West Texas at WarWest Texas at WarChapter 17 Section 2Chapter 17 Section 2

The Peace Policy EndsThe Peace Policy Ends (pages 395–396)(pages 395–396)

►The Peace Policy The Peace Policy failed and the failed and the Native American Native American raids raids continued.continued.

►General General William T. William T. Sherman Sherman went to went to West Texas to West Texas to investigate. He investigate. He thought the thought the reports of Indian reports of Indian attacks was attacks was exaggerated.exaggerated.

Warren Wagon Train Raid Warren Wagon Train Raid at Salt Creekat Salt Creek

►Wagon train Wagon train attacked by a attacked by a group of group of KiowasKiowas led by Satanta, led by Satanta, Big Tree, and Big Tree, and Satank.Satank.

► 7 men were killed 7 men were killed and 5 escaped. and 5 escaped. One man reported One man reported the incident to the incident to Sherman and Col. Sherman and Col. Ranald Mackenzie.Ranald Mackenzie.

Warren Wagon Train Raid Warren Wagon Train Raid at Salt Creekat Salt Creek

►The attack at The attack at Salt Creek Salt Creek changed changed Sherman’s mind, and he arrested Sherman’s mind, and he arrested Satanta, Big Tree, and Satank Satanta, Big Tree, and Satank personallypersonally Fort Sill on the Indian Fort Sill on the Indian Reservation.Reservation.

►SatankSatank tried to escape and was tried to escape and was killed. Big Tree and Satanta were killed. Big Tree and Satanta were put on trial for put on trial for murdermurder

The Peace Policy EndsThe Peace Policy Ends (pages 395–396)(pages 395–396)

►SatantaSatanta was sent to the state was sent to the state prison at Huntsville. He found prison at Huntsville. He found prison life intolerable and is prison life intolerable and is believed to have killed himself.believed to have killed himself.

► The peace policy was then The peace policy was then abandoned, and the army began a abandoned, and the army began a campaigncampaign to destroy Native to destroy Native American camps and force them American camps and force them onto reservations. onto reservations.

Mackenzie Leads the Early Mackenzie Leads the Early Texas CampaignsTexas Campaigns (page 397)(page 397) ►During 1871 and 1872, the army, During 1871 and 1872, the army,

under the command of Colonel under the command of Colonel Ranald S. MackenzieRanald S. Mackenzie, led campaigns , led campaigns against Native Americans of the against Native Americans of the South Plains.South Plains.

►In 1873 the army concentrated efforts In 1873 the army concentrated efforts along the along the Rio Grande Rio Grande in South Texas, in South Texas, eventually crossing the border.eventually crossing the border.

Native Americans DependNative Americans Dependon the Buffaloon the Buffalo (page 397)(page 397)

►Native Americans feared the Native Americans feared the decreasingdecreasing numbers of buffalo numbers of buffalo would end their way of life.would end their way of life.

►Native Americans used Native Americans used every part every part of the buffalo, including skins, of the buffalo, including skins, horns, and sinews horns, and sinews

Buffalo Herds Are Buffalo Herds Are SlaughteredSlaughtered (pages 397–398)(pages 397–398) ►The era of the buffalo hunt in Texas The era of the buffalo hunt in Texas

was begun by was begun by Charles Rath Charles Rath and and John and J. Wright Mooar.John and J. Wright Mooar.

►The slaughter began in the 1870s, The slaughter began in the 1870s, and by 1873 the and by 1873 the herdsherds north of north of Texas were gone. Hunters then Texas were gone. Hunters then began moving onto the Texas began moving onto the Texas plains. plains.

Buffalo Herds Are Buffalo Herds Are SlaughteredSlaughtered (pages 397–398)(pages 397–398)

►A A lawlaw was proposed in the Texas was proposed in the Texas legislature to protect the buffalo, but legislature to protect the buffalo, but General General Philip SheridanPhilip Sheridan, commander , commander of the U.S. military of the Southwest, of the U.S. military of the Southwest, helped to defeat the bill.helped to defeat the bill.

►Without the buffalo for food, Without the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and other clothing, shelter, and other necessities, the Native Americans of necessities, the Native Americans of the Plains could not survive, so they the Plains could not survive, so they struck back to save their struck back to save their cultureculture..

The Attack on Adobe WallsThe Attack on Adobe Walls (page 399)(page 399)

►In June 1874 Quanah Parker led In June 1874 Quanah Parker led several hundred warriors from several hundred warriors from fivefive Native American nations in an attack Native American nations in an attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp at on a buffalo hunters’ camp at Adobe Adobe Walls.Walls.

►28 men and 1 woman in camp took up 28 men and 1 woman in camp took up a defense in a saloon and 2 stores in a defense in a saloon and 2 stores in the town. They held the off the the town. They held the off the Native American attacks losing only 3 Native American attacks losing only 3 men.men.

Billy DixonBilly Dixon Quanah Quanah ParkerParker

The Attack on Adobe WallsThe Attack on Adobe Walls (page 399)(page 399)

►Enraged by their inability to defeat Enraged by their inability to defeat the buffalo hunters Quanah Parker the buffalo hunters Quanah Parker and the other warriors and the other warriors retreatedretreated..

►Joined by many Native Americans on Joined by many Native Americans on reservations, the reservations, the PlainsPlains people people spread across 5 states and spread across 5 states and territories, killing territories, killing 190 190 Anglo Anglo Americans in 2 months.Americans in 2 months.

The Red River CampaignThe Red River Campaign (pages 399–400)(pages 399–400)

►President President GrantGrant put the army in put the army in charge of Native American affairs charge of Native American affairs in West Texas.in West Texas.

►About 4,000 Comanches, Kiowas, About 4,000 Comanches, Kiowas, and Cheyenne spread their camps and Cheyenne spread their camps into into canyonscanyons and valleys in the and valleys in the Texas Panhandle.Texas Panhandle.

The Red River CampaignThe Red River Campaign (pages 399–400)(pages 399–400)

►The first battle of the The first battle of the Red River Red River campaign was fought in late campaign was fought in late August 1874. August 1874.

►The army did not halt the search The army did not halt the search for Native Americans’ camps until for Native Americans’ camps until the following the following springspring..

The Battle of Palo Duro The Battle of Palo Duro CanyonCanyon (page 400)(page 400)

►The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on September 28, 1874, was the most September 28, 1874, was the most decisivedecisive battle of the Red River battle of the Red River campaign.campaign.

►By early November most of the By early November most of the Native American bands had Native American bands had given given up up and were headed toward and were headed toward reservations.reservations.

The Battle of Palo Duro The Battle of Palo Duro CanyonCanyon (page 400)(page 400)

►After the Red River campaign, After the Red River campaign, Native Americans Native Americans rarely rarely were seen were seen on the prairies of Central and West on the prairies of Central and West Texas.Texas.

► KickapooKickapoo and and ApacheApache warriors, warriors, however, continued their struggle however, continued their struggle for a few more years in the border for a few more years in the border country along the Rio Grande.country along the Rio Grande.