zeichen journal issn no: 0932-4747
TRANSCRIPT
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF SCAFFOLDING AND
CRANE WORKS IN WORK AT HEIGHT
G. Dinesh, R. Ramsenthil &G. Durai
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai
University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002.
Corresponding E mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Working at height (any work undertaken at any place above, at or below ground level)
is a common activity in various occupations especially in construction which is taking place at
such a rapid rate. However, it is common across many other sectors like households for the
cleaning of windows or changing of light bulbs and in the office environment where stacking
takes place. More than 60 % of the works at height operation are carried out by scaffolding
which poses various serious occupational hazards. Working with cranes also has many hazards,
and unsafe working practices can result in injuries, fatalities and costly damage to buildings
and materials. Working at height remains one of the biggest causes of occupational fatalities
and the major injuries. Fall from height and falling objects are the common hazards lead to
severe injuries and even fatalities in scaffolding and cranes, leading cause of fatal injuries on
worksites causing almost 50% of fatal injuries. In this paper various hazards, its evaluation and
control procedures by HIRA are discussed to know the safe procedure of scaffolding & crane
work and its related accidents. It is found that HIRA can be used throughout the project
planning and construction progress to inform the safety management crew associated with the
scaffolding and crane operations that have high safety risks and assist in implementing
preventative measures according to given mitigation recommendations.
Introduction
Every year huge numbers of buildings are constructed for various purposes including
commercial, residential and official. The increasing need of infrastructure facilities, homes and
office spaces causes the rapid expansion of construction industries. It is very complex in nature
and leads to numerous health hazards. So the care must be taken regarding safety of the
construction industry to create the hazardous free environment. It is found that unsafe behavior
results in work place and their control is one of the keys to successful accident prevention
resulting in low accident rate in construction sites. (Dheeraj Benny et al., 2017)
Scaffolding is a structure used in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings,
bridges and all other manmade structures and its temporary nature deemed to consider it as s
secondary structure; therefore, the attention which is paid to them is not sufficient. Frameworks
are generally utilized nearby to gain admittance to statures and territories that would be
generally difficult to get difficult framework can possibly results in death or serious
injury.(Deepak kumar et al., 2019). In spite of number of rules of assembly and use of
scaffolds are in practice, in many cases the real structure is differ from the requirements where
the safety of the people is usually neglected (M. Pienko et al., 2018). Equipment type, capacity
rate, methods of construction and its uses must conform to the OSHA’s standards. Normally
the supporting capacity of scaffold and its components is four times the maximum intended
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Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 63
load without failure. As it is the most commonly used structure at any construction site but at
the same time, it is also one of the most legally abused working provisions in the industry
which results in most fatal accidents due to fall from scaffoldings.(Norzalili Abu Bakaret al.,
2008)
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING:
Supported scaffolding Adjustable, Angle’s Wing, Bricklayer’s Square, Extension Trestle Ladder, Ladder Jack
Scaffold, Interior Hung Scaffold, Mobile Scaffold, Tube and Coupler Scaffold, Systems
Scaffold, Wood Pole Scaffold.
2. Suspended scaffolding Two Point Suspended Scaffold, Parapet clamp or roof hook, Interior Hung Scaffold,
Multi-Point Suspended Scaffold, Float Scaffold, Catenaries scaffold.
3. Aerial scaffolding Boom supported elevating working platform, Vehicle mounted boom lift, Vehicle
mounted aerial platform with telescoping and rotating boom, scissor lift, Vehicle mounted
aerial platform, mast climbing working platform, airline ground supported vehicle mounted
vertical lift device (Deepak kumar et al., 2019).
Today’s typical building construction sites mainly depends upon tower cranes, which
role in construction site is inevitable used to hoist and transport a various loads in the high rise
buildings. In such buildings identification and assessment of hazard in tower crane operation
is essential for taking necessary action for eliminating the risk, but at present the construction
authority failed to identify the hazards (Faiz Ismaiet al., 2019). There are number of statistics
are available related to tower crane accidents. As these statistics commonly reported only for
fatalities or severe injuries, numerous cases do not available with the company. However the
cases involve cost damages related to the majority of crane related accidents are available
(Aviad Shapiraet al., 2009).
SCAFFOLDING HAZARDS
1. Accident hazard
Accidental hazards are common in scaffolding such as falls from ladders or platforms,
dismantling jobs and collapse of scaffold. Debris, building materials, tools and other materials,
by pipes, during lifting or transport. Electric stun or electric shock caused by contact with
overhead electric cables, with deficient electric hand tools, with defectively isolated cables, etc
are the common sources of wound.
2. Physical Hazard
Introduction to UV radiation when routinely working under sun, presentation to over
the top clamor from mechanical equipment and hand tools (drills, hammers, saws, etc.),
exposure to the weather (low or high air temperature, rain, snow, wind) resulting in acute
(common cold, heat stroke, etc.).
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3. Chemical Hazard
No particular chemical hazard have been recognized for Scaffolds however, on a
building site, Scaffolds might be presented to substance risks produced by crafted by others-
for instance, to thinners if painting work is being done simultaneously, to paint solvents, to
Scaffold erects frameworks inside an industrial plant is presented to synthetics particular to
that industrial plant. Biological Hazard Diseases, e.g., skin rashes, because of introduction to
winged creature droppings, contact with parasites, living in bird nests, bites by mosquitoes,
rodents and other pests, etc.
4. Psychosocial, Ergonomic and organizational factors
Musculoskeletal injury identified with awkward working stances (counting delayed
standing on one’s knees work in a bent posture, reaching upwards, etc.), Overexertion while
handling heavy and bulky objects, such as different Scaffold components- specifically
overwhelming tubular segments, loads of planks, guard rails and toe boards, heavy tools, etc.
Psychological issues identified with delayed conditions of misgiving, dread of heights
(sometimes work is carried-out at heights of 100 meters or above a height that may cause lack
of steadiness and loss of adjust) and saw need to cover it, and worry of being respected as “over
cautions” by co-workers and superiors. (Deepak kumar et al., 2019)
1) Hazard Identification - The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the critical
operations of tasks, that is, those tasks posing significant risks to the health and safety
of employees as well as highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due
to energy sources, working conditions or activities performed. Hazards can be divided
into three main groups, health hazards, safety hazards, and environmental hazards.
2) Risk Assessment -Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results
of analysis to make decision on risk control. For risk analysis that uses likelihood and
severity in qualitative method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way
of communicating the distribution of the risk throughout a plant and area in a
workplace.
Calculating Risk
Risk = Probability X Exposure X Consequence
5 points X 5 points X10 points scale where maximum possible points are 250. The scales
are given in the following tables for probability in Table 1, Exposure in Table 2 and Effect in Table 3.
Table 1
Probability Score
May well be expected 5
Quite possible 4
Unusual but possible 3
Only remotely possible 2
Practically impossible 1
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Table 2
Table 3
3) Risk Analysis - The information collected in the risk assessment step will be analyzed
in this step. The desired outcome of the risk analysis is the ranking of the hazards. This
highlights the hazards that should be considered a current priority for your emergency
management program. The various levels of risks in this study are indicated by
Table-4.
Level of Risk Description
< 10 Very Low
11 - 20 Low
21 - 30 Moderate
31 - 40 High
41 - 50 Very High
>50 Extreme
Table 4
4) Monitor and Review - It is important to remember that a HIRA is an ongoing process
and hazards and their associated risks must be monitored and reviewed.
Exposure Score
Continuous 5
Frequent (daily) 4
Unusual (monthly) 3
Occasional (yearly) 2
More than a year 1
Effect Score
Any fatality 10
Significant chance of fatality 7
Serious injury 5
Small chance of serious injury 4
Major reportable: Many persons getting
reportable injury 3
One reportable injury (one person) 2
Minor injuries 1
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The objective of this work of hazards and risk analysis is to identify and analyze
hazards, the event sequences leading to hazards and the risk associated with hazardous events.
Many techniques ranging from the simple qualitative methods to the advanced quantitative
methods are available to help identify and analyze hazards. The use of multiple hazard analysis
techniques is recommended because each has its own purpose, strengths, and
weaknesses.(Devdatt P Purohitet al., 2018)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review was completed to ensure that a designated method contemplated
endorsed practices and become beneficial for further study. The following are the evaluation
of the hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA) achieved by various researchers.
Different methods had been used to meet the objectives of the research on the
scaffolding safety awareness in construction sites. The first stages are collected a secondary
data through the literature studies from the textbooks, handbooks, newsletter, journal, articles,
thesis and also through the multimedia such as Internet and television. Second stages, collected
a primary data through the case studies observations, questionnaires for the employer and
unstructured interviews Norzalili Abu Bakar (2008).
Tower cranes are the centerpiece of production on today’s typical building construction
sites. Tower cranes hoist and transport a variety of loads near and above people, working under
crowded conditions, occasionally with overlapping work zones, and often under time, budget,
and labor constraints. This work regime further increases the safety risk on sites that are
inherently hazardous workplaces. This paper presents the results of a study that identified the
major factors affecting safety in tower-crane environments and evaluated the degree to which
each factor influences ongoing safety on site. Use of statistical data on accidents was ruled out
as a source of information due to the countless number of incidents that go unreported, the
common inability of statistics to provide root causes, and the question-ability of statistics as a
predictor of accidents. The research methodology was therefore based on comprehensive
questioning of an expert team that included the safety managers and equipment managers of
leading construction companies. With the limited resources available for safety improvement
and accident prevention, greater attention must be paid by all parties involved to those factors
evaluated as highly affecting site safety due to tower-crane work Aviad Shapira (2009).
Safety factors can also be evaluated through Factor Comparison Method (FCM) of value
engineering. FCM is a method for multi criteria decision making DebasisSarkar(2012).
Research is to establish a methodology for assessing and evaluating crane safety in
construction sites by introducing a crane safety index (CSI). The developed model help
planners improve crane operation and meet safety requirements Tarek Zayed (2013).
4D BIM can be used as a tool for the safety management to monitor and diminish the
safety hazards associated with scaffolding work Rachel Collins (2014).
The first part present the methodology adopted for the investigation of incidents, which
is based on a short description of the risk factors (hazards or initial cause of accidents) and the
identification of associated accident typologies; the second part gives the results of a statistical
elaboration of the collected accidents; a brief discussion about the results concludes the work
with the aim to comment about future trends of research concerning this issue Maria
Francesca Milazzo (2015).
Zeichen Journal
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 67
Objective of this study is to review previous research studies on investigation of health
hazards and risks in construction sites to identify causes of poor safety practices and methods
for improving construction site safety V. H. P. Vitharana (2015).
Survey technique is significant in gathering information from site supervisors and the
workers on the construction sites by use of interviews. Descriptive research is used for this
study since it helps to identify the nature of the health and safety measures used on the
construction sites and evaluate their enforcement mechanisms on construction sites as
practiced. Implementation of preventive measures to reduce the risk of accident on current site
by case study. Conducting field research using questionnaire survey Er.Saurabh J.Gawali
(2016).
The construction industry involves risky and unhealthy operations which result in many
human tragedies, to lose enthusiasm of workers, disrupt construction, delay progress, and
adversely affect cost, productivity, and reputation. The complex nature of construction and
hazards it have occupational health and safety in construction work should design table and
continue throughout the construction phases until the safety and health of every end users is
ensured. Safety is a major concern for construction companies, as it is a source of substantial
direct and indirect costs. In some countries, the rate of total workplace injuries from
construction activities can be as high as at least 50%. This is undoubtedly a serious matter
warranting urgent attention. This paper reviewed that the safety problems at construction site
with fetal injuries caused by it with help of different graphical data of agencies .It gives detailed
information regarding about the injuries type and physical loss of human from this. This study
also revealed that the importance of safety in construction should pay more attention as the
injuries loss the human life and also delay in completion of project Miss. Smita .A. Bhole
(2016).
Data’s have been collected through various site visits, literature review and from
various construction safety standards including BIS and OSHA (Occupational Safety and
Health Administration). The paper has been concluded after putting forward a set of
recommendations for construction organizations to improve the occupational safety in the
construction sites Dheeraj Benny (2017).
Theoretical analysis of the method and applied it to a field study. This study presents
the main factor affecting the performance of construction projects and from literature review
and paststudies. It was obtained that there were different direction and methodologies used in
order to achieve the required target the goals and objective Mr. K. D Patil (2017).
Tools for simple risk analysis include failure modes, effects and critically analysis
(FMECA) and layer of protection analysis (LOPA), andTools for simple hazard identification
or qualitative risk analysis include hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP), what –if/checklist
analysis, and failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) Devdatt P Purohit (2018).
The methods used in this research were PSF (performance shaping factor)-based risk
assessment and HEART (human error assessment and reduction technique)
NikoJuniantoandKatharinaOginawati (2018).
Measurements and their results described in this paper were a part of the extensive
research on façade frame scaffoldings Marek JABŁOŃSKI (2018).
Zeichen Journal
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The study covered three research areas: 1. research in the archives of
nationalinstitutionsconcerningaccidents at work on height; 2. counting scaffolds in selected
areas and cities; 3. inventorying of scaffolds and measurements of physiological parameters of
employees and working environment conditions M. Pieńko (2018).
Tower cranes are the heartbeat of progress on today’s typical building construction
sites. Tower cranes hoist and transport a variety of loads in the high rise building construction
[1, 2] in Malaysia. The usage of tower cranes in construction are inevitable, thus the risk of the
operation is exist. Risk assessment on tower crane operations are vital in identifying the hazard
and the assessment will allow management to take necessary action to mitigate the risk Faiz
Ismail (2018).
Work health and safety laws require a business or undertaking do all that is reasonably
practicable to eliminate or minimize risks. The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the
highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest. This ranking is known as the hierarchy
of risk control Chandan Singh Adhikari (2019).
Scaffolding is temporary platform structure for working at height to carryout masonry
work, plastering, painting and repair work etc, Scaffolding is creating a hazard that contributes
to the large number of death and injury in construction industry. The aim of this examination
is to find the variables that impact the scaffolding related accident at the building site. This
investigation shows that the higher components affecting the scaffolding related work and leads
to accident at the building site are caused by human factor Deepak kumar (2019).
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Sl
No
Acti
vity
Haza
rd
Risk
Applic
able
Legal
Requir
ements
Evaluation of HIRA
Control
Measures
After Implementing
Control Measures
Evaluation of HIRA
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Ex
po
sure
Eff
ect
RP
N
Sig
nif
ica
nce
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Ex
po
sure
Eff
ect
RP
N
Sig
nif
ica
nce
1
WORK AT
HEIGHT
OPERATIONS
(SCAFFOLDING
WORKS)
a
Erect
ion
of
scaff
oldin
g
Collapse
of
structure
/Fall of
man and
material
s
Fatal/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y/
Broken
bones/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
Y 4 2 10 90 S
Evaluate site
conditions,
Conduct field
level risk
assement (FLRA),
Barricatte the
working area,
Deploy competent
persons for task,
Conduct proper
training, Use
quality materials,
Check the plumb
at scaffolding,
Wear appropriate
PPEs./ Proper
working platform
should be use, fix
toe boards,
bracing, cross
bracing, top rails,
mid rails, Lift
materials by tie
2 2 7 28 NS
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 70
with ropes from
bottom to top, Use
safety belts and
appropriate PPEs,
Anchored the one
end of the full
body harness with
life line all time,
Provide guard
rails around the
working platform,
Working platform
must be fully
covered and the
boards should be
arranged to avoid
slippage or
tripping hazard, A
well experienced
supervisor must
be supervise the
erection work.
b
Shutt
ering
work
Falls of
material
s
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 5 3 10 150 S
Isolate the
working area,
Signal mans
should be
positioned below
the shuttering
works, Deploy
well trained
persons for task,
Shuttering
materials and
plywood sheets
should be
dispatched by
with tower crane
to the working
area, Never allow
anyone to stand
under the
shuttering work,
Competent
supervisor must
supervise the
shuttering work.
3 2 7 42 S
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 71
Fall of
person
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 4 2 10 80 S
Conduct TBT
meeting before the
commencement
of the work,
Provide at least 3
layers of safety
nets around at
four sides of the
working area,
Edge corners
should be attached
with ropes,
Workers should
wear safety belts
and other
appropriate PPEs
like hard hat, hand
gloves, safety
shoes and body
apron.
3 1 7 21 NS
c
Steel
fixin
g
work
Trip/slip
/fall
Broken
bones/C
ut
Wound,
/Disloca
tion
N 4 3 5 60 S
Deploy well
experienced fitters
for task, Conduct
TBT meeting
before the
commencement of
the work, Provide
lifeline ropes at all
four side edges,
Workers should
wear (Safety
shoes, Hand
gloves, Body
apron), and other
appropriate PPEs,
Steel bars should
be properly stack
at the working
area, Steel bars
must be
dispatched by
crane to the
working area,
Competent
supervisor should
supervise the steel
fixing work.
2 3 4 24 NS
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 72
d
Elect
rical
mate
rials
fixin
g
work
Hand
injuries
Cut
wound/
Finger
crush
N 3 3 4 36 N
S
Deploy competent
electricians for
task, Provide
appropriate PPEs
like safety helmet,
body apron, hand
gloves and safety
shoes to the
electricians,
Supervise the
work.
2 2 3 12 NS
e
Roof
concr
eting
work
Concret
e
Splashin
g
Skin
Allergic
/Skin
irritation
/
Eye
injuries.
N 5 4 4 80 S
Workers must
wear Gumboot
shoes, Safety
goggles, Body
apron, and Hand
gloves while
doing roof
concreting work.
2 2 3 12 NS
Collapse
of
structure
Fatal/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y/
Broken
bones/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
Y 3 2 10 60 S
Working platform
should be
inspected by the
competent person
and ensure it is
safe to work,
conduct TBT(tool
box talk)meeting,
Competent
persons should be
positioned at
below the roof
concreting
working platform
and supervising
the working
platform, Well
experienced
supervisor must
Supervise the roof
concreting work.
2 1 7 14 NS
f
Reinf
orce
ment
for
colu
mns
Fall of
material
s/ man
Fatal/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y/
Broken
bones/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
Y 4 3 7 84 S
Isolate the
working area,
Signal mans
should be appoint
at below the
reinforcement
works, Conduct
TBT meeting
before
commencement of
the work, Provide
safety nets around
working area,
Deploy trained
persons for task,
2 2 5 20 NS
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 73
Lift steel bars by
tie with ropes
from bottom to
top, Arrange safe
working platform
at portable
scaffolding and
ensure it is safe to
work, Provide
safety belts and
other appropriate
PPEs, Workers
should anchored
their safety belts
with life line
ropes while
working,
Competent
supervisor should
supervise the
reinforcement
work.
g
Colu
mn
box
fittin
g and
dism
antli
ng
Fall of
column
box
while
fixing
and
dismantl
ing
Fatal/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y/
Broken
bones/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
Y 5 3 10 150 S
Isolate the
working area,
Signal mans
should be
appointed below
when the column
box fitting and
dismantling,
Safety nets should
be provide around
the working area,
Fixing and
dismantling the
column boxes by
using crane, Try to
avoid manual
fixing and
dismantling.
3 2 7 42 S
Fall of
personn
el
Fatal/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y/
Broken
bones/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
Y 4 3 10 120 S
Deploy well
trained persons for
task, Conduct
TBT meeting at
the beginning of
the work, Provide
appropriate PPEs,
Use portable
scaffolds and
safety jollies for
work, Provide life
line ropes above
the working area,
worker must wear
full body harness
and anchored with
3 1 7 21 NS
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 74
lifeline while at
working.
h
Conc
retin
g
work
for
Colu
mns
Concret
e
Splashin
g
Skin
Allergic
/Skin
irritation
/
Eye
injuries.
N 5 4 4 80 S
Deploy trained
persons for task,
Workers should
wear appropriate
PPEs like hand
gloves, goggles,
body apron, safety
shoes while doing
work, Concrete
pouring should be
done with crane
by using concrete
bucket.
3 3 2 18 NS
Fall of
material
s/ man
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 4 2 10 80 S
Fixing safety nets
around working
area, Arrange safe
working
platforms, Provide
separate
scaffolding for
concreting work,
Inspect the
scaffolding and
ensure it is
suitable to work,
connecting safety
jollies with
scaffolding
tightly, Use safety
belts and
connected with
lifeline ropes
while working.
3 2 7 42 S
i
De-
Shutt
ering
work
Fall of
material
s/ man
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 5 4 10 200 S
Barricatte the
working area,
Signal mans
should be
positioned below
the de-shuttering
works, Fixing
safety nets around
working area,
Conduct TBT(tool
box talk) meeting
before starting the
work, Provide
scaffolding with
3 2 7 42 S
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 75
safe and strong
working platforms
and it will be
inspected
thoroughly before
starting the work,
Use Double rope
safety harness and
it must be fixed
above the head
height and also
one point must be
anchored at all
times while
ascending or
descending,
Provide safety
shoes, Helmet
with chin strip and
hand gloves, All
the materials shall
be lowered down
by rope, No
material should be
thrown from top
to bottom,
Movement of path
is to be free from
any obstruction,
Sufficient
illumination to be
provided at night
work, Skilled
Supervisor to be
deployed at the
time of
dismantling
Collapse
of
scaffoldi
ng
Fatal /
Broken
bones /
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y /
Dislocat
ion / Cut
wounds
Y 3 2 10 60 S
Check thoroughly
the scaffoldings
and its parts
before de-
shuttering works
begins, Working
platform to be
made for every
2.1m with (double
railings, bracings,
toeguard and
scaffolding
staging ladder as
access whose
rungs are not
spaced greater
than
500mm),Ensure if
the base plate of
2 1 7 14 NS
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 76
the scaffolding is
in correct level at
the bottom.
j
Bloc
k
work
Fall of
material
s/man
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 3 10 120 S
Provide
barrications for
the working area,
Appoint Signal
mans at below the
block works,
Provide safety
nets around
working area,
Deploy competent
person for the
task, Conduct
TBT(tool box
talk) meeting
before starting the
work, Inspect
scaffoldings and
its parts before
begin the work,
Provide all
appropriate PPEs
to workers, Not
allow to stack
very huge
quantities of
blocks at the
scaffolding,
Pathways on the
scaffoldings
should be free
from without
obstructions, Use
Double rope
safety harness and
it must be fixed
above the head
height and also
one point must be
anchored at all
times while
ascending or
descending,
Provide safety
shoes, Helmet
with chin strip and
hand gloves,
Sufficient
2 2 5 20 NS
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ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 77
illumination to be
provided at night
work, Skilled
Supervisor to be
deployed at the
time of block
work.
k
Plum
bing
work
Fall of
material
s
Fatal/He
ad
injuries/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound/
Disabilit
y
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Isolate the
working area,
Appoint signal
mans at below,
Provide safety
nets around the
working area
,Provide materials
stacking stages at
every floor, Use
tower crane for
carrying plumbing
materials, Not
stacking materials
at working
platform, Use
good conditionary
machines and
equipment’s for
task.
3 2 5 30 S
Falling
of
person
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 3 10 120 S
First ensuring the
conditions of the
scaffoldings and
working platform,
conduct TBT(tool
box talk) Meeting
and full
inspections on
scaffoldings
before begin the
work, Deploy well
experienced
plumbers for task,
Wear all
appropriate PPEs
while doing work,
Safety belts
should be always
anchored at life
line ropes, Skilled
Supervisor must
be supervise the
work
continuously.
2 4 3 24 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 78
l
Wiri
ng
work
Fall of
material
s
Head
injuries/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
N 4 3 4 48 S
Isolate working
area with caution
tapes, Portable
scaffolds should
be used for the
task, Lift
materials by tie
with ropes from
bottom to top,
Wear hand gloves
while doing work.
2 3 3 18 NS
Fall of
person
Hand&
Legs
fracture/
Fatality/
Dislocat
ion/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y
Y 3 4 10 120 S
Deploy well
experienced
electricians for
task, Check the
conditions of
portable scaffold
and ensure it is
suitable for
working, lock
properly the
portable
scaffolding
wheels at
beginning of the
work, Use
appropriate PPEs
like (full body
harness, safety
shoes, body apron,
goggles, hand
gloves), one point
of the safety belt
should be
anchored always
with life line rope,
Do not improperly
stand or sit at edge
of the scaffolding,
Experienced
supervisor must
be supervise the
work.
2 2 7 28 NS
m
Plast
ering
work
Fall of
man/mat
erials
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds.
N 4 3 10 120 S
Deploy well
trained persons for
task, Conduct
TBT meeting at
before starting the
work, Provide all
appropriate PPEs
to workers, Check
the scaffolding
conditions
properly before
commencement of
the work, Use
2 4 4 32 S
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 79
safety jollies to
stand workers at
scaffolding and
jollies must be
tightly tied with
scaffolding,
Cement mortar
should be
dispatched by
using portable
ladders from
respective floors,
all the workers
must be anchored
their safety belts
with scaffolding
all the time,
experienced
supervise should
supervise the
plastering work.
Splashin
g of
concrete
Skin
Allergic
/Skin
irritation
/
Eye
injuries.
N 4 4 4 64 S
Workers should
wear PPEs like
hand gloves,
goggles, body
apron, safety
shoes while doing
work.
3 4 3 36 S
n
Paint
ing
work
Collapse
of
structure
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds.
Y 4 2 10 80 S
Use inspected and
certified
equipment, tools
& tackles only,
deploy competent
painters, carry out
periodical
inspections &
regular
maintainace.
3 2 7 42 S
Fall of
material
s
Head
injuries/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound/
Disabilit
y
N 4 2 5 40 S
Isolate and
barricate the
working area,
appoint
signalman’s at
below the working
area, Lift painting
materials by tie
with ropes from
bottom to top, Not
store more than 5
liters of paints at
working platform
and also tied the
painting materials
2 3 4 24 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 80
with working
platform properly.
Fall of
man
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds.
Y 4 1 10 40 S
Deploy competent
painters for work,
conduct TBT
meeting before
starting the work,
Working area
must be covered
with safety nets,
Worker should
wear safety belts
properly while
working at height
and anchored one
end of the belt
with life line rope,
Competent
supervisor should
supervise the
painting work.
2 1 7 14 NS
Splashin
g of
Paint
Skin
Allergic
/Skin
irritation
/
Eye
injuries/
Respirat
ory
issues.
N 5 4 4 80 S
Provide
appropriate PPEs
to the painters
like( Hand gloves,
Nose mask
,Goggles ,Body
apron, Safety
shoes),
4 4 3 48 S
o
Dis-
mant
ling
of
scaff
oldin
g
Fall of
material
s
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds.
Y 4 2 10 80 S
Isolate the
working area and
barricate with
safety nets, Use
proper toe-boards
and guardrails,
Ensure no work is
carried out below
the working level,
Ensure that there
is no
accumulation of
debris, Ensure
proper lowering of
dismantling
components
,Ensure
2 2 7 28 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 81
immediate
supervision by
competent.
Fall of
persons
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds.
Y 4 2 10 80 S
Deploy well
experienced
persons for task,
Conduct safe
work procedures
briefing,
Construct safe
work platform &
Check that safe
access is
provided, Provide
and use lifelines &
harness with fall
arrester, Follow
approved
dismantling
sequence,
Implement
effective
communication
system to stop
work when there
is bad weather,
Ensure immediate
supervision by
competent
scaffold
supervisor
3 1 7 21 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 82
Sl
No
Acti
vity Hazard Risk
Ap
pli
ca
ble
Le
gal
Re
qui
re
me
nts
Evaluation of HIRA
Control
Measures
After Implementing
Control Measures
Evaluation of HIRA
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Ex
po
sure
Eff
ect
RP
N
Sig
nif
ica
nce
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Ex
po
sure
RP
N
Sig
nif
ica
nce
2
WORK AT HEIGHT
OPERATIONS
(CRANE WORKS)
a
Erect
ion
and
heigh
t
adjus
tmen
t of
a
towe
r
crane
Collapse
of
structure
/ Fall of
man&
material
s
Fatal/
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y/
Broken
bones/
Dislocat
ion/
Cut
Wound
Y 3 3 10 90 S
Isolate the
working area,
Deploy competent
persons for task &
competent
persons should
have at least 10
years of relevant
experience,
Conduct a risk
assessment before
the
commencement of
erection, Select
exclusive zone
which has been
clear of other
personnel not
involved and
stacked materials,
Sufficient area
must be set aside
for the mobile
crane or other
lifting appliance
that will be used to
erect the tower
crane, Adequate
lighting should be
2 2 7 28 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 83
provided for
working area,
Erection and
height alteration
operations should
not be undertaken
in high wind
speeds,/Particular
care should be
taken in gusty
conditions of
shielding and
funneling
(venturi) effects in
the vicinity of tall
building/If
concrete is used
for crane
foundation, ballast
or counter
balance, it should
be of the correct
mix, and given
sufficient curing
time to attain an
adequate
strength/At each
stage of the
erection,
dismantling or
height alteration
operation, care
should be taken to
ensure that the
correct amount of
ballast and/or
counterbalance is
in the appropriate
position on the
crane in
accordance with
the competent
person's
instructions,
Provide personal
protective
equipment such as
(protective gloves,
ear protectors and
reflective vests),
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 84
b
Mate
rial
handl
ing
Droppin
g of load
Fatal/Br
oken
bones /
Permane
nt
Disabilit
y /
Dislocat
ion / Cut
wounds
Y 5 3 10 150 S
Check safety
devices, Pick &
Carry cranes are
fitted with various
safety devices
which should be
checked before
starting work
2 2 7 28 NS
Slips,
trips and
falls
when
getting
on or off
the plant
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 5 2 10 100 S
Check that all
guards and covers
on the machine
are fastened
correctly, Tighten
any loose bolts or
repair any
damage, Wipe off
any mud, oil or
snow on the steps
before you start
work, Do not
jump onto or off
the machine, Do
not hold onto the
seat, control box,
control levers or
anything other
than the hand
grips provided
when you get on
or off the
machine, Do not
get on and off the
machine while it
is moving.
3 1 10 30 S
Failure
of
controls
and/or
mechani
cal parts
of plant
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 4 3 5 60 S
Before operating
the crane check
the machine
according to the
pre-operational
checking, Check
the operation of
the control levers
while the crane is
not carrying any
load, Allow the
crane to warm up
before carrying
full load, Ensure
2 3 5 30 S
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 85
that the crane is
serviced regularly.
Crane
could tip
over due
to strong
windy
conditio
ns.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 3 3 4 36 S
Stop work in
strong windy
conditions, If the
wind has a gust
speed of 10m/s or
more, retract the
boom, turn off the
crane and get out
of the machine,
Resume work
when the gust
speed is below
10m/s.
2 2 3 12 NS
Electroc
ution
from
lightnin
g strikes
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 4 2 10 80 S
If thunderstorms
are approaching,
lower the boom,
turn off the crane
and get out of the
crane. Resume
work when the
thunderstorm
ceases.
3 2 7 42 S
Collisio
n with
objects
and
people
working
in the
work
area.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 2 10 80 S
Before starting
work, check the
work area for the
presence of roads,
overhead power
lines, nearby
structures, other
cranes, aerial
hazards and other
obstructions.
Isolate the work
area by using
witches hats,
temporary barriers
or fencing.
People, vehicles,
etc. should be
prohibited from
entering the
isolated area.
Consult the
principal
contractor, site
supervisor, the
other crane
operators and
3 2 7 42 S
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 86
everyone involved
with the work and
prepare a safety
plan for the job,
Always be aware
of your
surroundings and
the hazards while
you work.
Unfamil
iarity
with site
conditio
ns or
scope of
work
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
N 3 2 7 42 S
Plan for Pick &
Carry crane
operations as early
as possible.
Planning should
involve inspection
of the site,
consultation with
all persons
involved in the
work such as the
principal
contractor, crane
hirer, energy
suppliers,
employer, dog
man, spotter, site
foreman and crane
operator.
2 1 5 10 NS
Electro
magneti
c
radiatio
n
from
high-
power
electrom
agnetic
emitters
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Take precautions
when operating
the crane near
high-power
electromagnetic
wave emitters,
Contact the
relevant
authorities before
starting work,
Discuss the safety
requirements and
precautions to be
taken with the
authorities,
Ensure that all the
safety precautions
are observed.
3 1 5 15 NS
Structur
al failure
or tip
over of
the
crane
during
operatio
n
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 2 10 80 S
Do not exceed the
lifting capacity of
the crane. If
unsure of the
lifting capacity,
always check the
rated lifting
capacity chart.
Lifting capacity
varies with the
3 2 7 42 S
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 87
boom length and
working radius.
Always check
that all safety
devices and
warning systems
are functioning
properly. Do not
operate a crane if
any of the safety
devices or
warning systems
are faulty.
Collisio
n from
swingin
g load
or
reduced
stability
of the
crane.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 1 10 40 S
Avoid sudden
movement or
violent operation
of the crane.
Operate the levers
and pedals
smoothly. Start,
accelerate,
decelerate,
articulate and stop
the crane
smoothly and
securely/When
lifting long loads
tie a guide rope to
each end of the
load. This will
prevent the load
from swinging
whilst it is being
lifted.
Compound
operations, such
as combining
winch hoisting or
lowering,
articulating,
luffing and
telescoping will
be slower than the
individual
operations /When
switching from
compound to
single operation,
work the controls
slowly and
smoothly with no
sudden change in
speed or direction.
3 1 7 21 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 88
Crane
damage
and tip
over
from
using
counter
weights
that are
not
specifie
d
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Only use
counterweights
supplied by the
manufacturer,/Inc
orrect
counterweights
may subject the
crane to
unreasonable
strain and damage
it, or decrease the
stability of the
crane,/ Ensure the
selection on the
crane computer is
correct before
commencing
lifting operations/
Always refer to
the correct load
chart.
3 1 5 15 NS
Collisio
n if
operator
is not
concentr
ating on
the job.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Do not allow to
operate the crane
if operator are
tired or cannot
concentrate on the
job,/Always be
alert and watch
that the boom or
the suspended
load does not
collide with
people or
buildings and the
load does not
collide with the
boom.
2 1 5 10 NS
Droppin
g of the
load
from an
unattend
ed
crane.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Never leave a
suspended load on
an unattended
crane. When
leaving the crane,
always lower the
load to the ground,
switch off the
engine, lock the
crane and take the
keys with you.
3 2 3 18 NS
Droppin
g of load
from
insecure
slings or
hook.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Use the slings or
chains should be
of the right
capacity and in
good condition. /
Arrange the slings
so that they do not
3 2 5 30 S
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 89
t
wounds
get tangled with
each other. /The
hook is fitted with
a retainer to
prevent the slings
from slipping out.
/ Check that the
hook is in good
condition and the
retainer is
operating
correctly. / Place a
protector (some
soft material) to
prevent the rope
from damage
where it comes
into contact with
the corner of the
load, and
elsewhere where
the sling is prone
to damage.
Impact
from
falling
objects
during
an
earthqua
ke.
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t wound
N 4 2 10 80 S
If there is an
earthquake when
the crane is
operating, the
vibrations feel
greater and more
alarming from the
elevated position
of the operator’s
seat. Stop work
immediately and
respond to ground
deformation./
Lower the load to
a safe place./
Articulate away
from the danger of
falling or toppling
objects and then
lower the boom./
To avoid being
thrown out of the
cab (by the
vibrations caused
by the earthquake)
fix yourself in
position with your
hands and feet
until the
earthquake stops./
If the door is open
close it and secure
it./To resume
3 2 7 42 S
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 90
work after the
earthquake has
ceased and there is
no likelihood of
further tremors,
thoroughly check
the ground
conditions. /Look
for damage to any
part of the crane,
check the
operation of the
crane computer
and check hooks
and slings for any
abnormalities./
Inspect the load
for signs of
movement of
damage.
Wrong
signalin
g/fall of
person
Fatal/He
ad
injuries/
Dislocat
ion/Cut
Wound/
Disabilit
y
Y 4 2 7 56 S
Deploy trained
signal man, ensure
safe & inspected
working platform,
provide fall
protection
equipment’s such
as safety nets and
full body safety
harness etc.
3 2 5 30 S
Misuse /
Incorrec
t
Operatio
n
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds
Y 4 3 10 120 S
Ensure
availability of
competent
personnel for
equipment
operation.
Operator shall be
trained &
authorized –
possessing
relevant operating
permit. Do not
leave the
equipment with
engine running
condition. Do not
attempt to stop the
equipment
manually by
pushing or pulling
to restrict its
movement from
any direction.
2 4 3 24 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 91
c
Dis-
mantli
ng of
tower
care
collapse
of
structure
/Fall of
material
s/person
s
Fatal/Br
oken
bones/P
ermanen
t
Disabilit
y/Disloc
ation/Cu
t
wounds.
Y 4 2 10 80 S
Isolate the dis-
mantling area and
cordon off,
Deploy well
experienced
persons for task,
Conduct safe
work procedures
briefing,/Use
adequate capacity
equipment’s to
lower dismantled
assemblies and it
should be enable
these to be
lowered to the
ground well clear
of the building or
structure./equipm
ent including all
lifting gear should
be tested and
thoroughly
examined by a
competent
examiner./Use
derrick crane to
dismantle a tower
crane./Tower ring
should be
examined when
dismantling./com
petent persons
should supervise
the dis-mantling
work.
2 2 7 28 NS
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 92
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The HIRA chart as shown as table 5 was prepared for various activities in work at height
operations via Erection of scaffolding, Shuttering work, Steel fixing work, Electrical materials
fixing work, Roof concreting work, Reinforcement for columns, Column box fitting
&dismantling, Concreting work for columns, De-shuttering work, Block work, Plumbing
work, Wiring work, Plastering work, Painting work, Dismantling of scaffolding, Erection &
height adjustment of crane, Materials handling work, Dismantling of tower crane.
The subsequent hazards and its effects on human being were identified. Applicability
of legal requirements was also notified. Evaluation of HIRA for various parameters like
probability, exposure, effects, RPN and significance are notified by numbers based on the
occurrence. The various control measures were adopted to reduce these hazards during the
above said activities are also mentioned in the chart. The effect of various control measures for
the hazards via probability, exposure, effects, RPN and significance were also notified in
numbers. From this chart it was found that the control measures reduce the hazards and its
effects to a considerable level. Finally the opportunities were also mentioned for different
activities by means of controlling the hazards and implementation of various control measures.
Table 5 HIRA chart for Work at height operations
Risk rating of the hazards / Aspects shall be determined based on probability, Exposure
and consequences of risks. Probability, exposure and consequence rating was recorded in the
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment Form. The rating was based on the Risk Rating
Matrix as shown below in figure 2: In this figure Probability was categorized for 5 point scale
via may well expected (5), quite possible (4), unusual but possible (3), only remotely possible
(2) and practically impossible (1).Exposure rating notified by 5 point scale via continuous (5),
EFFECT
PROBABILITY / EXPOSURE
1 2 3 4 5 7 10
5
4
3
2
1
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 93
frequent (4), unusual (3), occasionally (2) and more than a year (1). The effects were assessed
by 7 points scale via any fatality (10), significant chance of fatality (7), serious injury major
reportable (4), many persons getting reportable injuries (3), one reportable injury (2) and minor
injuries (1).
Based on the scores effects are notified by different colours such as dark green for very
low effects, light green for low effects, yellow colour for moderate effects, orange colour for
high effects, dark brown colour for very high effects and red colour for the effects that were
extreme.
Conclusions
This study revealed that dangerous situations in the earth work excavation can be
effectively identified, assessed and controlled by HIRA (Hazard identification and risk
assessment). It also informed that systematic methods were used and risk was assessed by
effective checklist and health and safety regulations. Earth work excavation was observed to
be one of the most critical activities leading to various hazards in Indian construction industry.
Based on methods used to communicate risk at construction sites, it was discovered that
toolbox meetings, site meetings, posters and informal verbal communication are used to
communicate risk. It was also revealed that safety committees and gang supervisors play a
major role in communicating health and safety risks. Regular inspections, penalties and
compliance certificates issued by regulatory institutions influence risk management more. The
study also provides factors hindering health and safety risk management in construction sites.
The factors include the low level of public awareness of regulations, lack of resources such as
personnel and funds, coverage of the regulations, complexity of design, the procurement
system and the low level of education, site configuration, and location. Thus the main ‘mantra’
is that every job on the construction site must be carried out with at-most activity.
very low
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Extreme
Zeichen Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2020
ISSN No: 0932-4747
Page No: 94
References
1. Norzalili Abu Bakar, SCAFFOLDING SAFETY ASSESSMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
SITES IN PENANG, 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUILT
ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (ICBEDC 2008).
2. Aviad shapira, Identification and Analysis of Factors Affecting Safety on Construction
Sites with Tower Cranes, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management © Asce /
January 2009.
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