ws – dge – u1

WS – DGE – U1

Unit One Worksheet – Geology WS – DGE – U1

Name_________________________________________________ Period__________________

Chapter One Matching. Match the definition or example with the letter of the field of earth science that best

correlates to it. A term may be used more than once. _______1. Study of Earth’s atmosphere A) Astronomy B) Geology _______2. Study of Earth’s hydrosphere C) Meteorology D) Oceanography _______3. Study of Earth’s geosphere _______4. Earth science branch that involves determining when volcanoes will erupt _______5. Earth science branch that involves predicting a tornado _______6. Earth science branch that involves studying the development of mountain chains _______7. Earth science branch that involves monitoring rainfall trends _______8. Earth science branch that involves monitoring tidal wave heights _______9. Earth science branch most closely related to climatology _______10. Earth science branch most closely related to hydrology _______11. Earth science branch that would be involved in predicting the path of a comet _______12. Earth science branch most involved in exploring oil deposits _______13. Earth science branch that involves examining fault lines _______14. Earth science branch that utilizes the Hubble Telescope _______15. Earth science branch that best studies water currents _______16. Earth science branch most closely related to tectonics _______17. Earth science branch most closely related to geochemistry _______18. Earth science branch most involving the lithosphere and asthenosphere _______19. Earth science branch that would most utilize submarines _______20. Earth science branch that would most likely NOT involve the biosphere

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Multiple Choice. Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that answer in the space provided.

_______21. The largest ecosystem is called the ___. (A) atmosphere (B) biosphere (C) geosphere (D) hydrosphere _______22. Which of the following would an astronomer most likely study? (A) the height of tides during a full moon (B) an iridium-laden rock layer produced by meteorites (C) the amount of solar energy absorbed by a tree (D) a comet’s path through the solar system _______23. The relationships shown in the diagram below would most likely be studied by a(n)

___.

(A) astronomer (B) ecologist (C) geologist (D) meteorologist _______24. The field of earth science involved with studying the processes that change Earth’s

composition is ___. (A) climatology (B) geochemistry (C) hydrology (D) paleontology _______25. The field of earth science involved with studying ancient environments is ___. (A) climatology (B) geochemistry (C) hydrology (D) paleontology Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 26. Compare AND contrast the lithosphere and asthenosphere. 27. Compare AND contrast continental crust and oceanic crust. 28. What kinds of interactions occur between Earth’s hydrosphere and atmosphere?

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Carbon Cycle Short Answer. Answer the following question. 29. Summarize the carbon cycle, particularly the main components of the cycle that put carbon in

the atmosphere and those that return it to the ground. Chapter Two 30. Why might a Landsat satellite be used instead of a weather satellite? 31. Explain advantages and disadvantages of using VLBI. 32. What features are mapped by the Topex/Poseidon satellite? Describe the mapping process. Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 33. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Sequence ALL the forms of electromagnetic radiation

from largest frequency to smallest frequency.

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Section 21.1 Matching. Match the era or time with the description that best correlates to it. An era or time may be

used more than once. ______34. Geologic era that lasted from 4.6 billion years A) Cenozoic Era ago to 540 million years ago B) Mesozoic Era C) Paleozoic Era ______35. Geologic era that lasted from 540 million years D) Precambrian time ago to 245 million years ago ______36. Geologic era that lasted from 245 million years ago to 66 million years ago ______37. Geologic era that lasted from 66 million years ago to today ______38. Means “middle life” ______39. Means “ancient life” ______40. Means “recent life” ______41. Rocks of this era or time make up the oldest layers of the geologic column ______42. “Age of the Reptiles” ______43. Contains six periods and two subperiods ______44. One of two eras that contains three periods ______45. Contains two periods and seven epochs ______46. Contains no periods ______47. Earliest and longest geologic era or time Short Answer. Answer the following questions. What two categories are used to distinguish rock layers? 48. ___________________________________________________________________________ 49. ___________________________________________________________________________ What three criteria are used for establishing divisions of geologic time? 50. ___________________________________________________________________________ 51. ___________________________________________________________________________ 52. ___________________________________________________________________________

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What four main divisions are used for classifying geologic time? 53. _________________________ 55. _________________________ 54. _________________________ 56. _________________________ 57. What is meant by a geologic column, and how can it be used? Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 58. Explain why the use of living faunas is acceptable for defining the periods and epochs of the

Cenozoic Era. 59. Which era was marked by the biggest extinction event in Earth’s history? Explain this

extinction. Section 21.2 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more

than once. _______60. Angular unconformity _______65. Nonconformity _______61. Bedding plane _______66. Principle of uniformitarianism _______62. Disconformity _______67. Relative age _______63. Law of crosscutting relationships _______68. Unconformity _______64. Law of superposition

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A) The boundary between two sedimentary rock beds B) Age of an object compared with the ages of other objects C) Principle that a rock layer is older than the layers above it and younger than the layers below it D) Principle that a fault or intrusion is always younger than the rock layers that it cuts through E) Principle that geologic processes that are occurring now were also occurring in the past F) Break in the geologic record when rock layers are removed by erosion G) Break in the geologic record in which stratified rock rests on unstratified rock H) Break in the geologic record in which a boundary exits between layers of rock that have not been

deposited continuously I) Break in the geologic record in which a boundary exists between horizontal and tilted layers of

rock Multiple Choice. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the

question. Refer to the following diagram for questions 69 – 72.

_______69. The boundary labeled “A” represents a(n) ___. (A) bedding plane (C) angular unconformity (B) disconformity (D) nonconformity _______70. Point “B” represents a type of rock feature called a(n) ___. (A) bedding plane (C) angular unconformity (B) disconformity (D) nonconformity

_______71. Compared to the sizes of particles in layers 2 and 3, and assuming that no layers have been overturned, the size of particles in layer 1 should be the ___.

(A) largest (C) same as the other layers (B) smallest _______72. The principle that can be used to determine the relative age of layers 1 through 3 is the

___. (A) law of crosscutting relationships (C) principle of uniformitarianism (B) law of superposition (D) principle of conformity

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Short Answer. Answer the following questions. What are three indications of where a rock layer was originally? 73. _____________________________________________________________________ 74. _____________________________________________________________________ 75. _____________________________________________________________________ 76. When may the law of superposition not work? Matching. Match the definition or example with the term that best correlates to it. A term may be

used more than once. Refer to the diagram below to answer.

_______77. Law or principle used to compare the A) Law of Superposition relative age of layer 1 compared to layer 2 B) Law of Crosscutting Relationships _______78. Law or principle used to compare the C) Principle of Uniformitarianism relative age of layer 3 to layer 4 D) Intrusion _______79. Law or principle used to show that events E) Fault in the present occurred in the past F) Layer 1 _______80. Second oldest rock layer in the diagram G) Layer 3 H) Layer 4 _______81. Youngest rock layer in the diagram I) Layer 5 _______82. Igneous rock that flows between rock layers to separate them _______83. “2” is an example of this _______84. If “2” caused the left and the right to move apart, it would be this. _______85. Rock layer older than rock layer 1 _______86. Rock layer immediately younger than rock layer 4

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Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 87. Explain how the principle of uniformitarianism is used to interpret Earth’s past. 88. How would a geologist use the principle of superposition to determine the relative ages of the

rocks of the Grand Canyon? Section 21.3 Multiple Choice. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the


_______89. The sediment layers in the diagram are called ___. (A) molds (B) imprints (C) casts (D) varves _______90. How many years of deposition are probably represented in the diagram? (A) 3.5 (B) 5 (C) 6.5 (D) 7 _______91. Elements that emit atomic particles and energy are called ___. (A) radioactive (B) stable (C) magnetic (D) fluorescent _______92. Nickel-63 has a half-life of 92 years. How much nickel-63 would remain in a 20 gram

sample at the end of 184 years? (A) 2.5 g (B) 5 g (C) 7.5 g (D) 10 g

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_______93. Nickel-63 has a half-life of 92 years. How much nickel-63 would remain in a 20 gram sample at the end of 276 years?

(A) 2.5 g (B) 5 g (C) 7.5 g (D) 10 g _______94. Which of the following elements is most appropriate for dating a sample that is between

8,000 and 20,000 years old? (A) uranium-238 (C) potassium-40 (B) thorium-234 (D) carbon-14

_______95. The most accurate method of finding the absolute age of a rock is by ___. (A) varve count dating (C) erosion rate dating (B) radioactive decay dating (D) superposition dating _______96. Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. A rock originally contained 8 grams of

potassium-40 but now only contains 2 grams of the element. How many half-lives have passed?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 97. Why are calculations of absolute age based on rates of deposition not very accurate? 98. Explain how radioactive dating is used to estimate absolute age. Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 99. A scientist finds the charred remains of a tree in a layer of volcanic ash thought to be from the

eruption of Mt. Mazama some 6600 years ago. Most scientists would you use carbon-14 to date these remains. Why would uranium-238 not be used? Be specific.

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100. Potassium-40 decays to the noble gas argon-40. What problems might arise when these radioactive isotopes are used for age dating?

Section 21.4 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used

more than once. _______101. Amber _______106. Mummification _______102. Coprolite _______107. Paleontologist _______103. Evolution _______108. Paleontology _______104. Gastrolith _______109. Petrification _______105. Index fossil _______110. Trace fossil A) Fossilized stone found within the digestive system of a dinosaur or other reptile B) Fossilized waste material from an animal C) Physical adaptations of organisms over time D) Example: track, footprint, boring, or burrow E) Example: ammonite or trilobite fossil F) The study of fossils G) Scientist who studies fossils H) Preservation of a dead organism by drying I) Preservation of a dead organism by replacing organic materials with minerals J) Hardened tree sap in which fossils may be preserved Multiple Choice. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the


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_______111. Which of the following rock layers in the diagram have the same relative age? (A) 1 and 6 (B) 2 and 9 (C) 3 and 7 (D) 5 and 10 _______112. The tilted break that occurs at an angle down the rock layers is a ___. (A) bedding plane (B) angular unconformity (C) fault _______113. Fossils found exclusively in the rock layers of a particular geologic age are called ___. (A) index fossils (C) metamorphic fossils (B) gastrolith fossils (D) complete fossils _______114. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil? (A) an intact shark tooth (C) a petrified log (B) a dinosaur footprint (D) an insect in amber Short Answer. Answer the following questions. What four requirements must be met in order for a fossil to be considered an index fossil? 115. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 116. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 117. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 118. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 119. Why are tar beds good sources of animal fossil remains? Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 120. What is a key bed, and why is the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980 a result of a formation of a

key bed?

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121. How might a mold or cast of a fossil helps scientists to interpret the type of environment it lived in?

Chapters 22 to 24 Multiple Choice. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the

question. _______122. The inner planets may have lost their original atmospheres of lighter gases because of

an intense solar ___.

(A) wind (B) flare (C) prominence (D) nebula _______123. The process of photosynthesis increases the amount of ___ in Earth’s atmosphere. (A) nitrogen gas (B) oxygen gas (C) carbon dioxide (D) water vapor Short Answer. Answer the following questions. List three reasons why the earth was hot when it first formed. 124. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 125. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 126. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 127. Explain the following statement: “Volcanic eruptions aid in the creation of an atmosphere.” 128. Explain how Earth was formed up to and including the first atmosphere Earth had.

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129. Explain the formation of Earth’s second atmosphere, including all relevant gases. 130. How were Earth’s oceans formed? Explain all relevant contributions. Matching. Match the era with the definition that best correlates to it. An era may be used more

than once. Eras: (A) Cenozoic Era (C) Paleozoic Era (B) Mesozoic Era (D) Precambrian Time ______131. Contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian

periods ______132. Contains the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods ______133. Contains the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quarternary Periods ______134. Contains no periods ______135. Contains seven epochs ______136. Era when the first reptiles appeared ______137. Era in which angiosperms appeared ______138. Era in which continental shields appeared ______139. Era in which vertebrates first appeared ______140. Era in which Pangaea was formed (came together) ______141. Era containing the “Age of Fishes” ______142. Contains the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian Subperiods ______143. Era in which ammonites developed ______144. Era containing the least amount of fossils because of extreme changes in the earth

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______145. Era in which lemeroids appear ______146. Era in which the most water covered Earth ______147. Era in which the dinosaurs died because of a meteorite impact or severe climatic

changes ______148. Era when the first dinosaurs appeared ______149. Era when the first humans appeared ______150. Longest era ______151. Era when Earth was first formed ______152. Era when echinoderms appeared ______153. Era when the first mammals appeared ______154. Era when marine invertebrates first appeared ______155. Era in which glaciation occurred ______156. Era in which amphibians first appeared Multiple Choice. Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that

answer in the space provided. _______157. The Devonian Period is also known as the Age of ___. (A) Birds (B) Reptiles (C) Mammals (D) Fishes _______158. The presence of cross-bedded sandstone may indicate the region where it is present

once was a(n) ___. (A) ocean (B) mountain (C) desert (D) lake _______159. The fossil record indicates that ___ thrived during the Paleozoic Era. (A) reptiles (C) advanced forms of marine life (B) mammals (D) marine algae and bacteria _______160. The most common Precambrian fossils were called ___. (A) ammonites (B) stromatolites (C) trilobites (D) vargonites _______161. The Mesozoic Era was also known as the Age of ___. (A) Birds (B) Reptiles (C) Mammals (D) Fishes _______162. The Miocene Epoch was also known as the Golden Age of __. (A) Birds (B) Reptiles (C) Mammals (D) Fishes

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Short Answer. Answer the following question. 163. How did the ice ages affect animal life during the Cenozoic Era? Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 164. What is the main characteristic that separates dinosaurs from all other reptiles? 165. How do paleontologists distinguish between fossils of mammals and fossils of reptiles? 166. What kind of tectonic deformation characterized the Cenozoic Era? 167. The positioning of Antarctica over the south pole helped trigger the Cenozoic ice ages. There

would be a major rise of sea level if all the ice on Antarctica melted. If Antarctica were to move north of the south pole, as India did, it is likely that all the ice on the continent would melt. Explain why the movement of Antarctica should or should not be considered in predicting how a sea level change would affect the climate today.

168. Explain why Pangaea drifted apart. 169. What do scientists hypothesize were the main causes of the Late Permian mass extinction?

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Chapter 17 Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more

than once. _______170. Asthenosphere _______181. Ocean trench _______171. Continental crust _______182. Oceanic crust _______172. Continental drift _______183. Pangaea _______173. Convection _______184. Panthalassa _______174. Convection current _______185. Plate tectonics _______175. Convergent boundary _______186. Rift valley _______176. Divergent boundary _______187. Sea floor spreading _______177. Island arc _______188. Subduction zone _______178. Lithosphere _______189. Terrane _______179. Mid-Atlantic Ridge _______190. Theory of suspect terranes _______180. Mid-ocean ridges _______191. Transform fault boundary A) Oceanic mountain range with a steep, narrow valley along its center B) Collection of oceanic mountain ranges that wind around Earth C) Hypothesis stating that the continents once formed a single landmass, separated, and drifted to

their present locations D) Direct collision of one plate with another plate creates this kind of boundary. E) Two plates moving away from each other creates this kind of boundary. F) A layer of plastic rock lying beneath the lithosphere G) Theory that the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on the asthenosphere and that the

plates are possibly moved by convection currents H) Theory that continents are a patchwork of pieces of land that have individual geologic histories I) Single landmass thought to have been the origin of all modern-day continents J) Made up of oceanic crust, continental crust, and the rigid upper mantle K) Narrow, steep valley formed as lithospheric plates separate L) Deep oceanic valley that forms along a subduction zone M) Piece of land with a geologic history distinct from that of the surrounding land N) Region where one lithospheric plate moves under another lithospheric plate O) Material that makes up landmasses P) Material that makes up the floor of the ocean Q) Boundary formed where two lithospheric plates slide past each other R) A series of volcanic islands formed along an ocean trench S) Transfer of heat through movement of liquids and gases T) Movement in a liquid or gas through uneven heating U) Movement of the ocean floor away from either side of a mid-ocean ridge V) Giant ocean surrounding Pangaea

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Multiple Choice. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

_______192. Which scientist first proposed that the continents were once joined in a single landmass? (A) Hess (B) Geist (C) Dietz (D) Wegener _______193. When examining rocks from both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, scientists found

evidence for the phenomenon of ___. (A) suspect terranes (C) volcano formation (B) magnetic reversal (D) convection currents _______194. What evidence found in tropical regions of southern Africa and South America most

strongly supports the theory that the continents were once joined? (A) coal deposits (C) glacial debris (B) mountain chains (D) land bridges _______195. Seafloor spreading occurs at ___. (A) subduction zones (C) transform faults (B) terrane boundaries (D) divergent boundaries _______196. Paleomagnetism of the ocean floor is used to identify the ___. (A) number of plate boundaries (B) approximate time the rock cooled and hardened (C) relative strength of Earth’s magnetic field (D) kind of rock that forms Earth’s crust _______197. As rock moves away from a mid-ocean ridge, it is replaced by ___. (A) continental crust (B) molten rock (C) suspect terranes (D) older rock _______198. What discovery did scientists make in the 1940’s when they compared continental rocks

to rocks near centers of seafloor spreading? (A) The continental rocks were younger. (B) The rocks near spreading centers has unique magnetic properties. (C) The rocks at spreading centers were younger. (D) The continental rocks has unique mineral properties. _______199. The Palo Alto Hills are probably an example of ___. (A) a landmass bridge (C) a glacial landform (B) an island arc (D) a suspect terrane _______200. Where in Earth do convection currents occur? (A) in the lithosphere (C) along a subduction zone (B) in the asthenosphere (D) along a rift valley _______201. The theory of suspect terranes provides an explanation of how ___. (A) continents form (C) magma spreads (B) convection currents occur (D) faulting occurs _______202. Which of the following is located at a convergent plate boundary? (A) eastern coast of South America (C) San Francisco Bay area (B) Himalayan Mountains (D) Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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_______203. The type of collision that occurs when two lithospheric plates converge is determined primarily by plate ___.

(A) density (B) temperature (C) size (D) magnetism _______204. The rift valley of the Red Sea is an example of a ___. (A) convergent boundary (C) subduction zone (B) divergent boundary (D) transform fault _______205. The theory of plate tectonics is most directly based on which of the following

interactions? (A) continental plates moving over oceanic plates (B) the Panthalassa plate being subducted under the Pangaea plate (C) suspect terrane plates moving over magma (D) lithospheric plates riding on the asthenosphere _______206. Continental-continental plate collisions produce ___. (A) island arcs (C) deep-sea trenches (B) rift valleys (D) very tall mountain ranges _______207. Crust is neither created nor destroyed along ___ boundaries. (A) convergent (B) divergent (C) transform fault _______208. The driving forces of tectonic plates are related to convection currents in Earth’s ___. (A) crust (B) mantle (C) inner core (D) outer core _______209. Features found at divergent boundaries include ___. (A) ocean ridges (C) crumpled mountains (B) deep-sea trenches (D) island arc volcanoes Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 210. Explain how scientists know that Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed themselves many times

during Earth’s history. 211. Explain how mountains on land can be composed of rocks that contains fossils of animals that

lived in the ocean. 212. Explain the interaction between the asthenosphere, lithosphere, and plate movement.

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Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 213. Why was Wegener’s hypothesis rejected by most scientists during his time? 214. How do ancient glacial deposits in Africa, India, Australia, and South America support the idea

of continental drift? 215. Compare AND contrast normal magnetic polarity and reversed magnetic polarity. 216. How have earthquake data been used to explore the size of convection currents that cause

plate movement?

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Chapter Five Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used

more than once. _______217. Batholith _______225. Porphyry _______218. Dike _______226. Rock cycle _______219. Extrusive igneous rock _______227. Sediment _______220. Igneous rock _______228. Sedimentary rock _______221. Intrusive igneous rock _______229. Sill _______222. Laccolith _______230. Stock _______223. Lava plateau _______231. Volcanic neck _______224. Metamorphic rock A) Largest type of igneous rock intrusion B) Flat-bottomed intrusion that pushes overlying rock layers into an arc C) Raised, flat-topped area made of layers of hardened lava D) Igneous intrusion comprising an area of less than 100 km2

E) Sheet of hardened magma that forms between and is parallel to layers of rock F) Solidified central vent of a volcano G) Rock formed from other rocks as a result of intense pressure, heat, or chemical processes H) Fragments that result from the breaking of rocks, minerals, and organic matter I) Igneous rock comprised of both large and small crystals J) Igneous intrusion that cuts across rock layers K) Rocks formed from molten lava that hardens on Earth’s surface L) Rocks formed from molten magma that cools below Earth’s surface M) Rock formed from hardened deposits of sediment N) Series of processes in which rock changes from one type to another and back again O) Rock formed from cooled and hardened magma

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Refer to the following diagram for questions 232 – 233.

_______232. The type of rock represented by rectangle A in the diagram is ___ rock. (A) igneous (B) sedimentary (C) metamorphic _______233. The arrow labeled B represents heat and ___. (A) condensation (B) evaporation (C) pressure (D) vaporization _______234. Magma that reaches Earth’s surface is called ___. (A) pyroclast (B) lava (C) coprolite (D) gastrolith _______235. The processes responsible for changing sediments into sedimentary rock are

compaction and ___. (A) foliation (B) cementation (C) intrusion (D) stratification _______236. Which of the following is an igneous rock? (A) limestone (B) gypsum (C) gneiss (D) basalt

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Refer to the following diagram for questions 237 – 238.

_______237. The structure labeled X in the diagram is a ___. (A) sill (B) dike (C) stock (D) batholith _______238. The structure labeled Y in the diagram is a ___. (A) sill (B) dike (C) stock (D) batholith _______239. Which of the following is one of the three families of igneous rocks? (A) clastic (B) foliated (C) gabbro (D) diorite _______240. Felsic rocks are high in ___. (A) quartz (B) silica (C) biotite (D) calcite Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 241. Does every rock go through the complete rock cycle, from igneous rock to sedimentary rock to

metamorphic rock and back to igneous rock, each time around? Explain using at least two specific examples.

The sedimentary rock limestone is changed into marble, a metamorphic rock. Name the three processes that cause this change. 242. _____________________________________________________________________ 243. _____________________________________________________________________ 244. _____________________________________________________________________

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245. What determines whether an igneous rock will have large crystals or small crystals? Name the three families of igneous rocks. 246. _____________________________________________________________________ 247. _____________________________________________________________________ 248. _____________________________________________________________________ 249. An unidentified light-colored igneous rock is made up of orthoclase feldspar and quartz. To

what family of igneous rocks does it belong? Explain. Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 250. Geologists have found zoned pyroxene crystals that have magnesium-rich cores and iron-rich

outer layers. Which has a higher melting temperature: magnesium-rich pyroxene or iron-rich pyroxene? Explain your reasoning.

251. Explain the formation and composition of an ultramafic rock. 252. Why is gold often found in veins of quartz that are in and around igneous intrusions?

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253. Would quartz or plagioclase be more likely to form a well-shaped crystal in an igneous rock? Explain your answer.

Chapter Six Matching. Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more

than once. _______254. Breccia _______262. Evaporite _______255. Cementation _______263. Foliated _______256. Chemical sedimentary rock _______264. Fossil _______257. Clastic sedimentary rock _______265. Metamorphism _______258. Compaction _______266. Organic sedimentary rock _______259. Concretion _______267. Regional metamorphism _______260. Conglomerate _______268. Stratification _______261. Contact metamorphism _______269. Unfoliated A) Describing a metamorphic rock without visible bands B) Describing a metamorphic rock with visible bands C) Changing of one type of rock to another by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions D) Change in the structure and mineral composition of rock surrounding an igneous intrusion E) Type of metamorphism that affects rocks over large areas during periods of tectonic activity F) Sedimentary rock formed from minerals left after water evaporates G) Sedimentary rock formed from rounded gravel or pebbles cemented together by minerals H) Elastic sedimentary rock comprised of angular fragments cemented together by minerals I) Rock formed from the remains of living things J) Process in which air and water are squeezed out of sediments, resulting in the formation of

sedimentary rock K) Process in which dissolved minerals left by water passing through sediments hold the sediments

together L) Layering of sedimentary rock M) Trace or remains of a plant or an animal in sedimentary rock N) Rock formed from fragments of preexisting rocks

O) Rock formed from minerals that have been dissolved in water P) Nodule of rock with a different composition from that of the main rock body

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_______270. The crystal-filled rock in the diagram above is a ___. (A) diode (B) agode (C) enode (D) geode _______271. Chalk is a type of ___. (A) coal (B) quartzite (C) limestone (D) shale _______272. Which of the following is an organic sedimentary rock? (A) basalt (B) coal (C) conglomerate (D) sandstone _______273. Ripple marks in sandstone may form by the action of ___. (A) wind (B) magma (C) heat (D) intrusion _______274. Which of the following is an example of a medium-grained clastic sedimentary rock? (A) conglomerate (B) breccia (C) evaporate (D) sandstone _______275. Which of the following are formed by the chemical precipitation of minerals from water? (A) sandstones (B) coal beds (C) salt beds (D) shale _______276. Which of the following would have the greatest porosity? (A) gneiss (B) quartzite (C) sandstone (D) shale

_______277. The appearance of the metamorphic rock in the diagram above indicates that it should

be classified as ___. (A) extricated (B) foliated (C) unfoliated _______278. Where does most metamorphic rock form? (A) deep below Earth’s surface (C) within volcanoes (B) on Earth’s surface (D) on lake beds _______279. Which of the following is classified as metamorphic rock? (A) basalt (B) diorite (C) limestone (D) schist

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Short Answer. Answer the following question. You suspect that a rock you have found is sedimentary rock. What features would you look for to confirm your identification? List at least four. 280. ____________________________________________________________________ 281. ____________________________________________________________________ 282. ____________________________________________________________________ 283. ____________________________________________________________________ In what two ways do rocks get a foliated structure? 284. _____________________________________________________________________ 285. _____________________________________________________________________ 286. Explain how quartzite gets its unfoliated structure. 287. The metamorphic rock phyllite breaks into flat sheets. Is phyllite foliated or unfoliated? Explain. Book reference: Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 288. Sand is often found between the larger grains of conglomerates, but large particles are seldom

found in sandstone. Why is this? 289. Would foliated metamorphic textures in rocks have undergone contact metamorphism? Explain.

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290. How might a sedimentary rock turn into another kind of sedimentary rock without first becoming igneous or metamorphic?

291. How does quartzite differ from schist? 292. Why is coal an organic sedimentary rock? 293. Why do chemical sedimentary rocks form primarily in areas that have high rates of evaporation? 294. The original concentration of dissolved minerals in a restricted ocean basin was enough to form

only a thin evaporite layer. How, then, is it possible that thick evaporite layers formed there? 295. Why do sediment deposits tend to form layers?

ws – dge – u1

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