what is vca? functional morphology is the discipline that ties form and function together. vertebra...
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What is VCA?
• Functional morphology is the discipline that ties form and function together.
• Vertebra example…
• Kardong uses ______- and ______-_____ tails as examples
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Why do we care?• Communication• Preparation for detailed physiological studies• Determining characters -- Understanding
______________ (evolutionary morphology)
“The external environment in which an animal design must serve certainly brings to bear
evolutionary pressure on its survival”Kardong
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Historical Context
People• Greeks (Anaximander)• Darwin/Wallace• Linnaeus• De Lamarck• Malthus• Cuvier• Owen
Concepts• “Scala natura”• “Lower vs. higher”
or “Derived vs. primitive”• “Immutable species”• “Ex nihlio”• “Archetypes”
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Morphology
Homology Analogy
Homoplasy
• Ancestry• Appearance• Function
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How do we explain non-related species converging on the same “plan”?
Convergence
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“A great deal of what we need to understand about ourselves comes
from the world around us, not just the DNA within.”
Kardong
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How are vertebrates arranged spatially that differs from urochordates (adult tunicates), sea stars and sponges?
The Vertebrate Body Plan
http://www.westworld.com/~fabio/gallery/bonaire-purple-tube-sponge.htmhttp://imagesource.art.com/images/-/Michael-Aw/Royal-Blue-Tunicate-Rhopalaea-Sp-West-Nusa-Tenggara-Indonesia--C10255325.jpeg
http://home.vicnet.net.au/~ricketts/photos.htm
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The Vertebrate Body PlanSymmetry:
Let’s take a pop-quiz…
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The Vertebrate Body PlanSymmetry:
*_________________________ (along 3 axes)________ (anteroposterior)________ (dorsoventral)________
*2 axes define a plane
*Other spatial terms…
http://www.yachigusaryu.com/blog/pics/top_ten_principles/10/image003.jpg
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The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:
*Vertebrates are a subtaxa of the phylum ________*The “Big 4” are characteristics shared by this phylum.
*Not all chordates are created equal…Let’s review the taxonomy of the dueterostomes in the kingdom Animalia
What are the 4 characteristics?
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/chordates.html
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The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:
*Craniate Characteristics
*Vertebrate Characteristics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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The Vertebrate Body PlanRegional differentiation:
* (What specialized structures occur here? )
* __________; lining is…__________; lining is…Thorax and abdomen (in some taxa)
* (caudal)(What structures likely absent? What’s present? )
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The Vertebrate Body PlanNotochord
*During some stage of development (ontogeny)
Usually replaced by…
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-21&File_type=GIF
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The Vertebrate Body PlanPharynx/ (pharyngeal pouches and slits)
*________ portion of gut*Embryo or adults… internal gills(Which vertebrates rely on gills, which use lungs? )*Some animals (______________) use gill and slits for feeding
Nature Genetics 27, 286 - 291 (2001) doi:10.1038/85845 DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1Loydie A. Jerome & Virginia E. Papaioannou
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The Vertebrate Body PlanPharynx/ (pharyngeal pouches and slits)
* *
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The Vertebrate Body PlanDorsal nervous system
*__________, ________________, fluid filled cavity*Sense organs develop in the head region (_______________)
http://www.nesc.k12.in.us/union/Mr.%20Sly/Earthworm%20Dissection/earthworm%20images.htm
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The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*Integument (skin) comprised of two layers:________________________From these a number of specialized structures are derived:
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The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*Complete ____________ system*__________ to excrete wastes, maintain H2O balance and form hormones*Reproductive organs
_______________________________________
*Circulation*Differing cardiac anatomyLymphatics
http://pzavislak.googlepages.com/PlanarianBright.jpg
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The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*________________ (meta-merism)More common with invertebrates… vertebrates display this feature primarily in skeletal, muscular and nervous systems
*________________Axial/CranialAppendicular from 2 girdles
*________________SkeletalCardiacSmooth(Which of these synapse with motor neurons? )
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Preadaptations
What is an adaptation?
What is a preadaptation?
Explain the concept of remodeling in the context of evolution
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Evolutionary morphology
• Bean stalks and Bushes• Grades and clades
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Evolutionary morphology
• Abundance phylogeny
• Cladistics
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Paleontology
• Formation of fossils• Recovery & restoration• Fossil dating
– Stratigraphy– Index fossils– Radiometric– Geological ages