2, 100 kWh/m2a for buildings between 501 and 3000m2, 115 kWh/m2a for buildings up to 500m2.

LV No performance requirements are set

MT No performance requirements are set

NL P: 68388-68552 MJ/a P: 35595-36855 MJ/a

NO N: 120-173 kWh/m2a N: 115 kWh/m2a N: 150 kWh/m2a N: 120-160

kWh/m2a

N: 300-335

kWh/m2a N: 220 kWh/m2a N: 170 kWh/m2a N: 210 kWh/m2a

PL F: 142 kWh/m2a

H&C: 108kWh/m2a

F: 123 kWh/m2a

H&C: 99 kWh/m2a

F: 174kWh/m2a

H&C: 183 kWh/m2a Requirements for other non-residential buildings apply

PT P: 203 kWh/m2a

F: 80 kWh/m2a

P: 203 kWh/m2a

F: 80 kWh/m2a

P:407kWh/m2a

F:122kWh/m2a

P:174 kWh/m2a

F: 52 F

kWh/m2a

P:465 kWh/m2a

F:140 kWh/m2a

P:523/1395 kWh/m2a

F: 157/419 kWh/m2a

P:233

F:70 kWh/m2a

P:1279

F: 384 kWh/m2a

RO No performance-based requirements are set

SE FE: 55-95

FNE 110-150 kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140

kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140

kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140

kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140

kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140 kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140 kWh/m2a

FE: 55-95

FNE 100-140 kWh/m2a

SI

P: 170-200

H&C: 50

kWh/m2a

P: 170-200

H&C: 50

kWh/m2a

P: 163-180 kWh/m2a for social housing, for non-residential H&C: 30-50 kWh/m2a, for non-residential (public investment) H&C: 20-40 kWh/m2a

SK

P: 80-160

H&C 42-86

kWh/m2a

P: 63-126

H&C: 27-53

kWh/m2a

P: 120-240

H&C: 16-56

kWh/m2a

T: 42-84

H&C: 28-56

kWh/m2a

T: 101-201

H&C: 27-70 kWh/m2a

T: 94-187

H&C: 14-71 kWh/m2a

T: 48-95

H&C: 28-56 kWh/m2a

T: 81-161

H&C: 27-70 kWh/m2a

UK 17-20 kgCO2 16-18 kgCO2 Other TER (Target carbon dioxide Emission Rate) values apply for non-domestic buildings

Energy performance requirements-2

Notes for:

AT Based on gross floor area and gross building volume

BG Based on assumption of DD=2100, A/V=0.2 for SFH, A/V=0.8 other, 32% share of glazing for upper limit and DD=330, A/V=1.2, 32% glazing for lower limit

CH Effective space heating demand for a typical building shape calculated on the basis of the SIA-norm 380/1:2009

DK A denotes the gross heated floor area in the Danish formulate, example 73.1 P @80m2 58 P @300m2

EE Heated floor area

FI For a single family house with building volume 522m3, gross floor area 163m2, and height between floors 3m.

FR H1, H2 and H3 represent the three main climatic regions in France

IE MPEPC and MPCPC denote the Maximum Permitted Energy Performance and Maximum Permitted Carbon Performance Coefficients used in the Ireland scheme

NO In Small houses, calculated overall net energy demand is limited to 120+1600/m2 heated floor area.

PL Based on formula EPH+W=73+ΔEP for A/Ve<0.2; EPH+W=55+90 A/Ve+ ΔEP for 0.2< A/Ve<1.05; EPH+W=149.5++ΔEP for A/Ve>1.05 for residential buildings

PT Electricity production efficiency is approx. 0.30. For a 120m2 building, max energy needs (in kWh/m2a ) are 52-117 for heating, 198 for cooling, 38.9 for DHW

SI Requirements by 31.12.2014

SK Based on assumptions for shape factor, internal air temperature, floor to floor height, air change rate, degree days, etc.

UK The UK requirements are based on achieving a % reduction in CO2 emissions over a notional building of the same size/shape.

SE Electric heated buildings divided in three climatic zones: 95, 75, 55 kWh/m2a


Parts 1 & 2

Roof Walls

Floor Window/door

Building envelope insulation requirements

- U values against HDD to

reflect the climatic impact

- In some countries, multiple reqs exist to reflect different climates - Comparison with Ecofys 2007 cost optimality line: 1. Current reqs still

higher than CO levels 2. Mild/warm climates –

higher effort is needed


Parts 1 & 2

AT In naturally ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 3.0. In mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 1.5.

BE Default value of 12 m3/hm2 is used in methodology if no pressure test is available. Actual test result is used in the calculation

if available

BG In apartments with high airtightness, n50 <2.0 h-1, with medium airtightness n50=2.0-5.0 h-1 and with low n50>5h-1. In SFH with

high airtightness, n50<4.0h-1, with medium airtightness n50=4.0-10.0 h-1 and low airtightness n50>10.0 h-1

CY Not regulated in building codes

CZ Recommended maximum for common buildings is 4.5 h-1, low energy buildings 1.5 h-1 and passive houses 0.6 h-1. For

mechanically ventilated buildings w/o heat recovery 1.5 h-1, with heat recovery 1.0 h-1

DE For naturally ventilated buildings, n50 is 3.0h-1 and for mechanically ventilated buildings, n50 is 1.5h-1

DK Airtightness must be better than 1.5 l/sm2, tested @ 50 Pa

ES Air permeability of windows and doors depend on the climatic zone. For zones A and B (Class 1, 2, 3 and 4), maximum air

permeability is 50m3/hm2. For zones C, D and E (class 2, 3 and 4), maximum air permeability is 27 m3/hm2.

EL Air penetration for the reference building, is taken equal to 5.5 m3/hm2 frame.

EE For small buildings, maximum airtightness is 6 m3/hm2 (for new buildings) and 9 m3/hm2 (for existing buildings). For large

buildings, maximum airtightness is 3 m3/hm2 (for new buildings) and 6 m3/hm2 (for existing buildings).

FI n50 equal to 2.0 is used for reference building heat loss in Finnish Building Code. For EPC, n50 of 4 is considered unless the

measured value is different. Air change rate in new apartments should be at least 0.5 h-1.

FR Airtightness under 4Pa of building envelope is limited to 0.8 m3/hm2 for SFH, 1.2 m3/hm2 for other residential buildings,

offices, hotels educational and health care buildings and 2.5 m3/hm2 for other buildings.

HU Not regulated in building codes

LT For naturally ventilated building, maximum n50=3 1/h, for mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n50=1.5 1/h

LV Maximum n50 in dwellings is 3 m3/hm2, 4 m3/hm2 in public buildings, 6m3/hm2 for industrial buildings. For ventilated

buildings, maximum n50 is 3m3/hm2.

MT Not regulated in building codes

NL For residential buildings, 200 dm3/s @10 Pa and for non-residential buildings 200 dm3/s per 500m3 @10 Pa

NO Maximum n50 is 3

PT For residential buildings, the requirement is 0.6h-1. Requirements for non residential buildings with mechanical ventilation

exist depending on type of use

SI For naturally ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 3.0, for mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 2.0

SK For SFH with high quality windows, maximum n50 is 4 h-1 and for all other buildings is 2 h-1. Other values apply for buildings

with double glazed windows with seals or single glazed windows without seals.

UK Maximum n50=10 m3/hm2

Air tightness levels in building codes

- Thermal performance of buildings directly related to air tightness

- Increasingly important issue as stricter requirements are put in place but not always considered

- Air permeability normally measured using pressure test typically ay 50 Pa (4Pa in FR and 10 Pa in NL)

- Units: m3/hm2, h-1. l/sm2


Parts 1 & 2

Financial instruments for EE in buildings

Screened about 333 financial schemes

Grants/ subsidies/ Funds

Preferential Loans

Tax/Vat incentives

Minimum Requirements/ Penalties

Third party financial/energy service companies

Supplier obligations/white certificate schemes

Levies

Audits

• Wide range of identified financial instruments, from grants to VAT reduction applied to all building typologies.

• Financial support varies considerably from around €1M/a to in excess of €1b/a

• Many schemes targeting specific technologies, such as insulation, boiler scrapage, renewables, and also new

passive buildings.


Parts 1 & 2

Financial instruments for EE in buildings

• Various forms of loans and taxes are usually

available both for individuals as well as

businesses

• Less popular schemes: audits, third party

financing and energy supplier

obligations/white certificate schemes (this

could become mandatory across all EU MSs

if the current proposal in the draft Energy

Efficiency Directive is approved)

• The surveyed measures are encouraging, but many of them are only modest in their ambition, achieving the business-as-usual case in Europe with very few financial instruments providing enough funding for deep renovations.


Parts 1 & 2

Thank you for your attention!

www.bpie.eu

Panel 1

Future perspectives on data monitoring. What kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established?

Moderation: Rod Janssen, eceee • Yamina Saheb, IEA • Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy • Wolfgang Eichhammer, Fraunhofer Institute • Randall Bowie, BPIE Board • Bruno Lapillonne, EnerData

Presentation to Company name/ Date


Agenda




Finding a roadmap towards 2050 Dan Staniaszek Consultant to BPIE

Objective - Design a model to enable the impact of different renovation

profiles to be appraised

Inputs based on:

• Comprehensive analysis of building typologies across three EU

climatic regions

• Energy consumption and expenditure levels

• Current levels of renovation activity

• Costs of achieving different levels of energy saving

• Employment impact of investment in renovation activity

• Emission factors, externalities, discount rates etc

Projections based on:

• Energy price forecasts

• Decarbonisation rates for energy supplies

• Different rates and depths of renovation

• Cost reductions due to increased renovation activity and

technological developments

Modelling the EU Building Stock


Finding a roadmap towards 2050

Defining Renovation Depths and Associated Costs

DESCRIPTION

(renovation type)

ENERGY SAVING

(% reduction)

INDICATIVE SAVING

(for modelling purposes)

AVERAGE COST

(€/M2)

Minor 0-30% 15% 60

Moderate 30-60% 45% 140

Deep 60-90% 75% 330

NZEB 90% + 95% 580



Available Building Stock:

• Demolition rate considered (0,2% p.a.)

• Recent renovations excluded (estimated at 1% of total stock)

• New buildings between 2011-2020 (additional 0,5% p.a.)

Building stock energy performance:

• By age bands (to 1960; 1961-1990; 1991-2010; 2011-2020)

• Residential (older buildings to be renovated as a priority) & Non-residential

• 3 EU Regions based on climate and energy performance characteristics

Discount rates:

• societal (3%)

• private (10%)

• public sector (5%)

Decarbonisation of the power sector- 2 pathways:

• BaU (0,5% p.a.)

• EU 2050 Roadmap (5% p.a. Electricity; 2% other fuels)

Model basic assumptions



Renovation depths

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

% r

en

ova

tio

ns

by

de

pth

Shallow Renovation Path

NZEB

deep

moderate

minor



Renovation depths

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

% r

en

ova

tio

ns

by

de

pth

Intermediate Renovation Path

NZEB

deep

moderate

minor



0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

% r

en

ova

tio

ns

by

de

pth

Deep Renovation Path

NZEB

deep

moderate

minor

Renovation depths



0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

% r

en

ova

tio

ns

by

de

pth

2-stage Renovation Path

moderate to NZEB

minor to deep

NZEB

deep

moderate

minor

Renovation depths



Renovation speeds

Renovation rates profiles considered over time



Internal rate of return

10.1% 12.4% 12.5% 11.8% 13.4%

Lifetime Financial Impact for consumers (present value)



Baseline

Slow & Shallow

Medium

Deep

2 Stages

Annual energy savings

inve

stm

ents

Ener

gy c

ost

sa

vin

gs

Net savings

con

sum

er

soci

ety

Decarbonisation pathway

Fast Slow

savi

ngs

savi

ngs

Jobs Results

2050

abat

emen

t co

st

abat

emen

t co

st

365 164 187 23 1226 742 -20 182 -89 0,2

1373 343 530 187

4884

821 -74 410 -196 0,5

1975 551 851 300

7015

868 -103 547 -221 0,70

2795 937 1,318 381

9767

932 -136 732 -238

1,1

2,896 584 1,058 474

10680

939 -151

755 -255

0,8

TWh/y €bn €bn €bn €bn MtCO2/a €/tCO2 MtCO2/a €/tCO2 Mjobs/yr

-90%

-73% -91%

-71%

-84% -53%

-80% -40%

-72% -18% -9%

-34%

-48%

-68%

-71%

Energy Savings

compared to today

Better information needed on:

• Current levels of renovation activity

• Costs of achieving different levels of energy saving

– especially in non-residential buildings

• Cost reduction trajectories (learning curve)

• Building stock in the public sector

Running the model at Member State level:

• More accurate/disaggregated data should be available

• UK possibly the first national model run

Improving the Model



EUROPE’S BUILDINGS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE Policy recommendations

Key policy recommendations (1)

Need for setting up an EU Renovation roadmap

• Long-term, binding measures

• Interim and long-term targets (2020,2030,2050)

• Monitoring and reporting plans

• Integration with ESD and NEEAPs

• Definition of renovation depth/indicator of

renovation activity

MS renovation plans

• Detailed deep renovation plans

• Regulatory, financial, informational & training

measures

Better Financing

• EU Deep Renovation Fund (at EIB)

• More measures at MS level


Policy recommendations

• Ensure that the public sector takes a leading role in the renovation

process

• Strengthen the implementation of the buildings energy certification and

audit schemes

• Remove the market barriers and administrative bottlenecks, to further

support the ESCOs and to develop a well-functioning energy services

market

• Training & education for improving the skills in the construction industry

and in other related sectors





Data collection

• Need for a reliable and continuous collection;

• Close data gaps;

• Exploit other sources such as EPC database;

• Harmonisation wherever possible

Compliance/enforcement

• More ambitious building codes requirements in

the renovation activities is important

• But also better monitoring/compliance and

enforcement



Panel 2

Designing the way ahead Moderation: Oliver Rapf

• Frank Faraday, European Construction Industry Federation • Adrian Joyce, EuroAce • Josefina Lindblom, EU Commission, DG Environment • Sorcha Edwards, Cecodhas • Vera Höfele, Wuppertal Institute

Final Conclusions Oliver Rapf, Executive Director BPIE

welcome europe’s buildings under the...

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