What do I need to know?1. Explain several development indicators. 2. Explain differences between developing countries. 3. Explain differences within a country. (Brazil)4. List factors which lead to malnutrition. 5. List factors which cause sanitation and water supply problems. 6. For malaria

a) explain factors which cause the disease to spread b) describe methods used to control the disease c) comment on the success of control methods d) suggest the benefits to a country in dealing with malaria.

7. Describe and explain the main causes of death in an EMDC and how these can be tackled.

8. Describe the main elements of Primary Health Care. Give reasons why Primary Health Care may be appropriate in Less Economically Developed Countries.

1. Explain different indicators of development and identify their strengths and weaknesses

Measuring Development

Economic Indicators• Gross Domestic

Product• Gross National

Product• Energy used per

person• % of people employed

in Agriculture

Social Indicators• Number of people

per doctor• Infant mortality• Life expectancy• Calories per person• Adult literacy

Combined Indicators

Physical Quality of Life PQLI• Life Expectancy• Infant mortality• Adult literacy

- Score between 0-100- The higher score the

higher quality of life- Below 77 = poor quality of

life

Human Development Index (HDI)

• Life expectancy • Adult literacy• GNP/person• Cost of living

• Scholl enrolment

- Score between 0-1

Problems with indicators

• Indicators are broad averages and hide great differences which exist within countries

• Money and resources are not evenly distributed between regions and across socio economic groups

• Do not highlight differences between rural and urban areas

• Do not highlight differences in lifestyle between shanty towns and prosperous parts of city. E.g. Sao Paulo

• Do not highlight gender differences or racial and religious groups

Problems with indicators cont

• A country may produce a lot of wealth but not spend it on all of its people e.g. Saudi Arabia

• Income does not show how well off people are. E.g. people may lead a subsistence lifestyle

• Social indicators are based on averages so they don’t tell us differences within a country e.g. no of calories

• One indicator on its own does not show quality of life. Well fed does not mean well educated

• Countries at war cannot provide data

2. Explain differences between developing countries.

Case StudiesEthiopia- Few natural resources- Caught in cycle of poverty- Lack of industrial development- Based on subsistence farming with

land degradation- G’ment lacking money and in debt- Civil war and corrupt G’ment- Poor health with endemic disease- Poor health, housing, sanitation and

education- Aids/HIV holding back development- High pop growth with poor

infrastructure

South Korea- Secure, stable supportive G’ment- Wealth based on industrial growth- Wealth reinvested in housing, health,

sanitation and food- Foreign investment attracted and

multinationals keen to be involved- Large, flexible, low cost workforce - Labour force well educated and

resourceful- Well located to trade with pacific rim

countriesHowever- Exploitation of some groups (women),

low wages, health and safety concerns, environmental issues

BR Infant mortality

Literacy rate %

GNP US $

Thailand 16 21 93 7400

Saudi Arabia

30 14 79 11800

South Korea

12 7 98 17700

The table shows 3 ELDCs that are relatively rich.

Giving examples of named countries describe the factors which help some ELDCs to achieve higher levels of development than others. (10)

Answer A

S Korea is a wealthy country having a GNP of $17700 per capita. Consequently it has a birth rate of 12 per 1000 because it can afford hospitals and infant mortality is also low. It has high literacy because it has invested money in health care and education . Thailand has the lowest GNP and being poor has the highest Infant mortality rate. Saudi Arabia has oil supplies so has a higher GNP

Answer BAmount of natural resources a country has will influence its ability to develop. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have large oil reserves to export. Oil is in great demand so they can this for a high price giving them a high GDP but it only goes into the pockets of a few people and most people stay poor.Wars prevent countries from developing so Iraq is not getting the benefit of its oil resources and Somalia has been held back by civil war. Some of the poorest countries in the world are in the Sahel zone of Africa like Mali and Chad. They have severe climate problems with frequent droughts. They cannot produce enough food and have to borrow money for this rather than investing in development projects.China is an NIC developing its industry by allowing multi national companies to invest. This could have consequences on pollution in air and rivers.Singapore has a natural harbour enabling it to develop its port and trading links. Cheap labour and imported raw materials enabled it to develop textile and ship building industries. It is a ‘tiger economy’ which has used its entrepreneurial skills to develop as a commercial centre

Newly Industrial Countries (NIC)• Asian Tigers• Natural resources e.g tin and rubber in Malaysia, harbour in Singapore• Large, flexible, hard working, low cost, labour supply• Government encouragement of exporting manufactured goods e.g textiles,

clothing, toys, plastic, leather, and footwear • Attracted Transnational Corporations• Companies were attracted to location close to growing Chinese market• Employees encouraged to spend capital on these productsNegatives- Exploitation of labour- Illegal migration from less developed neighbouring countries - Rapid expansion caused environmental problems - Heavy dependence on foreign investment – vulnerable to shifts in global economy- Corruption – contracts are awarded to relative or friends rather than competence

You need to know your Singapore case study

3. Explain differences within a country. (Brazil)3. Explain differences within a country. (Brazil)

Combined Indicators

South East Region• Mild and favorable climate• Richest and most developed part of Brazil• Contains 42% of population• Rio, Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte make up

‘Golden Triangle’ which is largest industrial area in S. America e.g Steel industries, Motor vehicles, Coca Cola. Close proximity to HEP

• Creation of jobs• Modern cities: skyscrapers, road and rail

links, ports• Agriculture: commercial and mechanised

plantations• Rich fertile soil to grow coffee and

cereals for export

South Region

• Climate similar to Europe• Cold winters and frosts• Good balance between

rural and manufacturing sectors

• Parana River largest Hydroelectric power dam in the world

North East Region• Semi arid region – dry bush

vegetation• Agriculture is hard so little

money is made• No money for irrigation• Rain unreliable and prone

to drought• Recently received

government resources as it has sizeable oil fields

North Region• North lies in the Amazon Basin

and covered by tropical rainforest• Heavy rainfall and hot temps• Less fertile and rocky soils

produce low yields made worse by leaching

• Lowest population density and GDP

• Poor transport and difficult to develop

• 1960s/70s Government incentives to farm here – mineral wealth, HEP

West Central Region

• Covered in woodland savanna which consists of sparse scrub and resistant grasses

• Sparsely populated with 6.4% of population

• Government set aside vast areas of reservations for native Indian tribes

• More recently rapid expansion of rural production and new industries

Health

Factors contributing to diseasePhysical Factors- Poor climate

(drought/flooding )- Effect on farming and

diet- Presence of endemic

disease- Mountainous areas

have poor communications

- Quality of water supply (rural/urban)

- Basic sanitation

Human Factors- Poverty- Poor diet

(malnourishment) - Poor living conditions- Lack of health support

(medicines/hospitals/doctors)

- Low public awareness, poor education, poor hygiene