THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUALITY

WISE 2P90Research Presentation

November 2010

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUALITY

Part 1 Sex and GenderPart 2 Gender is ConstructedPart 3 Agents of SocializationPart 4 Dangers of Socialization

Sex and Gender

Sex is biologically determined by the sexual organs of the infant present at time of birth

Male; Female; or Hermaphrodite, both male

and female sexual organs are present. Surgery may follow.

Gender is a construction. Parents actively encourage distinction from birth, e.g., dress boys in blue clothes and girls in pink clothes.

Gender is Constructed

Gender is socially constructed from birth Male – parents buy boy toys, guns, trucks Female – girl toys, dolls, Barbie, cooking sets

In general, we are actively encouraged by (most) parents from birth to exhibit an identifiable male or female performance (Judith Butler, 2004).

At home, school, and elsewhere,:Boys – rough and ready, strongGirls – gentle, quiet, lady-like

Gender Construction

How gender is constructed depends on the parent’s race, class, culture as well as country, e.g., females may not attend school or drive cars.

Toys are used in gender construction at home and in classrooms:

Agents of Socialization

Socialization is a process intended for the child to develop into a productive adult. Agents of socialization are:

Family Church State, School Media Peers

Early Socialization

Parents and family soon begin the socialization process in the form of lessons and sports, dance lessons, sports, swimming.

Many activities are by gender, culture, and class.

pre-school lessons sports Religious Clubs - boy scouts, girl guides

Power Relations

Several process act at the same time. Everyone has a different experience, even children in the same family.

Family form, other, e.g., single parent, two parent same sex, foster care

Schools, public or church and separate schools Curriculum, boys expected to excel at math

and science for boys Media and use of stereotypes, power of

advertising, how women, race, and class are portrayed.

Power Relations There is a difference

between male and female upbringing, training, and schooling (Handel, 2007).

As a result, there is a structural difference in life chances and options (Webber, 2009).

Racial minority groups and cultural practices may constrict even more, e.g. not speaking out in class.

Socialization Matrix

hierarchy

Dangers of Socialization

Structural forces and interlocking systems of oppression uphold gender difference

Patriarchy and oppression in families [private ]. Race, white/other [black, Asian, Aboriginal].

White is dominant over the other. The influence of peers, gangs? Education system streams white, upper class

children to university and working class children to college or the workforce.

University is a weeding-out process by the institution .

The Structural Problem

There is an even greater problem for many people belong to several disadvantaged categories , e.g., (dis)ability, sexual preference.

The underclass is marginalized, unseen, and each is expected to help him/her self.

Schools and employers are to encourage diversity, but there are gender, racial, and class differences in high school, higher education, and the workforce.

Construction of Sexuality

All of the preceding, race, class, culture, and socialization affect gender, one’s performance of gender, and sexuality.

If gender construction produces the dominator/dominated situation, for males and females, what will the construction of sexuality produce? J. Rustenburg, November 2010

Following is our second presentation,

The Invention of Heterosexuality