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What are characteristics? Characteristics are physical features of plants or animals. They can be inherited or environmental.

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What are characteristics? Me My partner (put their name!) Characteristic Eye colour 6 minutes

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How do we know theyre related?

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Red hair Green eyes freckles Pale skin

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Inherited characteristics The members of this family tree are related and so they share certain similar characteristics, such as hair colour and eye colour. Shared family characteristics are inherited from parents. So why dont all family members look exactly alike? Why are identical twins more similar than brothers and sisters?

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What is variation? People are similar, but not identical, to their parents and siblings. The differences within a species are called variation. People inherit characteristics from both parents and each person gets a different combination of features. This is called inherited variation. Other characteristics are affected by a persons surroundings. This called environmental variation.

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Which type of variation?

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Inherited and Environmental Variation Inherited Environmental Both

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Inheriting Characteristics Learning objective: To know how characteristics are inherited. Success Criteria: (Even better): Complete punnet squares to predict characteristics of offspring (Great): Explain variation using scientific knowledge (Good): Describe how fertilisation happens

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How do we know theyre related?

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Red hair Green eyes freckles Pale skin

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How are characteristics inherited?

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How does it work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mehz7tCxjS E Remember to add any new words to your glossary! Allele, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Genotype, Phenotype, recessive, dominant.

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Practice! rr Red hair is recessive so you must have 2 little rs! rr r r ____ / 4 offspring have red hair ____ % of offspring having red hair

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Practice!

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Draw a punnet square for Ron and Hermiones children. Calculate the probability of their offspring having red hair. rr Br

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1.The colour of your eyes is a characteristic that is inherited. 2.You inherit characteristics from your mother only. 3.Your brothers or sisters inherit exactly the same characteristics as you. 4.Plants are not able to inherit characteristics. 5.Not all characteristics are inherited. 6.The environment has no effect on your characteristics. 7.Genes carry genetic information and are found inside every cell. 8.There are half as many genes in gametes as there are in normal body cells. 9.Fertilisation is when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell. 10.Identical twins form from a single egg cell and a single sperm cell. True or False?

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Some red flowers are cross bred with white flowers. The genotype of the red flowers are: Bb The genotype of the white flowers are: bb Show what will happen when the red flowers are cross bred with the white flowers. Which colour is recessive red or white? _________________________________________________________ How do you know this? _________________________________________________________ What is the probability of producing RED flowers? _________________________________________________________ Name:_______________

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Two tall plants were bred together. All of their offspring were tall. When the offspring were bred with each other it was noted that not all the plants were tall, some were dwarf plants. Explain why this was observed. (Hint you may need to draw TWO punnett square diagrams). You may also need to write on spare paper. Allele for Tall plants: T Allele for Dwarf plants: t

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Natural Selection Learning objective: To know what Natural Selection is. Success Criteria: (Even better): Use knowledge of Natural Selection to explain why some animals are extinct. (Great): Explain why some organisms survive better than others due using knowledge of Natural Selection (Good): Describe why some organisms survive better than others

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STARTER -Take off touch down Stand up=take off if you know it /have done it Sit down=touch down if you dont know/ havent done it yet Have had a new teacher at least once this year Know what an inherited characteristic is Have your birthday before December 31 st Have a pet Can give at least two examples of an environmental variation Can draw a punnett square for a given characteristic Have studied at home (EXTRA) since september

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What is Natural Selection? Charles Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection by looking at finches (a type of bird).

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What is Natural Selection? Darwin noticed that finches had adapted beaks to suit what food they had in that habitat.

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What is Natural Selection?

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Survival of the Fittest? Reproduction is a very wasteful process. Animals and plants always produce way more offspring than the environment can support.

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Survival of the Fittest? Individual species show lots of variation because of the different genes they inherit Only the offspring with the genes best suited to their habitat will stay alive and breed successfully. Many animals produce lots and lots of offspring to ensure that at least some will survive and pass on their genes.

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Why do you think Sir David believes this?

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Humans still evolving? Natural selection means the organisms without specific characteristics die first (hence survival of the fittest) We have means to stop our weakest organisms from dying off: Medicine Protection/Shelter Technology Most animals dont have this!!

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What about mutation? New forms of genes result from changes in existing genes. These changes are mutations. Mutations happen due to mistakes made when copying DNA when cells divide. They introduce more variety into the genes of a species. Why is this important for evolution?

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What about mutation? If the mutation that occurs results in a characteristic that helps the animal compete and survive then it will be passed on to the next generation. Over time this mutation may become a common gene in the population.

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True or false?

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Extinction Extinction is the permanent loss of all the members of a species from the face of the Earth In pairs: What might cause an animal to become extinct?

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Extinction Environmental changes (Dinosaurs) E.g. If animals suited to hot weather enter an ice age More competition (Birds species on Guam) If a mutation happens in one species that helps it survive really well or a new species moves into the area A new disease (Tasmanian devil) E.g. If a population of animals gets a disease which none of them are resistant to. This is especially bad if the whole population live close together (e.g. on an island)

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Bell Time Activity 1)How many breeds do you know? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 When finished...choose two and compare their characteristics.

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Bell Time Activity 1)Put your homework on my desk. 2)How many breeds do you know? When finished...choose two and compare their characteristics. Labrador Staffordshire Bull Terrier (Staffie) Dalmatian Chihuahua Pug Greyhound Jack Russell

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Selective Breeding Learning objective: To know what Selective Breeding is. Success Criteria: (Even better): Explain how Selective Breeding happens. (Great): Explain why specific characteristics are chosen for specific animals. (Good): Give reasons why people choose to selectively breed animals.

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Bb bbBbb bbBbb ANSWERS Some red flowers are cross bred with white flowers. The genotype of the red flowers are: Bb The genotype of the white flowers are: bb Show what will happen when the red flowers are cross bred with the white flowers. Which colour is recessive red or white? White 1 mark How do you know this? Always small letter and if the big letter is there, then the red flower will always show. 1 mark What is the probability of producing RED flowers? 50% (2/4 answers) or half of 100% 1 mark /4 marks

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Two tall plants were bred together. All of their offspring were tall. When the offspring were bred with each other it was noted that not all the plants were tall, some were dwarf plants. Explain why this was observed. (Hint you may need to draw TWO punnett square diagrams) TT TTT ttT Tt TTTTt ttTtt /4 marks All plants have the dominant allele (T) so show the tall phenotype. Some (2) have the recessive gene. When offspring are cross bred, those with the recessive gene pass it on and one of them only has the recessive allele which gives short phenotype.. 2 marks

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What is Selective Breeding? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87cB49Jn YiY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87cB49Jn YiY

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To Breed a Spotty Dalmatian Puppy, choose parents with lots of spots! Female dog (bitch) passes on spotty genes in eggs Dog passes on spotty genes in sperm Only the puppies with the most spots will be chosen to breed the next generation this means each generation should get spottier CHOOSING THE OFFSPINGS CHARACTERICS BY SELECTING THE PARENTS IS CALLED SELECTIVE BREEDING Puppy is spotty like both parents as the features of the parents have been chosen.

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How do we do it? Selective breeding These are the steps in selective breeding: Decide which characteristics are important Choose parents that show these characteristics Select the best offspring from parents to breed the next generation Repeat the process continuously

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Attack of the Clones! Learning objective: To know what Cloning is. Success Criteria: (Even better): Consider advantages and disadvantages of cloning (Great): Describe how mammals can be cloned (Good): recall that clones are exact genetic copies of organisms

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What is a clone? A clone is a genetically identical copy of another organism. It has EXACTLY the same DNA as the organism it is copied from.

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Dolly the worlds most famous sheep In 1997 scientists at the University of Edinburgh cloned a sheep the first mammal ever to be cloned.

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Can we clone David Attenborough? Write a set of instructions (including diagrams!) on how we can clone him! You will be marked on your scientific knowledge and your quality of written communication (QWC).

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What do we need? Female Uterus DAs DNA Egg Cell donated by female

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Is it right or wrong? Do you think David would be happy that we cloned him?

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Is it right or wrong? Prepare a debate on whether cloning is right or wrong. Remember to have reasons!!

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Over to you! You work for The Prague Post. Theres a rumour going around that someone in Prague is trying to clone Mr. Scott! Some people are terrified, and some people are thrilled! You need to write an article including: How cloning happens What some positives and negatives are. Your opinion An interview with someone and their opinion

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How do plants reproduce?

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Pollination The transfer of pollen from one flower to another. Self Pollination Pollen from the same flower or flowers from the same plant land on an anther. Cross Pollination Pollen from anthers of a different plant that is from the same species. Movement of pollen

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1.The plant that the farmer wants to pollinate is protected with a plastic bag. 2.The Farmer removes pollen from the desirable plant. 3.He rubs the pollen across the stigma of the plant he is using. 4.He covers it with a bag again to stop any more pollen getting into it. Cross-Pollinating plants 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26oq5tWrb2Q

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Mini-plenary Write a list of instructions for pollinating plants for someone who has not done this before.

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Why do it?

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Genetic Modification Another way to ensure plants (or animals!) have certain characteristics is by genetic modification (or genetic engineering).

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How does it work? Theyve changed the genes of the bacteria to make it produce insulin.

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What else can GM do? Why do you think scientists have done this?

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Designer Babies

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Picture of your baby Sex: Name: Intelligence: Skin colour: Personality : Eye colour Hair colour General information about your baby: 10 minutes!

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Lets look at our babies Did anybody design their baby with.. An illness? A disability? Low intelligence? A personality that was quiet, shy or unconfident? A physical abnormality? Anything that made your baby less than perfect?

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Differences of Opinion Read the statements and discuss in pairs which are positives and negatives.

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PROGRESS CHECK What is selective breeding? Picking out plants/animals that show features that humans like and are then bred together to pass on the features to the next generation.

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SELECTIVE BREEDING

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The Liger is the result of breeding a female Tiger to a male Lion. It has stripes and spots. The stripes are from the tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent. On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 pounds.

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The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel. Parents in background of picture.

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The Zebroid is the result of breeding a female Horse and a male Zebra. The Zedonk / Zonkey is the result of breeding a female Donkey and male Zebra.

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Geep - These are the result of a sheep and a goat.

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-The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse to a male donkey. - The mule is superior to the horse in strength, endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.

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Maroon & Red Bluebonnets

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Useful characteristics and features? DogsCows Sheep Apples

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Super Animals Features Kendo familyBibby family No. eggs per week64 Colour of eggsWhiteBrown Size of eggsMediumLarge Colour of yolkBright yellowPale lemon Resistance to diseaseHighly resistantNot resistant Behaviour with other hensAggressiveNot aggressive What features do you hope will be shown by the offspring? Kendo male bird Bibby female bird Imagine you work for the super-chick egg company, and it has been decided the Kendo and Bibby have been chosen to mate Research suggests the following: - Supermarkets want large eggs which are brown with yellow yolks Farmers want passive livestock which are healthy

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Super Animals Features Kendo familyBibby family No. eggs per week64 Colour of eggsWhiteBrown Size of eggsMediumLarge Colour of yolkBright yellowPale lemon Resistance to diseaseHighly resistantNot resistant Behaviour with other hensAggressiveNot aggressive You will want the following: - 6 eggs Brown eggs Large eggs Bright yellow yolk Highly resistant Not aggressive However there are no guarantees this is the animal you will produce! Kendo male bird Bibby female bird

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Labradoodle Look at the following dogs - crossing a Poodle and a Labrador results in a Labradoodle What features has the Labradoodle inherited from the Labrador? What features has the Labradoodle inherited from the Poodle? PoodleLabrador Labradoodle + +

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The Labradoodle is large (like the Labrador), has a fluffy coat (like the Poodle) which sheds much less than a Labradors coat. They are also generally well tempered and good swimmers (like both its parents breeds). So the Labradoodle has favourable characteristics from both of its parents breeds PoodleLabrador Labradoodle + +

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Selective Breeding Selective breeding is a process used to produce different breeds of animals or varieties of plants that have useful characteristics Using selective breeding you can produce a specific offspring with useful characteristics of both parents Farmers can choose individual cows to mate in order to produce a generation of cows that will yield more milk Apple growers want to produce a type of apple that is tasty and resistant to disease. This can be done by crossing a variety of apple known for taste with another variety that shows strong resistance to disease

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This Little Piggy Domestic Pig Facts 1. Average weight 200Kg 2. Very little hair. 3. Small lower teeth 4. Calm nature Wild Pig Facts 1. Average weight 100Kg 2. Thick hair 3. Long sharp bottom teeth 4. Violent aggressive nature Which features have been bred into the modern pig?

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Selective Breeding Questions 1.What is meant by the term selective breeding? 2.Write a method explaining how you would selectively breed two husky dogs, so that they produced a strong muscular puppy with plenty of stamina. 3.Complete the table below, matching the green words to the red words. Egg-Laying Chickens/HensMeat Broiler ChickensEggs Friesian Dairy CowMeat Merino SheepKernel Size Flowers e.g. DaffodilsWool Hereford BullMilk Corn or MaizeColour and longevity