wind power wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ancient Resource Meets 21stCentury
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Wind Energy Outline
History and Context
Advantages
Design
Siting
Disadvantages
Economics
Project Development
Policy
Future
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History and Context
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Increasingly Significant Power Source
coal
petroleum
natural gasnuclear
hydro
other renewables
wind
Wind could
generate6% of
nations
electricity
by 2020.Wind currently produces less than1% of the nations power.Source: Energy Information Agency
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Growth of Wind Energy Capacity
Worldwide
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
Year
Jan 2003 Cumulative MW
Rest of World = 2,803
North America = 5,018
Europe = 21,319
Sources: BTM Consult Aps, March 2001
Windpower Monthly, January 2003
Actual Projected
Rest of World Rest of World
North America North America
Europe Europe
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June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 7
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June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 8
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June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 10
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June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 11
English Post Mills
Built around a central post
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June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 12
Livestock Water
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Wind Turbines
Power for a House or City
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Wind Power Advantages
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Advantages of Wind Power
Environmental
Economic Development
Fuel Diversity & Conservation
Cost Stability
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Environmental Benefits
No air pollution
No greenhouse gasses
Does not pollute water with mercury
No water needed for operations
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Wind Power Design
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Density = P/(RxT)P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK)T - air temperature (K)
= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
A V3
Area = r2
Instantaneous Speed
(not mean speed)
kg/m3 m2 m/s
Power in the Wind (W/m2)
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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics
Wind Speed
Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed
10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% moreelectricity
2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity
Height
Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power
2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity
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Balancing Supply & Demand
Base Load Coal
Gas/Hydro
Gas
3500
4000
4500
3000
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This picture shows a
Vestas V-80 2.0-MW wind
turbine superimposed on aBoeing 747 JUMBO JET
How Big is a 2.0 MW Wind Turbine?
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2003
1.8 MW
3502000
850 kW
265
2006
5 MW
600
Recent Capacity Enhancements
N ll C t
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1. Hub controller 11. Blade bearing
2. Pitch cylinder 12. Blade
3. Main shaft 13. Rotor lock system4. Oil cooler 14. Hydraulic unit
5. Gearbox 15. Machine foundation
6. Top Controller 16. Yaw gears
7. Parking Break 17. Generator
8. Service crane 18. Ultra-sonic sensors
9. Transformer 19. Meteorological gauges10. Blade Hub
10
1617
12
5
12
Nacelle Components
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Turbines Constantly Improving
Larger turbines
Specialized blade design
Power electronics
Computer modeling produces more efficient design
Manufacturing improvements
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Wind Project Siting
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WindPowerClass
10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft)
Speedm/s
(mph)
Speedm/s
(mph)
1 0 04.4 (9.8) 5.6 (12.5)
25.1 (11.5) 6.4 (14.3)
35.6 (12.5) 7.0 (15.7)
46.0 (13.4) 7.5 (16.8)
5 6.4 (14.3) 8.0 (17.9)6
7.0 (15.7) 8.8 (19.7)7
9.4 (21.1) 11.9 (26.6)
Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain the same power density, speed
increases 3%/1000 m (5%/5000 ft) elevation.
Wind Power Classes
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Wind Disadvantages
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Birds - A Serious Obstacle
Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy
Altamont Pass News Update from Sept 22 shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter
eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines
Replace all before permits expire in 13 years
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.smallwindenergy.ca/images/LatticeTower-small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.smallwindenergy.ca/en/Overview/HowTheyWork/MainComponents.html&h=500&w=354&sz=73&tbnid=kMCpBUO4-mIJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=89&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwind%2Bturbine%2Blattice%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DDVXA,DVXA:2005-28,DVXA:en -
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Cost of Energy Components
Cost (/kWh) =(Capital Recovery Cost + O&M) / kWh/year
Capital Recovery = Debt and Equity Cost
O&M Cost = Turbine design, operatingenvironment
kWh/year = Wind Resource
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Source: Hogan & Hartson, LLP
Financing Revenue Components
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Future Trends
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Expectations for Future Growth
20,000 total turbines installed by 2010
6% of electricity supply by 2020
100,000 MW of wind power
installed by 2020
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Future Tech Developments
Application Specific Turbines
Offshore
Limited land/resource areas
Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource
Cold climates
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Ocean Power
Ed Lemery,
Brooke Scatchard,
Nate Trachimowicz
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What is OTEC
OTEC, or Ocean Thermal EnergyConversion, is an energy technology thatconverts solar radiation to electric power.
OTEC systems use the ocean's naturalthermal gradientthe fact that theocean's layers of water have differenttemperaturesto drive a power-producing
cycle.
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How Does it Work
Carnot Efficiency (T1-T2)/T1: intransferring heat to do work, the greaterthe spread in temperature between the
heat source and the heat sink, the greaterthe efficiency of the energy conversion.
As long as the temperature between thewarm surface water and the cold deep
water differs by about 20C (36F), anOTEC system can produce a significantamount of power with a maximum CarnotEfficiency of about 6.7%
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Half of the earths incoming solar energy isabsorbed between the tropic of Capricornand the Tropic of Cancer.
Background Information
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Background Information
60 million km2. (23 million miles2) of tropical seas absorb atremendous amount of solar radiation.
Heat content equal to about 250 billion barrels of oil.
If less than 1/10thof 1% of this stored solar energy.converted to electric power, it would supply more than 20times the total amount of electricity consumed in the U.S.
on any given day.
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History
1881- Jacques Arsene dArsonval, French physicist, proposedtapping the thermal energy of the ocean.
1930- Georges Claude, dArsonvalsstudent, built the 1stOTEC
plant in Cuba.1935- Claude constructed another plant aboard a 10,000 ton cargo
vessel off the coast of Brazil.
Weather & waves destroyed both plants before they could become
net power generators.
Jacques Arsene
dArsonval
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1970- Tokyo Electric Power Company successfully built & deployed a100 kW closed-cycle OTEC plant on the island of Nauru.
1981- Became operational
Produced about 120 kW of electricity .
90 kW was used to power the plant & the remaining electricity used topower a school & several other places on Nauru.
Set a world record for power output from an OTEC system where thepower was sent to a real power grid.
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OTEC System
Hot surface water, boils low boiling pointliquid
Boiling liquid turns turbine whichgenerates electricity
Electricity carried to land throughunderwater cable
Deep cold water used to cool and
condense liquid
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Closed-Cycle (Rankine)
Closed-cycle systems use fluid with a low-boiling point,such as ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generateelectricity. Here's how it works. Warm surface seawater is
pumped through a heat exchanger where the low-boiling-point fluid is vaporized. The expanding vapor turns theturbo-generator. Then, cold, deep seawaterpumpedthrough a second heat exchangercondenses the vaporback into a liquid, which is then recycled through thesystem.
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Closed Loop
OTEC O C l S t
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OTEC Open Cycle System
In an open-cycle plant, the warm water, after beingvaporized, can be re-condensed and separatedfrom the cold seawater, leaving behind the salt andproviding a source of desalinated water freshenough for municipal or agricultural use.
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Hybrid System
Hybrid systems combine the features ofboth the closed-cycle and open-cyclesystems. In a hybrid system, warm
seawater enters a vacuum chamber whereit is flash-evaporated into steam, similarto the open-cycle evaporation process.The steam vaporizes a low-boiling-point
fluid (in a closed-cycle loop) that drives aturbine to produces electricity.
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OTEC Hybrid Cycle System
Hybrid plants, combining benefits of the two systems, woulduse closed-cycle generation combined with a second-stageflash evaporator to desalinate water.
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India and OTEC
The government of
India has taken an
active interest in
OTEC technology. India has built and
plans to test a 1 MW
closed-cycle, floating
OTEC plant.
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Advantages Low Environmental Impact The distinctive feature of OTEC energy systems is that the
end products include not only energy in the form ofelectricity, but several other synergistic products.
Fresh WaterThe first by-product is fresh water. A small 1 MW OTEC is
capable of producing some 4,500 cubic meters of freshwater per day, enough to supply a population of 20,000with fresh water.
FoodA further by-product is nutrient rich cold water from thedeep ocean. The cold "waste" water from the OTEC is
utilised in two ways. Primarily the cold water is dischargedinto large contained ponds, near shore or on land, wherethe water can be used for multi-species mariculture(shellfish and shrimp) producing harvest yields which farsurpass naturally occurring cold water upwelling zones, justlike agriculture on land.
Arti t r diti f 400MW pl t b k
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Artists rendition of a 400MW plant backin 75
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Recent Advancements
The development of the Kalina Cyclewhich issignificantly more efficient than the previousclosed-cycle system based on straight ammonia.
The discovery that dissolved gases exchangemore rapidly from seawater than from freshwater. This allows for more efficiency and lowercosts for open-cycle OTEC and for fresh waterproduction from seawater in a hybrid Kalina Cycleconfiguration as well as fresh water production in
general. The development of better heat exchangers and
heat exchanger operation with respect to bio-fouling control (on the warm water side) andcorrosion control.
Nuclear Energy
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gy
Energy from disintegrating atomic nuclei has a tremendous potential todo good for the people of the world. We routinely use X-rays to examinefor fractures, treat cancer with radiation and diagnose disease with theuse or radioactive isotopes. About 17% of the energy in the worldcomes from nuclear power plants.
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History of Nuclear Energy Development
The first controlled fission of an atomoccurred in 1938 in Germany
The US was the first to develop anatomic bomb
In 1945, the US military droppedbombs on the Japanese cities ofHiroshimaand Nagasaki
A legacy of the military research is thata great deal of soil, water, and air arecontaminated with radioactive material(Hanford, Savannah River sites).
Hi t C ti d
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History - Continued
After WWII many people began to see thepotential for using nuclear energy for peacefulpurposes. The worlds first electricitygenerating reactor was constructed in the US
in 1951.In December 1953, President Dwight D.Eisenhower, in his Atoms for Peace speech
said,The Russians built their first plant in 1954.
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THE SOURCE: FISSION
Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or moreseparate nuclei of comparable mass
One neutron interacts with one fissionable
nucleus (Uranium for example)
Results are:
Fission Products Two heavy nuclides One heavier than the other (Average ratio of ~ 2 : 3
)
Neutrons 2.43 on average emitted /fission Important that more neutrons are produced than
are used to cause one fission
Gamma rays, beta particles
Energy !!
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Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for the development of a
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Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for the development of anuclear chain reaction. The two materials most commonly used areuranium-235 and plutonium-239.
PERCENT OF ELECTRICITY
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PERCENT OF ELECTRICITY
FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
France
Slov
akia
Belgi
umUk
raine
Sweden
Switz
erland
Hung
ary
Kore
aRep.
Bulg
aria
CzechRP
Finla
ndJapan
Germ
any U.S.
Percentof
Electricity
TOP 10 NUCLEAR
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TOP 10 NUCLEAR
GENERATING COUNTRIES
2007, Billion kWh Enter text806.5
418.6
266.4
147.8 136.6 133.296.5 87.2
64.4 62.6
U.S. France Japan Russia Korea
Rep.
Germany Canada Ukraine Sweden China
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency, U.S. is from Energy Information Administration
Updated: 5/08
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BOILING WATER REACTOR
PRESSURIZED WATER
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PRESSURIZED WATER
REACTOR
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NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
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WASTE DISPOSAL
A concern to many people
Used (spent) nuclear fuel consistsof ceramic pellets encased in metaltubes
Current solution: On-site storage at
NPPs
DRY STORAGE IN CASKS ON
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D STO G N C SKS ON
SITE
WASTE STORAGE
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W
Long term solution financed by nuclearutilities in cooperation with U.S. government
Yucca Mountain: one site for high-levelradioactive waste makes it easy to monitor,regulate, and secure
DOE: Required to design, construct, operate
EPA: Required to set standards to protectpublic and environment
NRC: Required to approve/license DOEproposal
WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY
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WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY
SHOULD BE AN OPTION
Energy Security is National Security
Uranium is a domestic source of energy
Competitive Costs
No Climate-change Releases
Proven Record
Concentrated Form of Energy
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The economic evaluation of OTEC plants
indicates that their commercial future liesin floating plants of approximately 100
MW capacity for industrialized nations andsmaller plants for small-island-developing-states
Small OC-OTEC plants can be sized to producefrom 1 MW to 10 MW of electricity, and at least1700 m3to 3500 m3of desalinated water perday.
The Future
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Negative effects of Hydropower
Flooding the land
Displacement of local inhabitants
Local climatic changes
Tectonic activities (Earthquakes)
Loss of species (aquatic &terrestrial)
Loss of normal nutrient flow down
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Biomass Energy
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Biomass Pros & Cons
Burning biomassgets rid of solidwaste
Creates energy Creates new
markets for crops
Burning biomassreleases CO2andother gasesassociated withcombustion
Creates solid wastefrom ash
May cause moregrasslands to beplanted to corn
Ethanol production: not
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p
environmentally benign
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