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  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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    WINTER

    Rashm

    SCIENCE

    i Kaush

    ROJECT-

    al VI-A

    WaterinOurLife

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    3 WaterinOurLife

    OUR WATER TODAY

    Contrary to the past, our recent developed technological society hasbecome indifferent to this miracle of life. Our natural heritage (rivers,seas and oceans) has been exploited, mistreated and contaminated.

    The population decline of the marine and riparian life, theappearance of green algae in the rivers and the stench and slime that

    comes as a result of putrefaction in the water, are clear signs of the depthand extent of disruption that has been caused to this intricate ecosystem(a composite Greek word: eco, home and system, a combination of things

    or parts forming a complex or unitary whole). Government bodies andwater authorities will have us believe that it is 'safe' and we should not

    worry about this global alarm. Awareness and action lies entirely upon us,as we need to become our own educators, physicians and innovators.

    Socrates had once said: "an unexamined life is not worth living.... Jesustook it a step further: "seek, and you shall find......the truth shall set youfree..." So questioning everything and anything that anyone tells you until

    it makes sense, is of uppermost importance. If it is the truth it will feelright, set you free and lead you on the road of discovery and recovery.

    Water is the common name applied to the liquid form (state) of thehydrogen and oxygen compound H2O. Pure water is an odourless,

    tasteless, clear liquid. Water is one of nature's most important gifts tomankind. Essential to life, a person's survival depends on drinking water.

    Water is one of the most essential elements to good health -- it isnecessary for the digestion and absorption of food; helps maintain propermuscle tone; supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells; rids the body ofwastes; and serves as a natural air conditioning system. Health officials

    emphasize the importance of drinking at least eight glasses of clean watereach and every day to maintain good health.

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    4 WaterinOurLife

    POLLUTION OF WATER

    Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers,oceans, lagoonss, and groundwater. All water pollution affects organisms

    and plants that live in these bodies of water and in almost all cases theeffect is damaging either to individual species and populations but also tothe natural biological communities. It occurs when pollutants are

    discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequatetreatment to remove harmful constituents.

    Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has beensuggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An

    estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Some 90% ofChina's cities suffer from some degree of water pollution and nearly 500million people lack access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute

    problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrializedcountries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the mostrecent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent ofassessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent

    of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted.

    Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired byanthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use,

    like serving as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in itsability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Naturalphenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakealso cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of

    water.

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  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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    7 WaterinOurLife

    Water conservation in the home...

    1. Check faucets and pipes for leaksa small drip from a worn faucet washer can waste 20 gallons of water per day. Larger

    leaks can waste hundreds of gallons.

    2. Don't use the toilet as an ashtray or wastebasketEvery time you flush a cigarette butt, facial tissue or other small bit of trash, five to

    seven gallons of water is wasted.

    3. Check your toilets for leaksput a little food colouring in your toilet tank. If, without flushing, the colour begins to

    appear in the bowl within 30 minutes, you have a leak that should be repairedimmediately. Most replacement parts are inexpensive and easy to install.

    4. Use your water meter to check for hidden water leaksRead the house water meter before and after a two-hour period when no water is

    being used. If the meter does not read exactly the same, there is a leak.

    5. Install water-saving shower heads and low-flow faucet aeratorsInexpensive water-saving low-flow shower heads or restrictors are easy for the

    homeowner to install. Also, long, hot showers can use five to ten gallons everyunneeded minute. Limit your showers to the time it takes to soap up, wash down and

    rinse off. "Low-flow" means it uses less than 2.5 gallons per minute.You can easily install a Shower Start showerhead, or add a Shower Start converter to

    existing showerheads, which automatically pauses a running shower once it getswarm.

    Also, all household faucets should be fit with aerators. This single best home waterconservation method is also the cheapest!

    6. Put plastic bottles or float booster in your toilet tankto cut down on water waste, put an inch or two of sand or pebbles inside each of twoplastic bottles to weigh them down. Fill the bottles with water, screw the lids on, andput them in your toilet tank, safely away from the operating mechanisms. Or, buy an

    inexpensive tank bank or float booster. This may save ten or more gallons of waterper day. Be sure at least 3 gallons of water remain in the tank so it will flush

    properly.For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per

    flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.

    Replacing an 18 litre per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 litre flush

    model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use byabout 30%.

    7. Insulate your water pipes.It's easy and inexpensive to insulate your water pipes with pre-slit foam pipe

    insulation. You'll get hot water faster plus avoid wasting water while it heats up.

    8. Take shorter showers.One way to cut down on water use is to turn off the shower after soaping up, andthen turn it back on to rinse. A four-minute shower uses approximately 20 to 40

    gallons of water.

    9. Turn off the water after you get your toothbrushthere is no need to keep the water running while brushing your teeth. Just wet your

    brush and fill a glass for mouth rinsing.

  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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  • 8/8/2019 With two thirds of the earth1

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    1

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    12 WaterinOurLife

    FLOODS .

    A flood is an overflow or accumulation of an expanse of water that submerges land. In thesense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding

    may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which

    overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its normal

    boundaries. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in

    precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water

    endanger land areas used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area.Floods can also occur in rivers, when the strength of the river is so high it flows out of the

    river channel, particularly at bends or meanders and causes damage to homes and businesses

    along such rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from

    rivers and other bodies of water, since time out of mind, people have lived and worked by thewater to seek sustenance and capitalize on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce

    by being near water. That humans continue to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is

    evidence that the perceived value of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated

    periodic flooding.

    Floods are caused by many factors: heavy precipitation, severe winds over water, unusual

    high tides, tsunamis, or failure of dams, levels, retention ponds, or other structures that

    contained the water.Periodic floods occur on many rivers, forming a surrounding region known as the flood plain.

    Heavy During times of rain or snow, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is

    absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, but the rest, which reaches stream

    channels, is called Surface runoff. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and

    vegetation cannot absorb all the water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot

    be carried within stream channels or retained in natural ponds and man-made reservoirs.

    About 30 percent of all precipitation is in the form of runoff small and that amount might be

    increased by water from melting snow. River flooding is often caused by heavy rain,

    sometimes increased by melting snow. A flood that rises rapidly, with little or no advance

    warning, is typically called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over

    a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation.

    Severe winds over water

    Even when rainfall is relatively light, the shorelines of lakes and bays can be flooded by

    severe winds, such as during hurricanes that blow water into the shore areas, exceeding the

    capacity of the shoreline to contain the water.

    Unusual high tides

    Coastal areas are sometimes flooded by unusually high tides induced by strong winds over

    the ocean surfaces. During a hurricane, a storm tide combines the normal tide plus the stormsurge, with higher waves on top.

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    WaterinOurLife