windows linux differences

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Linux vs. Windows NT

Rehana Shrestha



Linux vs. Windows NT

History

Design Principles

System ComponentsKernel

Memory Management

File Systems

SecurityNetworking



History of Linux

1991; self-contained kernel for 80386 processor, the first true32-bit processor in Intel’s range of PC-compatible CPUs

Development revolved largely around the central operating-system kernel - that manages all system resources and thatinteracts directly with the hardware

The Kernel is an entirely original piece of software developedfrom scratch by the Linux community

The Linux system includes a multitude of components, somewritten from scratch, others borrowed from other development

projects or created in collaboration with other teams Linux distribution includes all the standard components of the

Linux system, a set of administrative tools to simplify the initialinstallation and upgrading of Linux, and to manage installationand de-installation of other packages on the system



History of Windows NT

1988 by Microsoft; portable operating system that supported

both the OS/2 and POSIX application programming interfaces

(APIs).

NT was supposed to use the OS/2 API as its nativeenvironment, but during the development NT was changed to

use the 32-bit Windows API for Win32 API, reflecting the

popularity of Windows 3.0

The first Version of NT were Windows NT 3.1 and Windows

NT 3.1 Advanced Server.In Version 4.0, NT adopted the Windows 95 user interface

and incorporated Internet web-server and browser software



Design Principles of Linux

Multi-user, multitasking system with a full set of UNIX-compatible tools

runs on a wide variety of platforms, in its early days it wasdeveloped exclusively on PC architecture, run on amultiprocessor machine with hundreds of megabytes of mainmemory and many gigabytes of disk space, but it is stillcapable of operating under 4 MB of RAM

Speed and efficiency are important design goals, but much of the recent and current work has concentrated on

Standardization.Supporting a wide base of applications is important for anyoperating system, so implementation of standards is a major goal for Linux development even if the implementation is notformally certified. There is a substantial expense involved incertifying an operating system’s compliance with most

standards.



Design Principles of NT

Extensibility, portability, reliability, compatibility, performance,

and international support

Extensibility: hopes to keep up with advancement in

computing technologyNT uses loaded drivers in the I/O system, so that new file

systems, new kinds of I/O devices, and new kinds of

networking can be added while the system is running

NT utilizes a client-server model like the Mac operating

system, and supports distributed processing by remoteprocedure calls

Portable: it can be moved from one hardware architecture to

another with relatively few changes.



Design Principles of NT

Reliability: ability to handle error conditions, including theability of the operating system to protect itself and its usersfrom defective or malicious software.

NT comes with a file system, called the native NT file system(NTFS), that recovers automatically from many kinds of filesystem errors after a system crash.

Compatibility: NT can run the executable binaries for manyprograms compiled for Intel X86 running MS-DOS, 32-bitWindows, OS/2, LAN Manager, and 32-bit Windows.

Performance: communicate with one another efficiently by alocal-procedure-call facility that provides high-performancemessage passing

International use: support for different locales via the nationallanguage support API.



System Components of Linux

Kernel: responsible for maintaining all the important

abstractions of the operating system, including such things as

virtual memory and processes

System libraries: a standard set of functions through whichapplications can interact with the kernel, and which implement

much of the operating system functionality that does not need

the full privileges of kernel code

System utilities: programs that perform individual, specialized

management tasks.



System Components of NT

The architecture of NT is a layered system of modules.

The main layers are the hardware, abstraction layer, the

kernel and the executive that run in protected mode, and a

large collection of subsystems that run in user mode.



Kernel of Linux

First Linux kernel was version 0.01, dated May 14th 1991.

It has no networking, ran on only 80386 compatible Intel

processors and PC hardware, and had extremely limited

device-driver supportIn March 14, 1994 Linux 1.0 was released. This included

support for UNIX’s standard TCP/IP networking protocols as

well as a BSD compatible socket interface for networking

programming. Device-driver support was added for running IP

over an Ethernet or over serial lines or modems.



Kernel of Linux Cont..

In March 1995, the 1.2 kernel was released. It include support

for a much wider variety of hardware, including PCI hardware

bus architecture, support for 80386 CPU’s virtual 8086 mode,

networking stack was updated to provide support for the IPXprotocol, and a more complete IP implementation was provided

that included accounting and firewall functionality

Linux 2.0 was released in June 1996. This include support for

multiple architectures, including a fully 64-bit native Alpha port,

and support for multiprocessor architectures. Linux distributions

based on 2.0 are also available for the Motorola 68000-series

processors and for Sun’s Sparc systems. It also included much

improved TCP/IP performance, and a number of new

networking and ISDN support.



Kernel of Windows NT

The kernel of NT provides the foundation for the executive

and the subsystems. It has four main responsibilities: thread

scheduling, interrupt and exception handling, low-level

processor synchronization, and recovery after a power failure.The kernel is object-oriented. An object type in NT is a

system-defined data type that has a set of attributes and a set

of methods. The kernel uses two sets of objects. The first set

of objects is the dispatcher objects. These control dispatching

and synchronization in the system. The second set of kernel

objects comprises the control objects. These objects include

asynchronous procedure calls, interrupts, power notify, power

status, process, and profile objects



Memory Management of Linux

1. Two components to memory management:

a. First: Physical memory-management system deals with

allocating and freeing pages, groups of pages, and small blocks

of memory.

b. Second: Handles virtual memory, which is memory mapped into

the address space of running processes.



Memory Management of NT

The Win32 API provides several ways for an application to

use memory: virtual memory, memory-mapped files, heaps,

and thread-local storages.

One way to use memory is by memory mapping a file into itsaddress space. Memory mapping is also a convenient way for

two processes to share memory – both processes map the

same file into their virtual memory. Memory mapping is a

multistage process



File Systems of Linux

Linux kernel handles various different types of file by hiding

the implementation details of any single file type behind a

layer of software, the virtual file system (VFS)



File Systems of Windows NT

Historically, MS-DOS systems have used the file-allocation table

(FAT) file system. The 16-bit FAT file system has several

shortcomings, including internal fragmentation, a size limitation

of 2 GB, and a lack of access protection for files. The 32-bit FATfile system has solved the size and fragmentation problems, but

the performance and features are still weak by comparison with

modern file systems. The NTFS is much better. It was designed

with many features in mind, including data recovery, security,

fault tolerance, large files and file systems, multiple data

streams, UNICODE names, and file compression.



Security of Linux

1. It’s security model can be classified in two groups:

a. Authentication: Making sure that nobody can access the

system without first providing that she has entry rights

b. Access control: Providing a mechanism for checkingwhether a user has the right to access a certain object,

and preventing access to objects as required



Security of Windows NT

1. Security of an NTFS volume is derived from the NT object

model. Each file object has a security descriptor attribute

stored in its MFT record. This attribute contains the access

token of the owner of the file, and an access-control list that

states the access privileges that are granted to each user that

has access to the file.



Networking in Linuxsupports number of protocols native to other, non-UNIX

operating systems such as Apple-Talk and IPX.The important set of protocols in the Linux networking systemis the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. This suite comprises anumber of separate protocols. The IP implements routingbetween different hosts anywhere on the network. On top of the routing protocol are built the UDP, TCP, and ICMPprotocols. The UDP protocol carries arbitrary individualdatagrams between hosts, whereas TCP implements reliableconnections between hosts with guaranteed in-order deliveryof packets and automatic retransmission of lost data. ICMP isused to carry various error and status messages between

hosts.Internally, networking in the Linux kernel is implemented bythree layers of software:

a. The socket interface

b. Protocol drivers

c. Network device drivers



Networking in Windows NT

NT supports both peer-to-peer and client-server networking

The networking components in NT provide data transport,

inter-process communication, file sharing across a network,

and the ability to send print jobs to remote printers.NT comes with several networking protocols

Server message-block protocol is used to send I/O requests over

the network.

Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) is a hardware-

abstraction interface for networks, which is used to establishlogical names on the network, to establish logical connections or

sessions between two logical names on the network, and to

support reliable data transfer for a session via either NetBIOS or

SMB requests



Networking in Windows NT

a. The NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) was introduced

by IBM in 1985 as a simple, efficient networking protocol for up

to 254 machines. It is the default protocol for Windows 95 peer

networking and for Windows for Workgroups.

b. The point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP) is a new protocolprovided by Windows NT 4.0 to communicate between remote-

access server modules running on NT machines that are

connected over the Internet.

The data-link control (DLC) protocol is used to access IBM

mainframes and HP printer that are connected directly to thenetwork.

The AppleTalk protocol was designed as a low-cost connection

by Apple so that Macintosh computers could share files. NT

systems can share files and printers with Macintosh computers

via AppleTalk if an NT server on the network is running the

Windows NT Services for Macintosh package.



References

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www.ask.com

Operating System Concepts, Fifth

Edition

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