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WILD CHEMISTRY ChemEd 2013 Brian Rohrig Metro Early College High School Columbus, OH blrohrig@columbus.rr.com Slide 2 How many species of living things on earth (not counting bacteria)? 8.7 million Slide 3 Slide 4 MEASUREMENT 1. Largest living organism? Honey Mushroom in eastern Oregon measures 10 square kilometers with an average depth of 1 meter. Slide 5 Volume in cubic meters? 10,000,000 Slide 6 2. Heaviest animal? Great Blue Whale (190,000 kg) Slide 7 How many tons? a. 20 b. 200 c. 2000 d. 20,000 Slide 8 How many tons? b. 200 Slide 9 3. Mass of the worlds smallest bird in gramsthe Bee Hummingbird of Cuba? 1.8 grams Slide 10 4. The worlds largest egg is from what bird? Elephant Bird (30 cm by 20 cm) Slide 11 What is the volume of this egg? The shape of an egg can be thought of as two halves of ellipsoids with different radius dimensions. One has radii of A, A, and B; the other has radii of A, A, and C. The volume is given by the formula: (1/2)(4/3)A 2 B + (1/2)(4/3)A 2 C = (2/3)A 2 (B+C) = 2/3 10 2 (30) = 6300 cc (http://www.had2know.com/academics/e gg-surface-area-volume-calculator.html) Slide 12 5. The largest egg laid by a living bird is from the... OSTRICH Slide 13 Mass of an ostrich egg... 1.5 kg Slide 14 One ostrich egg is equivalent to ______ chicken eggs. Slide 15 DENSITY Why do penguins have solid bones? Slide 16 Penguins primarily feed on... FISH which live... UNDERWATER Slide 17 Rainbow Trout (fresh water) What is the density of this fish, while staying in one place underwater? Slide 18 Yellow Tang (salt water) What is the density of this fish, while staying in one place underwater? Slide 19 Does this fish weigh 21 kg? Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Swim bladder comprises approximately 5% of total volume of fish in salt water species, but 7% in fresh water species. Because the swim bladder lies below the dense backbone, the center of buoyancy is usually just below the center of mass, which is why fish go belly up when they die Slide 23 If fish caught in deep water, swim bladder expands on way up and ruptures, releasing gas into body cavity. Distended stomach of grouper Slide 24 Columbian Shark What do you think the density of this shark is? Specific Gravity : 1.005 - 1.010, saltwater as adults (1.020 - 1.025) Slide 25 Sharks lack a swim bladder, but compensate with an extremely large liver filled with oil, 85% of it being squalene a polyunsaturated liquid hydrocarbon (C 30 H 50 ) with a specific gravity of.858 Slide 26 Ion Replacement: Some marine invertebrates, such as squid and shrimp, replace heavier ions with lighter ones. For example, some species replace Sulfate (96 u) ions with chloride (35.5 u) ions. [Seawater (with sulfate) has a density of 1.026, but the same concentration of NaCl has a density of 1.020] Still other species replace sodium (23 u) ions with ammonium (17 u) ions. (http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/ docs/icb.topic25222 3.files/Week%2013%20Lectures /OEB191_buoyancy.pdf ) Slide 27 A vacuole inside the Antarctic marine zooplankton Calanoides acutus changes its density and buoyancy by having a wax ester that changes from a liquid to a solid at the cold temperatures. (asknature.org) Slide 28 The mobile foot of the aquatic violet snail creates a raft by collecting air bubbles and enveloping them in mucus. (asknature.org) Slide 29 Diving Bell Spider Net diffusion of O 2 into bell and CO 2 out due to differences in partial pressure Slide 30 "As the spider consumes oxygen from the air in the bell, it lowers the oxygen concentration inside. The oxygen can decrease below the level of dissolved oxygen in the water, and when this happens, oxygen can be driven into the bubble from the water. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/13614742) Slide 31 Adaptations to high pressure: Lack of swim bladders and other air-filled spaces, to avoid compression and the bends. Liquids cannot be compressed Blobfish Slide 32 High pressure distorts complex biomolecules, such as proteins and cell membranes. Used by food companies to sterilize food: High Pressure Processing (HPP) uses pressures up to 5500 atm to kill microorganisms Slide 33 High pressure sterilizers utilize high pressure hydraulic fluids, typically water, at moderate temperatures to sterilize food and beverage products. Slide 34 Some deep-sea organisms contain "piezolytes" (from the Greek "piezin" for pressure) to withstand high pressure These large biomolecules are not distorted under high pressure A common piezolytes is trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which produces the fishy smell of fish The deeper the depth of the fish, the more fishy they tend to smell! Slide 35 Grenadier or rattail fish TMAO Slide 36 Gigantism common in deep-sea creatures Giant Squid up to 13 m long Slide 37 Giant Isopods (up to 76 cm long) Slide 38 King of herrings oarfish up to 11 m long (unconfirmed up to 17 m) Worlds largest bony fish Slide 39 Giant amphipod recently discovered at depth of 7000 m near New Zealand 33 cm long Slide 40 Up to 2.4 m long live near hydrothermal vents Slide 41 Can whales get the bends? Slide 42 Bioluminescence or cold light using chemical reactions to produce light Slide 43 According to scientists from NOAA, 90% of animals in waters below 500 m exhibit bioluminescence! Slide 44 Bioluminescence is generated by an enzyme-catalyzed chemoluminescence reaction, in which the pigment luciferin is oxidized by the enzyme luciferase. Slide 45 Edith Widder: The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence TED talk Slide 46 Fireflies use nitric oxide to control their flashes. NO causes mitochondria to briefly shut down, which releases a pulse of oxygen that triggers an enzyme to turn on light. HOW DO FIREFLIES CONTROL THE RATE OF FLASHING? Slide 47 Fireflies flash faster in warmer weather, since photocytes are same temperature as surroundings, since fireflies are cold-blooded. In warmer water, less activation energy required to initiate the reaction and reaction rate is faster. DO FIREFLIES FLASH FASTER IN WARM WEATHER? Slide 48 To determine temperature in degrees F, count number of field cricket chirps in 15 sec and add 37. For degrees C, count number of chirps in 8 seconds and add 5 As outside temp. increases, so does metabolism of cricket Published in article by Amos Dolbear in 1897 entitled The cricket as a Thermometer. Slide 49 Which piece of copper wire would heat up the fastest? Slide 50 Slide 51 Slide 52 Bergmann's Rule (introduced by German biologist Carl Bergmann in 1847): Cold-climate animals tend to be larger and stouter than animals living in hot or dry climates. Slide 53 Slide 54 Slide 55 Slide 56 Slide 57 African elephant Asian elephant Have control over dilation and constriction of blood vessels in ears dilates blood vessels in ears when hot Slide 58 Slide 59 Evaporative Cooling Blood vessels on surface of thin tongue dissipate heat by evaporation of saliva on tongue Sweat glands between pads on paws Slide 60 American hairless terrier has sweat glands all over body sweats just like a person Slide 61 Sweat glands on tongue and pads of feet Licking their fur cools as evaporates Slide 62 Ostriches urinate on legs to cool down- it then evaporates like sweat Slide 63 Turkey vultures defecate on legs to keep cool Slide 64 Hibernating animals survive by increasing solute concentration in cells, causing a freezing point depression. Slide 65 Secretes a detergent from its abdomen- lowering surface tension under its hind feet. Enables it to pull with its front feet and be propelled across the water quickly Rove Beetle Slide 66 Namid desert beetle Water droplets from fog adhere to hydrophilic bumps on the wings, which are surrounded by hydrophobic troughs, which channel water to its mouth Slide 67 Bio-inspired designs have led to the development of several innovative products that can produce fresh drinking water in arid regions Slide 68 Why does the odor from a skunk travel so far? Slide 69 Skunk spray contains thioacetates, which react slowly in water to produce thiols Thiols are sulfur-containing compounds which our nose can detect in concentrations as low as a few parts per billion A type of thiol compound is added to natural gas so it can be smelled Binds strongly to olfactory receptors in nose Being nonpolar, thiol compounds dissolve in other nonpolar substances such as hair, skin, clothing, etc. Slide 70 HOW TO REMOVE SKUNK SPRAY Use a mixture of H 2 O 2, baking soda, and dish detergent Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes thiol compounds into odorless sulfonic acid Baking soda: 1)Rapidly splits thioacetates into thiols and acetate. 2) Speeds up reaction between thiol and peroxide. 3) Neutralizes the sulfonic acid produced Detergent helps to dissolve nonpolar oily compounds in skunk spray Slide 71 Slide 72 Pregnant female cochineal beetle feed on red cactus berries, where they concentrate red dye in bodies. Slide 73 Dye is known as cochineal extract, carmine, carminic acid, crimson lake, natural red 4, C.I. 75470, E120, etc. First product exported from New World to Old Cochineal red was used by the Spanish in the 1500s Slide 74 Electric eel (Not an eel) 600 V 1 amp 2 ms 500 watts Slide 75 5,000 6,000 electrocytes stacked like a battery (A voltaic pile) Each electrocyte.15 V discharged in series. Potential difference on each causes ion flow (Outside more negative than inside) Inspiration for theories of both Luigi Galvini and Alessandra Volta Slide 76 Bombadier Beetle C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 (l) + 2H 2 O 2 (l) C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 (l) + 2H 2 O (l) + O 2 (g) Hydroquinone + Hydrogen peroxide p-quinone + water + oxygen Two separate glands: reactants in one and catalysts in the other Highly exothermic up to 100C Slide 77