what is pbn? meetings seminars and...27-08-2015 12 rts for a-rnp and rnp 1 shows consistently that 5...

27-08-2015

1

What is PBN?Module 2

European Airspace Concept Workshops for PBN Implementation

Overview

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this presentation you should:

– Understand what is RNAV and RNP and how correct use can improve operational efficiency and Airspace Capacity

This presentation will discuss

– Navigation in Context

– Evolution to Performance Based Navigation

– Performance Based Navigation

What is it?

What is RNAV?

What is RNP?

What is the Key Difference?

2Airspace Concept Workshop

27-08-2015

2

Key Navigation Questions

Where am I?

Where am I going?

How will I get there?

How accurately can I fly to my next point?

Position

Path Steering


Before PBN – The RNP Concept

‘RegionalNavigation’ standards

PERFORMANCE

Functionalities

Navigation Sensors

Air crew requirements

PreviousRNPConcept

Developedregionally

Fragmentation – expensive for AUNO INTEROPERABILITY

Leading To:


27-08-2015

3

The Components of Performance-Based Navigation

NavigationSpecification

NAVAIDInfrastructure

NavigationApplication

POSITIONPATH STEERING



Document used by State as basis for developing Certification & Operational Approval

International Navigation Specifications published in Volume II of PBN Manual

PERFORMANCE

Functionalities

Navigation Sensors

Air crew requirements

PreviousRNPConcept

Navigation PerformanceNavigationSpecification


27-08-2015

4

‘Confidence’ in navigation performance is provided by Navigation specifications.

Navigation specifications spell out crew and aircraft navigation performance needed to operate on a

route.

Navigation PerformanceNavigationSpecification






PBN in the big picture

InteroperabilitySET

StandardisationSET

Selected

In ECAC = RADAR >> ADS-B; WAM

Procedures& Tools

DCPCVoice

NAVCOM SUR ATM

AIRSPACE CONCEPT

Navigation Sensor must match infrastructure

27-08-2015

5

PBN Perspectives (1/2)




Position sources include:(i) GNSS;(ii) D/D;(iii) D/D/I;(iv) VOR.

This performance includes integrity monitoring of the RNAV system’s

positioning sensors & data base as well as other aircraft functionality

and crew procedures

Navigation Applicationis the design of a fixed ATS route structure, designated in accordance of ICAO Annex 11, Appendix 1 or 3 and published in the State’s AIP. To operate on a particular ATS

route or Instrument Flight Procedure, the aircraft and flight crew must be appropriately qualified for that operation to ensure the expected PATH STEERING is met

Interoperability Standardised SET

Navigation Specification stipulates the performance

requirements the aircraft is to meet to achieve accurate, continuous

PATH STEERING.

NAVAID Infrastructure provides the electronic data to

enable the aircraft’s RNAV system to estimate its current

POSITION.


PBN Perspectives (2/2)

DME / GNSS

♦ Globally promulgatedperformance standards (in ICAO Annex 10).

♦ Choice of Infra depends on NAV spec requirements and local infrastructure decisions.

(Service Provider)

Aircraft / Aircrew requirements

♦ Fixed globally with acceptable means of compliance (in PBN Manual)

♦ Some options.

♦ ‘Logic’ is that state / regional certification should not be more demanding.

(OEM/Regulator)

Routes / Holds / IFP

♦ Decided locally by implementation using NS/NI

♦ Different applications possible.

♦ Respond to different airspace concepts. (ANSP)




Interoperability Standardised SET


27-08-2015

6


Designation RNAV 10

For Oceanic and Remote Continental navigation

applications

DesignationRNAV 5RNAV 2RNAV 1

For En Route & Terminal navigation applications

Navigation Specifications

NavigationSpecifications

ICAO

PUBLISHED IN PBN MANUALInteroperabilitydefined inside

Used by State as basis for developing Certification & Operational Approval

DesignationRNP 4

For Oceanic & Remote Continental navigation

applications

Designation

RNP 1

RNP AR APCHfor various phases

of flight

RNP 2

A-RNPRNP 0.3

RNP APCH

Designation

RNP with additional requirements to be

determined (e.g. 3D, 4D etc)

*

*

RNP SPECIFICATIONS RNAV SPECIFICATIONS




The APPLICATION (use of) the Navigation

Specification and Navaid Infrastructure -

For example: Routes based on RNAV and

RNP Specifications (these rely on the Navaid

Infrastructure);

For example: SIDs/STARs based on RNAV

and RNP Specifications;

For example: Approach procedures based

on RNP Specifications


Navigation Applications

27-08-2015

7


ICAO Navigation SpecificationsNavigationSpecification

Standardised performance in the PBN Manual

Detailed in Vol II, Part C – for use with RNP specs only.

RF and FRTNavigationSpecification

En-route functionality

Instrument Flight Proceduresfunctionality


27-08-2015

8

Original specs have codes to show PBN capabilities and associated approvals to be filed in Item 18

– PBN/ xxx

New specs and functionalities introduced in Edition 4 not covered, so how to show these PBN capabilities and where?

– PBN/ only has 16 characters

– NAV/ will FDPs read text?

2012 Flight Plan – Impact of PBNNavigationSpecification




Ground-based Navigation Aids (Navaids)

VOR; DME; (Not NDB)

Space-based Navaids GNSS:

Core constellations:• GPS, GLONASS and in the

future Galileo and Beidou With associated augmentations

Navigation Infrastructure


27-08-2015

9

States will not approve all 4 constellations at the same time and will not have the same approval criteria until the 2045 date

On board receiver needed to use only the constellations approved in each airspace that can change from State to State to accommodate legal responsibilities of States

Whether or not to certify the operators of the core constellation (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and BeiDou) according to SES regulations (issue open)

Aircraft equipment mandates (limited to aircraft registered in a certain States) , started by Russia, to be followed by China and the consequential domino effect which was taken up by France/Germany but not the EC who is opting for support industry/EUROCAE to have Galileo in the MOPS without having to publish an unpopular mandate.

NAVAIDInfrastructure Geopolitics and Costs (1/2)

RNP needs GPS


Geopolitics and Costs (2/2)RNP needs GPS


DME is a very good sensor – capable of a lot including RNP (for some)

– Europe has rich DME infrastructure

– Some aircraft certified for D/D RNP, other aircraft are not

PBN Manual ambiguous on D/D RNP.

GPS is the only RNP sensor today

– Consequently – reversion mode becomes an increasing challenge:

If reversion needed: Option 1 MC-MF for reversion

But realistically when?

Alternative: Option 1a D/D (if infrastructure permits)


27-08-2015

10

DME/DME coverage at FL195NAVAIDInfrastructure


On-Board Performance Monitoring and Alerting

RNAV RNP

‘Confidence’ in navigation performance is provided by PBN specification:

Nav Spec spells out crew and aircraft navigation performance needed to operate on a route.


PBN and Airspace Link


27-08-2015

11

S

S

PBN Concept based on need for strategic de-confliction of fixed, published ATS Routes

These ATS routes (incl. SIDs/STARs) are backbone of the ATM System around major & within major TMAs

For separation/spacing, ATC wants aircraft operating on the route centreline.

To remain on route centreline, need good aircraft navigation performance.

– P – B – N


The Airspace/Navigation


Tighter route spacing (also on turns: with FRT)

– Expanding TSAs/TRAs

Strategic separation of ATS Routes to/from Terminal areas (Greater confidence in track keeping with RNP)


Spacing between routes


27-08-2015

12

RTS for A-RNP and RNP 1 shows consistently that 5 NM spacing can be used in terminal and extended terminal (in simulated environment – local implementation safety case still needed).


European Airspace Use of PBN

How is the EN ROUTE and TERMINAL air traffic affected if there is an area outage of GPS? e.g. Unplanned outage

due to jamming, space weather? 23Airspace Concept Workshop


Outstanding Spacing IssuesAIRSPACE CONCEPT


27-08-2015

13

RNAV 5Application

Aircraft Certification

Crew Requirements

ATC Training & Procedures

Airspace & Procedure

Design

Infrastructure Requirements

RNP APCHApplication


Crew Requirements



Design


RNP 0.3Application


Crew Requirements



Design


RNP 1Application


Crew Requirements



Design


RNAV 1Application


Crew Requirements



Design


Implementing PBN - the Package in the PBN Manual Vol II*****


26




PBN in the big picture

InteroperabilitySET

StandardisationSET

Selected

In ECAC = RADAR >> ADS-B; WAM

Procedures& Tools

DCPCVoice

NAVCOM SUR ATM

AIRSPACE CONCEPT

Navigation Sensor must match infrastructure

27-08-2015

14

Airspace Concept


Current Limits of PBN

To apply an RNAV or RNP specification in an airspace, it is necessary to prescribe the performance to an ATS Route.

An ATS routes is one designated in accordance with ICAO Annex 11, Appendix 1 or Appendix 3.

Therefore for ATM purposes:

– DCT tracks are excluded

– So are company routes

Navigation performance cannot be ascribed to a route which is not an ATS Route

The notion of PBN ‘airspace’ is yet to be developed.


27-08-2015

15

And what about Free Routes?AIRSPACE CONCEPT


Linking FRA and fixed ATS Routes

Model 1:

After last point on SID proceed DCT to FIR; from point at FIR entry, proceed DCT to first point on STAR. i.e FRA outside SIDs/STARs (which were adapted to accommodate FRA).

AIRSPACE CONCEPT

Connectivity Models 1 of 3

Note: SIDs/STARs would be RNP


27-08-2015

16


Model 2:

Expanded TMAs containing SIDs/STARs. After last waypoint on SID, ATS route links to anchor WPT in FRA after which free routing using DCT is employed. Conversely, inbound aircraft free route DCT TO anchor WPT where ATS Route starts and links to first point on STAR which is then followed by aircraft.

AIRSPACE CONCEPT


Note – SIDs/STARs would be core RNP and ATS routes between last SID/first STAR point and anchor WPT would be ATS routes requiring RNP + FRT to permit route spacing at minimum distance.



Model 3:

Full structuring of ATS Routes in congested areas to/from major TMAs with their SIDs/STARs/ATS routes. Above and beyond can be FRA.

AIRSPACE CONCEPT


Note – SIDs/STARs would be core RNP and ATS routes require core Advanced RNP + FRT to permit route spacing at minimum distance


27-08-2015

17

Free Route and PBN (not quite compatible)

With fixed, published ATS routes, aircraft flight path is coded for on-board Nav database using ARINC 424

This ‘flight record’ known as an ‘airway record or procedure or airport record, is a sequence of WPTs and flight segments.

To be coded, this sequence of WPTs and flight segments must have a name: designated in accordance with ICAO Annex 11, Appendix 1 (e.g. UL334) or Appendix 3 (e.g. KODAP 2A)

Europe’s FRA have no designators - use DCT in ATC FPL:

– Therefore no ARINC 424 code

– Therefore no navigation performance ‘ascribable’

FRA is tactical environment, reliance on Radar, separation assurance by ATCos and reliant on aircraft area navigation capability to navigate from A to B

Couple PBN and FRA? – possibly for Dynamic RNP, uplink of flight path.

AIRSPACE CONCEPT


ATS RoutesRNAV Routes

Free RoutesFixed ATS Routes (designed)

DCT(planned)

DCT(tactical)

Airways AdvisoryAirways

Un/Controlled Routes

Arrival Routes

Departure Routes

Designated SIDs/STARs

Published in the RADand possibly AIP

WPTs published

User definedDesignated i.a.w. Annex 11 and published in the AIP


27-08-2015

18

PBN’s European trajectory

35Airspace Concept Workshop1998 2020+

20+ years




RNAV RNP

Some PBN Challenges

Technical: Varied PBN function implementation in FMS

– Bridge FMS gaps - particularly GA – RA – BA – AO

Solution 1: Required ‘standard’ = lowest performing FMS

Consequence:

High-end AOs get little return on investment

Solution 2: Compromise! Satisfy all airspace users ► mixed mode operations e.g. Conventional and RNAV 1 SIDs/STARs;

Consequences:

Challenge to extract ATM benefits of systemisation & strategic de-confliction of ATS routes (a PBN Concept premise)

In high density, mixed mode a challenge for ATM


27-08-2015

19

Some PBN Challenges

Environmental: Focused or Dispersed? Public consultation can be crippling

– With potentially long lead-in times to implementation

– Consequences:

– Concepts & technology overtaken by events…

– Compromises can be complex for ATM


Specific ATM ChallengesTerminal & En-route Little ATC involvement at

PBN Concept development stage

PBN considered ‘too technical’

– PBN a powerful tool for airspace design/planning & ATM

Systemisation & Strategic de-confliction not always favoured:

– Controllers want to control

ATM & MIXED MODE… in high density terminals

– AOs want BEBS…

– Assign appropriate clearance

– requires ability to extract FPL data

(if correctly filed) and display it to

the controller

– ATM system benefits from PBN??

Result:

– Operational wariness

– Preference for Radar Vectoring

– Concerns about de-skilling/role change


27-08-2015

20

Specific ATM Challenges: Terminal/ENR

X-Disciplinary collaboration critical for PBN; however, not always part of the organisational culture


Interoperability costs less

Improved:

– Flight Efficiency

– Environmental impact

– Safety

– Capacity

– Access opportunities....

Enables:– CDO and CCO

– Point Merge

AIRSPACE CONCEPT


Why PBN is good for Europe


27-08-2015

21

NavigationApplication While RNAV is good … RNP is better, harnessing

aircraft capability and space technology– RNP Approaches with Vertical Guidance (APV) > Baro and

EGNOS [Rely on GPS]

– Curved path transition

– Greater track assurance i.e., the pilot is provided with an alert if the aircraft is not meeting its requirements

– Provides alleviation on airspace interaction constraints

– Reduces ATC radar monitoring requirements

– Greater tactical flexibility through parallel offsets

– Higher integrity from RNP

– Lays the foundation for more advanced concepts e.g. trajectory management (3D/4D)

AIRSPACE CONCEPT



NAVAIDInfrastructure Infrastructure

– Move towards multi-constellation, dual-frequency (MCDF) GNSS (supported in certain dense airspace by DME/DME)

– Reliance on EGNOS for APV

AIRSPACE CONCEPT



27-08-2015

22

43

what is pbn? meetings seminars and...27-08-2015 12 rts for a-rnp and rnp 1 shows consistently that 5...

Documents