IRCFREPTILES&AMPHIBIANS•23(1):68–73•APR2016

Amphibian and Reptilian Inventories Augmented by Sampling at Heronries

Raju Vyas1 and B. M. Parasharya2

1KrishnadeepTower,MissionRoad,Fatehgunj,Vadodara300002,Gujarat,India(razoovyas@hotmail.com)2AgriculturalOrnithology,AnandAgriculturalUniversity,Anand388110,Gujarat,India(parasharya@yahoo.com)

Abstract.—Analternatemethodforsupportingamphibianandreptilianinventorywastested.Thisexperimentalmethodinvolvedthecollectionofregurgitatedfoodfromwaterbirdnestlingsfromatotalof10heronries:fourmixed-speciesandsixsingle-speciesheronriesinGujaratState,India,during1997to1999.Weverifiedthepresenceoftwelvespeciesofamphibians,andtwelvespeciesofreptileswererecoveredintact.

Variousmethodsareusedtoevaluatethediversityofamphibiansandreptiles,manyofwhichareresource-dependentintermsofbothtimeandmoney(e.g.,Heyeretal.1994).Theverificationprocessinsuchdiversitysurveysgenerallyrequiresthecollectionofvoucherspecimensforestablishingthecredibilityofthework(DuboisandNemesio2007;Funketal.2005).Vouchersalsofacilitatefurthertaxonomicstudiesandtheidentificationofcrypticspecies,especiallywhenspeciescomplexesoccupytheareabeingsurveyed.Thecollectionofspecimensrequirespermissionfromtheappropriategovernmentauthority.BecauserelevantauthoritiesinIndiaoftenarehardcorebelieversofthephilosophyof“Jiv Daya”(aJainistconceptinvolvingcompassionforallbeings)andunawareoftheneedforvoucherspecimens,acquisitionofpermitstocollectinprotectedareas(sanctuariesandnationalparks),evenforstudiesofbiodiversityandenvironmentalassessmentsisextremelydifficult.Evenwhenpermissionforvouchercollectionisgranted,stricttimeconstraintsareimposed.Theserendersurveysoflargeareasalmostimpossible,particularlybecausevouchersideallyinvolveaseriesofspecimensofvariousspecies(GoodmanandLanyon1994)andcollectionmethodsoftenareverytimeconsuming.Consequently,methodsthatarelesstime-consumingandlessexpensiveareneeded.Herein,wetestonesuchalternative.

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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S

Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190

The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S

The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida

.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212

C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T

World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225

H U S B A N D R Y

Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226

P R O F I L E

Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234

C O M M E N T A R Y

The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238

B O O K R E V I E W

Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243

CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252

Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.

Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo

estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus

aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque

moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as

IRC

F

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y

Copyright©2016.RajuVyas.Allrightsreserved.

WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL

Materials and MethodsWecollectedamphibiansandreptilesfromheronriesofegrets,herons,andcormorants,usinghand-capturessupplementedbyatechniquemorecommonlyemployedbyornithologistsforobtainingdataonthefoodspectrumofsuchbirds(e.g.,Seigfried1971;Jenni1973;Kushlan1978).Thedietofmanyegretsandheronsconsistsofvarioustypesofinsects,alongwithfishes,amphibians,reptiles,andmammals(Kushlan1978;Sodhi1992;Mathewetal.1997).Especiallyduringthebreedingseason,45%ofthedietofthesespeciescancompriseamphibiansandreptiles(SodhiandKhera1984).Thesebirdsarewidelydistributedinmanypartsoftheworld,includingtheIndianSubcontinent,andallarecolonialbreed-ers.InIndia,thebreedingseasonmoreorlesscoincideswiththesouthwestmonsoon(AliandRipley1983),whichalsoisthebreedingseasonofmanyspeciesofamphibians(Chandra2002;DasandDutta2007)andreptiles(Daniel2002). Likeotherheronsandegrets,frightenednestlingsofCattleEgretswill regurgitate foodstoredinthecropandgizzard

(HanebrinkandDenton1969;Jenni1969).Becausethisistheleastinvasivemethodofstudyingthefoodconsumedbynestlings(Patel1996),theywerefrightenedbystrikingabam-booorlightweightaluminumpoleagainstatreebranchwhilesimultaneouslyshoutingorclapping.Nestlingsrespondedbyimmediatelyregurgitatingabolus,whichwascarefullycol-lected,storedinaplasticbottle,preservedina5–10%formalinsolution,labeled,andtakentothelaboratoryforfurtherstudy. Totesttheefficacyofthismethodforconductingsurveys,wemadeobservationsandcollectedbolusesduringthesouth-westmonsoon(July–September)in1997,1998,and1999attenheronries(Fig.1),fouralongthemarginsofprotectedareasandsixinurbanareas.Fourheronriesweremixed-spe-ciesandsixweresingle-speciesheronries(exclusivelyCattleEgrets).However,eveninthemixed-speciesheronries,CattleEgretswerethemostabundantspecies(Table1)andtheonlyonethatislargelyaterrestrialfeeder(HancockandKushlan1984).Cormorants,herons,andotheregretsfeedprimarilyinaquatichabitats(AliandRipley1983).

M E T H O D S

69

ResultsWecollected24speciesofamphibiansandreptiles,including12speciesoffrogsandtoads,onespeciesofturtle,eightspe-ciesoflizards,andthreespeciesofsnakes(Table2).Twelvespecieswere in regurgitated foodboluses, four ofwhich(Microhyla ornata, Euphlyctis hexadactylus, Eutropis carinata, and Eutropis macularia)werefoundinfourormoreheronries,five(Polypedates maculatus, Lygosoma albopunctata, Lygosoma guentheri, Amphiesma stolata, and Xenochrophis piscator)inonlytwoheronries,andthree(Ramanella sp., Lissemys punc-tatahatchlings,andanadultEchis carinata)werelimitedtosmallareaswithinasingleheronry. Thegreatestnumbersofamphibianandreptilianspecieswererecoveredfromlargeandmedium-sizedsingle-speciesheronries atWaghai (20 species) andAhwa (19 species),respectively(Table1).AlthoughbothBharuchandWaghaiarelargeheronries,morespecieswererecoveredfromthesin-gle-speciesheronryatWhagaithanfromthemixed-speciesurbanheronryatBharuch(14).Theleastnumberofspecieswasrecoveredfromasmallsingle-speciesurbanheronryinRajkot(7).

DiscussionFoodhabits ofCattleEgrets are catholic (Hancock andKushlan1984), hence the great diversity of reptiles andamphibians in the diet (Figs. 2& 3).However, CattleEgretsareterrestrialandrarelyfeedinmarshyareas,reduc-ingthelikelihoodoffeedingonpurelyaquaticvertebrates.Consequently, small terrestrialvertebratesdominatetheirdiet.Ontheotherhand,cormorants,herons,andtheotheregrets feedprimarily on aquatic organisms (fishes, occa-sionalamphibiansandaquaticsnakesliketheBuff-stripedKeelback,Amphiesma stolata).With theexceptionof theIndianFlapshellTurtle(Lissemys punctata),fewsmallreptilesoccurinmarshy/shallowwaters.Thispresumablyaccountsfortherelativelylownumberofamphibianandreptilianspe-ciesrecoveredfromtheBharuchheronrywhencomparedtothatatWaghai(mixed-speciesheronryvs.single-speciesher-onry)despitebothbeinglargeinsize. Theamphibianandreptilianspeciesfoundinregurgi-tatedboluseswerecommonandwidelydistributed,exceptRamanellasp.,whichisrestrictedtotheDangForestsouthoftheNarmadaRiverinGujarat(Vyas1998,2008).Incon-

IRCFREPTILES&AMPHIBIANS•23(1):68–73•APR2016VYASANDPARASHARYA

Fig. 1.ThestudyareainGujaratStateshowingthelocationofsurveyedheronries(seealsoTable1).

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Table 1. HeronriesinGujaratState,India,surveyedduringthisstudy.Largeheronries(>2,000nests);medium(2,000–1,000nests);small(<1,000nests).Birdspecies:IndianPondHeron(Ardeola grayii),CattleEgret(Bubulcus ibis),GreatEgret(Casmerodius albus),LittleEgret(Egretta garzetta),IntermediateEgret(Mesophoyx intermedia),Black-crownedNightHeron(Nycticorax nycticorux),andLittleCormorant(Phalacrocorax niger).

Site Bird Species Size Number Remarks (Year of Survey) of Prey Species Coordinates in Boluses

JunagadhZoo(1997) Bubulcus ibis Medium 14 NearProtectedForest

21°32’31.79”N Egretta garzetta (nowGirnarWildlifeSanctuary)70°27’56.18”E Phalacrocorax niger

Shirvan,Talala(1997) Bubulcus ibis Small 14 SettlementinGirnarWildlifeSanctuary Egretta garzetta

RajkotCity(1997) Bubulcus ibis Small 7 Urbanarea22°16’57.22”N70°49’19.74”E

Bagodara(1997) Bubulcus ibis Medium 13 Urbanarea22°38’17.41”N72°12’05.59”E

Chhatral(1997) Bubulcus ibis Medium 12 Ruralarea23°16’49.51”N72°26’47.74”E

VasnaVillage(1997) Bubulcus ibis Small 11 Ruralarea22°59’02.14”N72°33’36.79”E

Karamsad(1997) Bubulcus ibis Medium 16 Urbanarea22°32’32.93”N Egretta garzetta72°54’20.89”E Phalacrocorax niger

BharuchCity(1997) Ardeola grayii Large 14 Urbanarea21°42’45.53”N Bubulcus ibis73°00’04.28”E Casmerodius albus Egretta garzetta Mesophoyx intermedia Nycticorax nycticorux

Waghai,Dangs(1999) Bubulcus ibis Large 20 NearVansadaNationalPark20°46’27.50”N73°29’46.72”E

Ahwa,Dangs(1999) Bubulcus ibis Medium 19 NearPurnaWildlifeSanctuary20°45’01.17”N73°29’46.72”E

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trast,thosespeciesfoundonlyinspecificheronrieseitherhadrestricteddistributionsorwerecommonlyencounteredonlyduringthemonsoons. FewoftheIndianstudiesonthedietsofnestlingCattleEgrets(Sodhi1992)orotherwaterbirds(Mukherji1972;Sodhi1985,1986,1989;SodhiandKhera1986)attemptedtoidentifyamphibiansandreptilesatthespecieslevel.Hence,thisisthefirstreportinwhichamphibiansandreptilesrecov-

eredfromregurgitatedfoodbolusesofCattleEgretsandotherwaterbirdsareidentifiedatthatlevel. ConsumptionoftheFlap-shellTurtle(Lissemys punctata)bytheBlack-neckedStork(VyasandThaker2014)andtheLesserAdjutantStork(SivasubramanianandBhupathy1991)iswelldocumented.However,smallerbirdsliketheCattleEgretwerenotknowntofeedontheseturtles,sothisreportrepresentsanewrecord.Similarly,theconsumptionofaven-omousadultSaw-scaledViper(Echis carinata)byaCattleEgret is noteworthy. CattleEgretsusuallybreedduringthesouthwestmon-sooninnorthwesternIndia,withslightdeviationsdepend-ingonlocalconditions(AliandRipley1983;ParasharyaandNaik1990).Consideringasynchronousnestinginagivenheronry(ParasharyaandNaik1990)oranarea(BreedenandBreeden1982),heronriescouldbesampledrepeatedlyoverathree-monthmonsoonperiod.Repeatedsamplingwouldincreasethelikelihoodofencounteringamphibianandreptil-ianspeciesthatarelessabundantorappearonlyunderspe-cificconditions(rain,agriculturaloperations,etc.). Every surveymethod has advantages and disadvan-tages.Limitationsofthissupplementarymethodinclude:(1)Specifichabitatsandmicrohabitatsofamphibianandreptilianspeciescannotbedetermined;(2)chancesofacquiringintactspecimensarereduced;(3)samplingatheronriesispossibleonlyduringthebirds’breedingseasons;and(4)itisusefulonlyforsmallerandmostlyterrestrialspecies.Advantagesare:(1)Itconsumeslesstimeandmoney;(2)itdoesnotrequirepermissiontocollectspecimens(althoughpermissionmight

Fig. 2.AforagingCattleEgret(Bubulcus ibis)withaCommonAsianToad(Duttaphrynus melanostictus).PhotographsbyKartikUpadhyay.

Fig. 3.AforagingCattleEgret(Bubulcus ibis)withajuvenileCheckeredKeelback(Xenochrophis piscator).PhotographbyManojThaker.

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Table 2. SpeciesofamphibiansandreptilesfoundinregurgitatedfoodbolusesinheronriesinGujaratState,India.Heronries(seealsoTable1):JunagadhZoo(J),Shirvan,Talala(S),RajkotCity(R),Bagodara(B),Chhatral(C),VasnaVillage(V),Karamsad(K),BharuchCity(BC),Waghai,Dangs(W),andAhwa,Dangs(A).Species:CommonAsianToad(Duttaphrynus melanostictus),IndianMarbledToad(Duttaphrynus stomaticus),OrnateNarrow-mouthedFrog(Microhyla ornata),BalloonFrog(Uperodon sp.),MarbledBalloonFrog(Uperodon systoma),IndianSkipperFrog(Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis),IndianGreenFrog(Euphlyctis hexadactylus),IndianBullfrog(Hoplobatrachus tige-rinus),IndianBurrowingFrog(Sphaerotheca breviceps),SouthAsianCricketFrog(Zakeranasp.),CommonIndianTreefrog(Polypedates maculatus),IndianFlapshellTurtle(Lissemys punctata),Brook’sHouseGecko(Hemidactylus c.f.brookii),OrientalGardenLizard(Calotes versicolor),Fan-throatedLizard(Sitana c.f.ponticeriana),White-spottedSuppleSkink(Lygosoma albopunctata),Günther’sWrithingSkink(Lygosoma guentheri),DottedWrithingSkink(Lygosoma punctatus),KeeledIndianMabuya(Eutropis carinata),BronzeMabuya(Eutropis macularia),Buff-stripedKeelback(Amphiesma stolata),CheckeredKeelback(Xenochrophis piscator),andSaw-scaledViper(Echis carinata).

Family Species J S R B C V K BC W A

Frogs (AnurA)

Bufonidae Duttaphrynus melanostictus Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Duttaphrynus stomaticus Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Microhylidae Microhyla ornata Y Y Y Y

Uperodon sp. Y

Uperodon systoma Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Dicroglossidae Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Euphlyctis hexadactylus Y Y Y Y

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Sphaerotheca breviceps Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Zakerana sp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Zakerana sp. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Rhacophoridae Polypedates maculatus Y Y

TurTles (TesTudines)

Trionychidae Lissemys punctata Y

lizArds (squAmATA)

Gekkonidae Hemidactylus c.f.brookii Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Agamidae Calotes versicolor Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Sitana spinaecephalus Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Sphenomorphidae Lygosoma albopunctata Y Y

Lygosoma guentheri Y Y

Lygosoma punctata Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Mabuyidae Eutropis carinata Y Y Y Y

Eutropis macularia Y Y Y Y Y

snAkes (squAmATA)

Natricidae Amphiesma stolata Y Y

Xenochrophis piscator Y Y

Viperidae Echis carinata Y

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benecessarytosalvagedeadspecimensinprotectedareas);and(3)itcanprovidetentativedataregardingthepopulationstatus(abundant/rare/presumablyabsent)ofamphibiansandreptileswithinthesampledarea. Todate,wehavetestedthissupplementarysurveytech-niqueonlyinGujaratState,whichhasamoderateamphibianandreptilianspeciesrichness,withover23speciesofamphib-ians(Vyas2005)and114speciesofreptiles(Vyas2007).IftestedelsewhereontheSubcontinent,webelieveitislikelytodetectagreaternumberofspecies.

AcknowledgementsWethanktheForestDepartmentofGujaratforpermissiontoconductresearchinprotectedareas.WealsothankKaritkUpadhyay(Vadodara)forprovidingegretphotographs.RVisthankfultothelateVijayrajJadeja,Curator,SayajiBaugZoo,Vadodaraforsupportandencouragement.BMPisgratefultotheDirectorofResearch,AnandAgriculturalUniversity,Anandforencouragement.

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