what is the role that community enterprises can play in rural...

What is the role that community enterprises can play in rural

development?

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RegPol²/WP3/ESR11: Melinda Mihály

The research leading to these results was conducted in the frame of the project “Socio-economic and Political Responses to Regional Polarisation in Central and Eastern Europe” (RegPol²), coordinated by the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig/ Germany. The project received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement n° 607022.

Overview

• Conceptual framework – Peripheralization

– Alternative ways of development

– Community enterprise

• Research question

• Research design – Research methodology

– Sampling

• Conclusions and challenges

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Peripheralization

• To better understand shrinkage, socio-spatial inequalities

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A comparison between periphery and peripheralization, source: KÜHN, Manfred (2015): Peripheralization: Theoretical Concepts Explaining Socio-Spatial Inequalities. In: European Planning Studies 23 (2015), H. 2, p. 370

Conceptual framework I

Alternative ways of development

• Development: not just economic, but cultural, political, environmental concerns too (eg. Pike et al. 2007)

• Economic development ≠ economic growth (eg. Birkhölzer 2009), diverse economic approach (Graham-Gibson 2013)

• A human ecologist approach:

if the resources are used in a higher ratio of their reproduction, than we have to talk about a crisis or decline, but under no circumstances about “development”. (Kajner et al., 2013) environmental sustainability

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Conceptual framework II.

Alternative ways of development

• Sustainable development (Kajner et al., 2013)

• Eco-localisation (North, 2010)?

• Strenghtening/creating community economies (Gibson-Graham 2013)?

• Focusing on increasing their/their stakeholders subjective well-being?

• Make their communities (more) integrated?

• …


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Conceptual framework II.

Community enterprise

• An alternative understanding of social enterprise • Working definition (after Cameron 2009, p. 93-94 and Pearce

2003, p. 31-44):


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A CE is an organization, which members • Continuously work on becoming/staying a communitiy (community

development/community organization) Either the community members manage the CE or a local actor Aims or has reached shared decision making

• Originates in a social movement (civil activism), in which the community members: Identify an unfavourable situation they face Build up strategies to change this unfavourable situation

• Use (diverse) economic activities as means to help achieve their aim • Produce surplus for the enterprise, but not profit for individual gain

H: Community enterprises contribute to alternative (non-capitalist/alternative capitalist) ways of development

Conceptual framework III.

Research question

How do community enterprises • Define their challenges? • Build up their strategies to cope with their challenges? • Define development? Define sustainability? • Make decisions? • Build community economies?


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Under the circumstances of peripheralization, how can community enterprises contribute to

alternative ways of development?

Research design

Case-study community enterprises from peripheralized settings of Hungary and Germany

• Analysis of publically available documents of the case study CEs

• Semi-structured interviews with key drivers of community enterprises

• Participant observation


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Sampling strategy how can CEs contribute to what alternative ways of development?

• Initiating actors matter - community enterprise (initiative) started by – a major (Bioszentandrás)

– a priest (Community apiary of Göncruszka)

– an NGO (Real Pearl Foundation)

– By green activists (Cooperative of Igrici, Adacs-Bábony Social Coop, Basket Community of Nyíregyháza)

• The key actor(s) of the community – live(s) within the community (Bioszentandrás, Community apiary of

Göncruszka, Adacs-Bábony Social Cooperative, Basket Community of Nyíregyháza)

– Do(es) not live within the community (Real Pearl Foundation, Cooperative of Igrici)


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Conclusions and challenges

• If social capital is weaker (eg. due to outmigration) in peripheralized settings than in centralized settings, than how can communities of peripheralized settings set up their community enterprises? (e.g. Told, deep poverty, 20 years)

• Who shall develope the communities? - limited resources (internal, external)

• In Post-Socialist countries: a cultural opposition to co-operatives (Defourny 2014, G. Fekete 2011, Birkhölzer 2014)


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Thank you for your attention!

Köszönöm a

figyelmet!

References • Birkhölzer, Karl (2009): The role of social enterprise in local economic development, 2nd EMES International Conference on Social Enterprise, Trento (Italy), July 1-4

• Birkhölzer, Karl (national expert); Vincze, Máté (ICF); Kaepplinger, Sebastian; Gollan, Anna Katharina, Richter, Andreas (legal experts) (2014): A map of social enterprises and their eco-systems in Europe. Country Report: Germany. Hg. v. European Commission.

• Cameron, Jenny (2009): Experimenting with economic possibilities: ethical economic decision-making in two Australian community enterprises. In: Ash Amin (Ed.): The social economy. International perspectives on economic solidarity. London, New York: Zed Books, p. 92–115.

• Defourny, Jacques (2014): From third sector to social enterprise. In: Jacques Defourny, Lars Hulgard and Victor Pestoff (Ed.): Social Enterprise and the Third Sector. Changing European Landscapes in a Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge, S. 42–65.

• G. Fekete, É. (2011): Elements of Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) in the Hungarian Local Development, in: 'Club of Economics in Miskolc' TMP Vol . 7., Nr. 1., pp. 17-27.

• Gibson-Graham, J. K.; Cameron, Jenny; Healy, Stephen (2013): Take back the economy. An ethical guide for transforming our communities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

• Kajner, Péter; Lányi András and Takács-Sánta, András (2013): A fenntarthatóság felé va ló átmenet jó példái Magyarországon – Examples of transition towards sustainability in Hungary., MIS-ÖKO Kft.

• Kühn, Manfred (2015): Peripheralization: Theoretical Concepts Explaining Socio-Spatial Inequalities. In: European Planning Studies 23 (2015), H. 2, p. 370

• Nagy, Erika; Tímár, Judit; Nagy, Gábor; Velkey, Gábor (2015): A társadalmi-térbeli marginalizáció folyamatai a leszakadó vidéki térségekben. The processes of socio-spatial marginalization in declining rural spaces. In: Tér és társadalom/ Space and Society 29, 2015 (1), p. 35–52.

• North, Peter (2010): Eco-localisation as a progressive response to peak oil and climate change – A sympathetic cri tique. In: Themed Issue: Geographies of Peak Oil 41 (4), p. 585–594. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.013.

• Pearce, John; Kay, Alan (2003): Social enterprise in anytown, Ca louste Gulbenkian Foundation, 192 pp.

• Pike , A., Rodríguez-Pose, A., Tomaney, J., (2007): What kind of local and regional development and for whom?Regional s tudies 41, 1253–1269.

• Tímár, Judit (2007): Different Scales of Uneven Development - in a (No Longer) Post-socialist Hungary. In: Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia 64, p. 103–128.

• Zsuzsa, Mészáros (2013): Közösségi gazdaságfejlesztés a gyakorlatban. Community economic development in the praxis. In: ACTA MEDSOC 4, 2013, S. 91–106.


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A comparative study


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Diverse economic approach


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Resource: Graham-Gibson et al. 2013 – Take back the economy – An ethical guide for

transforming our communities, p. 13

07-08.04.2016, Pécs


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Resource: Graham-Gibson et al. 2013 – Take back the economy – An ethical guide for transforming our communities, p. 35

07-08.04.2016, Pécs

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