Word Roots and Scientific Word Roots and Scientific MethodMethod

The Science of BiologyThe Science of Biology

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Word RootsWord Roots

Word roots are usually based in Word roots are usually based in Greek or LatinGreek or Latin

They are the backbone of many They are the backbone of many words we usewords we use

If you know word roots they can be If you know word roots they can be valuable valuable

You can break a word down to You can break a word down to determine it’s meaningdetermine it’s meaning

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Word RootWord Root MeaningMeaninga or ana or an not or nonnot or nonendoendo inner, insideinner, insideaeroaero needing oxygen or airneeding oxygen or airantianti againstagainstaquaaqua waterwaterarthroarthro jointjointautoauto selfselfbibi two, twice, doubletwo, twice, double

biobio life, livinglife, living

chlorochloro greengreencytocyto cellcellgenesisgenesis origin, beginningorigin, beginningherbaherba plantsplantsheterohetero differentdifferenthomohomo alike, similaralike, similarhydrohydro waterwater 33

Word RootWord Root MeaningMeaninghemohemo bloodbloodintraintra within, insidewithin, insidelogylogy study ofstudy ofmonomono one, singleone, singlemicromicro smallsmallmacromacro largelargemultimulti manymanyphobiaphobia dislike, feardislike, fearphiliaphilia likelikephotophoto lightlightpolypoly manymanysubsub lesser, belowlesser, belowtrophtroph eat, consumeeat, consumetritri threethreezoo, zoazoo, zoa animalanimalInterInter betweenbetween 44

What is Science?What is Science?

ScienceScience--organized way --organized way of using evidence to of using evidence to learn about the natural learn about the natural worldworld

Goals:Goals:– Investigate and Investigate and

understand natural world understand natural world to explain events.to explain events.

– Use explanations to make Use explanations to make useful predictionsuseful predictions

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Studying LifeStudying Life

Biology is the study of living Biology is the study of living thingsthings– ““Bio” – life; “ology” – studyBio” – life; “ology” – study– Is it Alive?Is it Alive?– What were some What were some

characteristics you characteristics you determined from the video?determined from the video?

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Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things Nonliving things share some characteristics Nonliving things share some characteristics

with living things, but not allwith living things, but not all 5 characteristics of living things5 characteristics of living things

– 1. Made up of cells1. Made up of cells– 2. Reproduce 2. Reproduce – 3. Based on genetic code (i.e. DNA)3. Based on genetic code (i.e. DNA)

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– 4. 4. MetabolismMetabolism—use energy to build up and break —use energy to build up and break down materials for lifedown materials for lifeEating Eating GrowingGrowingProducing wasteProducing waste

– 5. 5. HomeostasisHomeostasis—maintain stable internal conditions—maintain stable internal conditions Respond to environmentRespond to environmenti.e. maintain body temperaturei.e. maintain body temperature

MUST have ALL 5 characteristics to be considered a MUST have ALL 5 characteristics to be considered a LIVING thingLIVING thing

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

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Scientist Specialization Scientist Specialization

BiologistsBiologists EcologistsEcologists Population biologistsPopulation biologists ZoologistsZoologists Cellular biologistsCellular biologists Molecular biologistsMolecular biologists

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Scientific MethodScientific Method

An organized way of solving An organized way of solving problemsproblems– 1.Observations and 1.Observations and

questionsquestions– 2.Hypothesis2.Hypothesis– 3.Experimental procedure3.Experimental procedure– 4.Record results4.Record results– 5.Draw conclusions5.Draw conclusions

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1. Observations and Questions1. Observations and Questions What you seeWhat you see

– Inferences are your logical Inferences are your logical interpretations of what you see.interpretations of what you see.

– Questions then arise…….Questions then arise…….– Why should I care?Why should I care?

Observe that plants near my Observe that plants near my neighbors yard grow bigger than neighbors yard grow bigger than the others in my yard. the others in my yard.

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2. Hypothesis2. Hypothesis

HypothesisHypothesis-scientific and -scientific and testabletestable explanation for explanation for observationsobservations

““If……then……”If……then……” IfIf I put fertilizer on my plants, I put fertilizer on my plants,

thenthen they will grow bigger they will grow bigger

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3. Experimental Procedure3. Experimental Procedure Experimental procedure-Experimental procedure- designed to test designed to test

hypothesis hypothesis Split subjects you are testing into groups:Split subjects you are testing into groups:

#1 Experimental Group#1 Experimental Group-given the -given the experimental factor or changed in some wayexperimental factor or changed in some way

#2 Control Group#2 Control Group:-NOT changed:-NOT changed

Experimental GroupExperimental GroupFertilizerFertilizer

Control GroupControl GroupNo FertilizerNo Fertilizer 1313

VariableVariable-factor in experiment that is -factor in experiment that is subject to change.subject to change.– IndependentIndependent variable variable- factor in - factor in

experiment that’s changed purposely experiment that’s changed purposely and and independentlyindependently—fertilizer —fertilizer

– DependentDependent variable variable —factor that a —factor that a scientist observes and that scientist observes and that dependsdepends on on what they scientist did in the procedurewhat they scientist did in the procedure—plant height and ?—plant height and ?

Only test ONE independent variable while Only test ONE independent variable while having many constants.having many constants.

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Must be a Must be a controlledcontrolled, , reproduciblereproducible procedure procedure

Testing effects of Testing effects of only ONE manipulated only ONE manipulated Independent variableIndependent variablewhile having MANY while having MANY constants!!! constants!!!

Other scientists Other scientists need to be able to need to be able to reproduce it and reproduce it and find same results.find same results.

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EXPERIMENT

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

Check the resultsin time

CONTROL GROUP

Difference is the independent variable

Compare the dependent variable

Check the resultsin time

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4. Results4. Results

Record data Record data – QualitQualitative dataative data -physical traits -physical traits

((qualitqualities) that can be describedies) that can be described– QuantitQuantitative dataative data -measurements -measurements

((quantitquantities) that can be takenies) that can be taken– Pictures, tables, graphsPictures, tables, graphs– Trends noticedTrends noticed

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Qualitative? Quantitative?Qualitative? Quantitative?

Experimental Group Control GroupExperimental Group Control Group

fertilizer no fertilizerfertilizer no fertilizer 1818

Science has a common Science has a common measurement systemmeasurement system– Metric system or (SI)-Metric system or (SI)- a a

measurement system used measurement system used worldwide by scientists based worldwide by scientists based on multiples of 10on multiples of 10Mass-grams (g)Mass-grams (g)Volume-liters (L)Volume-liters (L)Distance-meters (m)Distance-meters (m)Temperature- Kelvin (K) or Temperature- Kelvin (K) or

Celsius (Celsius (OOC)C)

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5. Drawing Conclusions5. Drawing Conclusions

Hypothesis is either supported or rejected. Hypothesis is either supported or rejected. NEVER “PROVEN!”NEVER “PROVEN!”– If supportedIf supported further testing further testing – If rejectedIf rejected hypothesis changed and hypothesis changed and

tested againtested again– Can be partly trueCan be partly true– Findings always useful!!!Findings always useful!!!

Conclusion?Conclusion?

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OverviewOverviewSection 1-2

State the Question or Problem

Form a Hypothesis

Set Up a Controlled Experiment

Record Results

Draw a Conclusion

Publish Results

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LimitationsLimitations

When experiments are When experiments are not possiblenot possible– Animals in natural Animals in natural

habitathabitat– Ethical concernsEthical concerns– Current lack of Current lack of

technology neededtechnology needed

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Scientific TheoryScientific Theory

TheoryTheory-a well-supported explanation of some -a well-supported explanation of some aspect of the natural worldaspect of the natural world– It’s the closest you can get to scientific fact It’s the closest you can get to scientific fact – It’s a hypothesis than has been tested and It’s a hypothesis than has been tested and

supported many timessupported many times– Used to make future predictionsUsed to make future predictions– Not “a hunch” like it means in everyday languageNot “a hunch” like it means in everyday language– If contradictory evidence found, theory revised If contradictory evidence found, theory revised – There is no evidence against them There is no evidence against them

A hypothesis is a POSSIBLE explanation, A hypothesis is a POSSIBLE explanation, whereas a theory IS an explanation whereas a theory IS an explanation

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