World Studies:The Enlightenment

Mrs. ShortHilliard Davidson High School

Ch. 8.1-8.3

A SHORT Time to Ponder• How could new technology or knowledge

completely change peoples’ views on the world? – What could be something that would completely

change your view on the world?

The Scientific RevolutionChapter 8.1

• Occurred 17th and 18th centuries• Produced new theories about the structure of

the universe and humankind’s relationship to it

• Witnessed first age of global warfare– 7 Years War• Fought in Europe, North America and India

The Scientific Revolution

• Examples– Significance?

New Languages

New (OLD) Languages• Examples: Greek and Latin– Significance: Opposing Points of View

New Language of MathematicsSignificance?

• Examples– Significance: seen as

the key to• Navigation• Military science• geography

Mathematics

Geocentric• Geocentric –

Earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon and other planets revolve around the earth

Heliocentric

• Heliocentric – sun-centered;

the suystem of the universe in

which the Earth and planets

revolve around the sun

Ptolemy vs. Copernicus

• Similarities?• Differences?

Universal Law of Gravitation

• universal law of gravitation – one of Newton’s three rules of motion; it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity

Rationalism• Rationalism – a system of thought expounded

by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific Method

• Scientific method – a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

Inductive Reasoning

• inductive reasoning – the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypothesis or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles

Galileo Galilei

• 3 Important Discoveries: (mountains on moon; four moons around Jupiter; sun spots)– Conclusion: Planets/moon/etc. are Solid (not

heavenly bodies of light)• Church’s Reaction?

Johannes Kepler

• German mathematician– Provided

information against Ptolemaic system• Kepler’s 1st Law:

movements not circular elliptical (egg shaped)

Isaac Newton• Kinda a big deal• 3 Laws of Motion• Universal law of

gravitation• Implication: universe

worked like one huge, regulated, uniform machine that worked according to natural laws

Margaret Cavendish

• “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects… for man is but a small part, his powers are but particulars of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.”– Cavendish, Observations Upon

Experimental Philosophy• How do her ideas differ from

others of the time?

Rene Descartes

(Day-KAHRT)

• French philosopher

• “I think, therefore I am.” – Descartes, Discourse on Method, 1637

• mind and matter• father of

rationalism

Francis Bacon• English

Philosopher• Scientific method• Inductive

reasoning• Believed “human

power” could be used to “conquer nature in action”

A SHORT Time to Ponder

Influence of Scientific Breakthroughs• Influence?• Changes in Worldview?

The Ideas of the EnlightenmentCh. 8.2

Reason

• Reason – the application of the scientific method to an understanding of all life– Natural law– Progress– Better society– hope

John Locke

• Essay Concerning Human Understanding– tabula rasa (blank mind)– Sided with nurture in nature vs. nurture debate– Create ideal environment, and people will change

for the better

• a priori vs. a posteriori

Philosophe

• philosophe – French for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Separation of Powers

Charles-Louis de Seondat, the baron de Montesquieu:

• Separation of powers – a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

Voltaire

• Real name: Francois-Marie Aurouet• Parisian (from Paris)• Criticized Christianity• Believed in religious tolerance (fought against

religious intolerance in France• Support Deism

Deism• Deism – an 18th century religious philosophy

based on reason and natural law– Based on a Newtonian world machine– Championed by Voltaire

Laissez-Faire

• Laissez-faire – the concept that the state should not

impose government regulations, but

should leave the economy alone

Types of Authority• authority - the power to determine, adjudicate, or

otherwise settle issues or disputes; jurisdiction; the right to control, command, or determine

• legitimate - in accordance with established rules, principles, or standards

• types of legitimate authority:1. traditional authority: Power legitimized by respect for long-

established cultural patterns.2. charismatic authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary

personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.3. rational-legal authority: Also known as bureaucratic

authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.

Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau:• Social contract – the

concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community

Isaac Newton Influenceon Enlightenment Philosophers

• Believed everything was like a giant world machine; the world operates according to natural laws that could be uncovered though systematic investigation

Encylopedia• Compiled by Diderot

– Purpose: “change the general way of thinking”

• Why do you think it was so influential?

Enlightenment on Religion

• natural law - an ethical belief or system of beliefs supposed to be inherent in human nature and discoverable by reason rather than revelation (diminishes church power)

• Spread of literacy and knowledge diminishes church authority

Enlightenment on the Role of Women

• Mary Wollstonecraft:– A Vindication of the Rights of Women• Pointed out the hypocrisy of the men:

– Arbitrary (at one’s discretion; random) power of monarchs over MEN = wrong

– Women should OBEY men = right

Salons

• Salons – the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the 18th century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

Enlightenment on the Arts

• Literature– Literacy (the ability to read) increased– Realistic novels became popular

• Architecture– Modeled on Italian Baroque style of 1500s– Palace of Louis XIV at Versailles (VER-SIGH)

• Rococo art• Music – Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (classical

music)

Rococo

• Rococo – an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm and gentle action

François Boucher was a French painter noted for his romantic, pastoral and mythological scenes. His work embodies the frivolity and sensuousness of the rococo style. He created hundreds of paintings, decorative boudoir panels, tapestry designs, theater designs, and book illustrations. He designed for the Beauvais tapestry works and in 1755 became director of the Gobelins tapestries.

Music

• Classical Music – Joseph Haydn • The Creation• The Season

– Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart• The Marriage of Figaro• The Magic Flute• Don Giovanni

Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of Power

Ch. 8.3

Enlightened Absolutism

• enlightened absolutism – a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Balance of Power

• 18th century philosophers believe that it was better for the nations to have similar amounts of power.– Do you think this would be a good thing or a bad

thing?

Successor

• Successor – on that follows, especially one who takes over a throne, title, estate or office

Frederick William I(Prussia)

• By end of reign in 1740, doubled size of army– 4th largest army

1. France2. Russia3. Austria4. Prusia

• Enlightened:– Maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy

• Not Enlightened• “One must serve the king with life and limb, …

and surrender everything except salvation. The latter is reserved for God. But everything else must be mine

Frederick II / Frederick the Great (Prussia)

• Enlightened:– Was on of the best educated monarchs– Abolished the use of torture except in treason and

murder cases– Granted limited freedom of speech and press, and

religious toleration• Not Enlightened:– Kept rigid (inflexible, unyielding) social structure

intact and avoided any addition reforms

Empress Maria Theresa(Austria)

• Mother of Joseph II• Enlightened:– Improved the conditions of serfs

• Not Enlightened:– Was not open to reforms called for by the

Philosophes

Joseph II(Austria)

• Enlightened:– “I have made Philoophy the lawmaker of my

empire>”– Abolished serfdom– Eliminated the death penalty– Established equality of all before the law

• Not Enlightened:– Largely failed in endeavors/unpopular– Reforms undid almost all of his reforms

Catherine II / Catherine the Great(Russia)

• successor of Peter the Great• ruled Russia from 1762-1796

– Expanded Russian territory (50% of Poland)• Enlightened:

– Intelligent– Familiar with the works of the philosophes– Considered the idea of a new law code that would recognize the

principle of equality of all people in the eyes of the law• Not Enlightened:

– Did not implement reforms– Favored the landed nobility worse conditions for Russian peasants

• AFTER Rebellion: took stronger measures against peasant and expanded serfdom

7 Years War

• Began 1740 over succession to the Austrian throne; Maria Theresa came to throneFrederick II of Prussia invaded during confusion

Watch videos on Web site (Crash Course… both US and World)

The End

Enlightenment Philosophers vs. Scientific Thinkers of Scientific Revolution

• ** was after social contract… add 2014-15

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

• ** was after Catherine II / Catherine the Great… add 2014-15