whi.4-5
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WHI.4-5. India. Location – South Asian subcontinent (juts out from the rest of the continent). Map of Ancient India – Find the Himalayans, Hindu Kush, Indus River, Ganges River and Indian Ocean. India. Hinduism – religion Belief in many forms of one God - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
WHI.4-5
India
•Location – South Asian subcontinent (juts out from the rest of the continent)
Map of Ancient India – Find the Himalayans, Hindu Kush, Indus River, Ganges River and Indian
Ocean
India
• Hinduism – religion– Belief in many forms of one God– Reincarnation – Rebirth based on karma– Karma – knowledge that all thoughts and
actions result in future consequences– Vedas and Upanishads – sacred writings– Spread along major trade routes
Caste system – influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations
Brahmin - priests
Warriors
Common Workers
Servants
Untouchables
India
• Buddhism– Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)– Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment, Enlightenment = salvation (nirvana)
– Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia.
Buddhism http://ancienthistory.mrdonn.org/Buddhism.html
• Four Noble Truths: The Buddha realized that life is ruled by Four Noble Truths:
• Life is filled with suffering • Suffering is caused by people's wants. • Suffering can be ended if people stop
wanting things, like more pleasure or more power.
• To stop wanting things, people must follow 8 basic laws, called the Eightfold Path.
Eightfold Path
India
• Gupta Empire– Decline of Buddhism and growth of Hinduism
3 Contributions of Gupta Empire: 1. Mathematics (concept of zero)
2. New textiles
3. Literature
- This period is called the Golden Age
Similarities and differences between Hinduism and Buddhism.
Hinduism Buddhism
Similarities - Reincarnation
- Ultimate goal = Enlightenment
Differences -Belief in one god,
- Giving up physical for spiritual
China
•Location – East Asia
•Important River – Huang He (Yellow River)
•China was very isolated due to great distances, rugged mountains, and deserts (Gobi Desert). This would help them to have a distinctive culture and not much contact with the outside world.
China
• A Chinese form of Buddhism spread throughout Asia
• Buddhism:– Introduced to China through Asoka’s
missionaries– Spread because it offered comfort during hard
times
China
• Invaders raided Chinese settlements to the North. The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions.
• China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties (first dynasty – Shang).
• Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just.
China
• Silk Roads – trade route from China to the Mediterranean (facilitated trade as far away as Rome)
China
• Contributions of classical China:1. Civil Service system – ran day to day
business of government2. Paper3. Porcelain4. Silk
What is the civil service exam?
- Exam people take to work in the government (civil service)
Emperor Wudi began using this exam, why?
- to select the most qualified candidate and to open up jobs to everyone
China
• Confucianism – Chinese philosophy began by the philosopher Confucius
• Major beliefs – Belief that humans are good, not bad– Respect for elders– Code of politeness, still used in Chinese
society today– Emphasis on education– Ancestor worship
China
• Taoism – Chinese philosophy introduced by the philosopher Lao Tsu –
• Major beliefs - “go with the flow”, emphasis on nature
• Contributions of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values:– Humility – putting others first– Simple life and inner peace– Harmony with nature
China
• Two sidedness of nature = Yin and Yang– Yin – dark and passive (bad)– Yang – bright and active (good)
• Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism.
Greece•Location and place
-Major bodies of water: Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea (most of the trade happened here), Black Sea, Dardanelles
-Important city-states: Athens, Sparta, Troy
-Macedonia – ancient kingdom of northern Greece (birthplace of Alexander the Great)
• Find the following:• Aegean Sea• Mediterranean • Black Sea • Dardanelles • Macedonia• Sparta• Athens
Greece
• Economic and social development– Farming/agriculture was hard – limited
amount of farmable (arable) land– Made money through commerce (business)
and the spread of Hellenic (Greek and Mediterranean) Culture
– Shifted from a barter (trade) to a money economy (coins)
Greece• Political development
– Many mountains in Greece – kept invaders out, but hindered the development of city-states.
– Greek city-states were designed to promote civic and commercial life.
– Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land.
Greece
• Greek mythology– Based on polytheistic religion– Explanations of natural phenomena, human
qualities, and life events
– Gods and Goddesses include: Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite
Greece
• Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis (Greek word for city-state)– Citizens were free adult males. They had
political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in the government.
– Women slaves and foreigners had no political rights.
– Duties of the citizen: vote, pay taxes, military service
Athens Sparta
• Athenian government: monarchy aristocracy tyranny democracy– Tyrants who worked to
reform:1.Draco – created
Athen’s first law codes2.Solon – extended
citizenship (outlawed slavery)
– direct democracy (everyone participates), public debate, duties of the citizen
• Form of government was an oligarchy – rule by a small group– Rigid social structure– Militaristic and
aggressive society– Ex. Unhealthy baby
boys left in the wilderness to die
Persian Wars (499 – 449 B.C./B.C.E) – conflicts between Greece and Persia
– Athens and Sparta against united against the Persian Empire
– 2 important victories – Marathon and Salamis
– Greece won.– Athens preserved its independence and
continued innovations in government and culture.
Socrates - Philosopher
– Great Greek philosopher – came up with “Socratic method” where you answer a question with a question – it helps people figure things out for themselves
– Put on trial for “corrupting the youth”– He taught people to think for themselves and
question democracy and other teachings – He was found guilty and sentenced to death –
he killed himself, rather than be put to death
Greece
• Golden Age of Greece under Pericles (mostly occurring between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars)– Pericles extended democracy; most adult
males had equal voice.– Pericles had Athens rebuilt after the
destruction in Persian Wars.– Built the Parthenon – temple for Athena
Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C./B.C.E), Athens vs. Sparta
– Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world
– Fought by Athens and the Delian League vs. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
– Sparta won.– Resulted in the slowing of cultural
advance and the weakening of political power.
Alexander the Great
• Phillip II of Macedon – Father of Alexander– Was assassinated, leaving Alexander as ruler
at the age of 20
Alexander the Great
• Ruler at age 20• Better military commander than his father,
Phillip (had loyalty of his troops)• Established an empire from Greece to
Egypt and the margins of India – wanted all the world under one empire
• Extended Greek cultural influences• Died of fever (from battle wound infection)
around age 33
Alexander the Great
• Alexander failed to conquer the world, but spread Greece’s culture
• The new culture created due to Alexander’s conquests was called Hellenistic culture (Blending of Greek and oriental elements) Learning and Commerce
• Greece was eventually conquered by the Romans
Greece
C ontributions of Greek culture to Western Civilization:
- Drama: Aeschylus (wrote plays on mythology) and Sophocles (wrote plays that defended Greek values
– Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey)– Historians: Herodotus and Thucydides (said
studying the past helps human nature)– Sculpture: Phidias (created statues of Athena)
Greece
• Contributions of Greece cont’d.:– Architecture: Types of columns included Doric
(Parthenon), Ionian, and Corinthian– Science: Archimedes and Hippocrates
(Hippocratic Oath – doctors)– Mathematics: Euclid and Pythagoras
(Pythagorean theorem)– Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle