© 2007 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved slide 1 stress and health 13
TRANSCRIPT
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2
Stress: Challenges to Coping• Sources of stress
– Life events• Crime, sexual assault, and violence• Loss of a family member• Natural disasters• Terrorism• Daily hassles
• Strong link between stressful life events and physical illness
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 3
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Event M value Event M value
Death of spouse 100 Child leaves home 29
Divorce 73 In-law trouble 29
Marital separation 65 Begin/end school 26
Jail term 63 Spouse begins work 26
Marriage 50 Trouble with boss 23
Fired at work 47 Work changes 20
Retirement 45 Change in schools 20
Pregnancy 40 Sleep habit change 16
Sex difficulties 39 Vacation 13
Loan foreclosure 31 Christmas 12
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 4
Percent of seriously depressed widows
and widowers
Number of months since death of a spouse
13 months2 months 7 months
10
20
30
0Not widowed
Widowed
The death of a spouse is a severe stressor leading to serious depression
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 5
Stress• Frustration
– When serious or prolonged, becomes major source of stress
• Conflict– Two or more motives cannot be satisfied
because they interfere with one another• Approach-approach conflict• Avoidance-avoidance conflict• Approach-avoidance conflict• Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 6
Strong
Strength of motive to
approach or avoid
Near
Weak
FarDistance from goal
Approach gradient
Avoidance gradient
Approach-avoidance conflict
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 7
Jump sequence
5
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0
15
2
Con
duct
ance
in m
icro
ohm
s
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 141 13
Con
trol
day
Rea
chin
g ai
rpor
t
Pre
- ch
eck
o ut
In a
irc r
a ft
Tax
i , b
egin
Tax
i, en
d
En
gin
e w
arm
up
, beg
in
En
gin
e w
arm
up
, en
d
Tak
eoff
Mid
poi
nt
alti
tud
e
Landing
Air
bor
ne
1,00
0 fe
et
Final altitude
Approach-avoidance conflict of jumping
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 8
Stress
• Pressure – Arises from threats of negative events
• Environmental conditions– Aspects like temperature, air pollution, noise,
and humidity can be sources of stress– Visits for psychological problems were higher
during days of high air pollution– More emergency visits for depression during
cloudy, humid days
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 9
General Aspects of Stress Reactions
• People feel stress and react to it– React to stress as a whole – both
psychological and physiological reactions
– Psychological and bodily reactions to stress are highly similar
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 10
Cortisol
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Heart
Liver
Adrenal gland
Sympathetic outflow
EpinophrineNorepinophrine
Stress and the body’s response:
Flight or fight?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 11
General Aspects of Stress Reactions
Physical reactions
– General Adaptation Syndrome
• Alarm reaction
• Resistance stage
• Exhaustion stage
– Healthy and unhealthy aspects of GAS
Stress and Health
Psychological reactions
– Changes in emotions, motivations, cognitions
– Anxiety
– Depression
– Anger, irritability
– Change in appetite and interest for sex
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 12
Exhaustion stage
Res
ista
nce
to s
tres
s
Resistance stageAlarm reaction
First stress reaction
Normal level
Second stress reaction
Changes in resistance during the three stages of general adaptation syndrome
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 13
Stress• Stress, depression, the GAS, and immune
system– Immune system – Stress and depression reduce effectiveness of
immune system– As one ages, effects of stress are stronger– Psychological treatments such as stress
management can restore immune system– High levels of depression common when
undergoing stress
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 14
Factors Influencing Reactions to Stress
• Prior experience with stress
• Developmental factors– Impact of stress and age when occurring linked
• Predictability and control– Usually events less stressful when predictable
due to perception of having some control– Lack of perceived control has significant health
consequences and ill effects
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 15
Social Support
• Social support acts as buffer against stress
– Persons with good social support are less likely to react to negative life events with depression, anxiety, and health problems
– Ability to get it off your chest is therapeutic (being ill less often) BUT there are risks associated with this behavior (revealing one’s personal information to others)
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 16
Personal Factors in Reactions to Stress
• Cognitive factors– Perceptions: people think and interpret things
differently
• Personality characteristics– Important influence on health consequences– Type A personality
• Associated (indirectly linked) with increased risk of coronary heart disease
• Psychotherapy can reduce hostility
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 17
Type A Personality
• Highly competitive, hard-driving; ambitious in work, sports, and games
• Works hurriedly, rushing with sense of urgency, multitasks
• Workaholic, no time off • Perfectionist and demanding
• Speaks loud or explosively; often hostile, aggressive, angry with others
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 18
Personal Factors in Reactions to Stress• Gender differences
– Women more likely to have lasting reactions to traumatic events; at more risk for exposure
– Marriage and committed relationships have health benefits• Social buffer against stress• Live healthier, longer lives on average• Loss of spouse affects men more • Maybe marriage is choice of healthier people
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 19
Personal Factors in Reactions to Stress
• Gender differences– Fight-or-flight important to both sexes– Men more likely to use fight-or-flight response– Women more likely to tend-and-befriend
• Creates alliances for future if reoccurrence• Average response to workplace stress
– Mothers more nurturing to children– Fathers more grouchy or withdrawn
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 20
Personal Factors in Reactions to Stress
• Ethnic differences– Minority groups experience more stress
• Few advantages and opportunities• Stressful interactions with majority culture
due to stereotypes, discrimination, prejudice• Rapid acculturation of immigrant children
clash with family pressures to maintain old culture (ie: language, customs)
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 21
Coping with Stress• Effective coping
– Removing stress – make changes– Cognitive coping with reappraisal– Managing stress reactions
• Ineffective coping– Withdrawal– Aggression– Self-medication– Defense mechanisms
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 22
Defense Mechanisms
– Projection
– Regression
– Rationalization
– Repression
– Denial
Stress and Health
– Displacement
– Sublimination
– Reaction formation
– Intellectualization and distortion of reality
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 23
Changing Health Patterns
• Learning to relax – Progressive relaxation training
• Eating right, exercising, and following doctor’s orders– Improve eating habits
• Diets and balanced meals– Regular aerobic exercises – keep fit– Medical compliance – prescribed medications
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 24
Human Diversity• Psychology and women’s health
– Health concerns– Changes in high-risk behavior– Different equation between health behaviors
and illnesses• Avoid smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity,
STDs, fatty diets• Employment differences for women
– Other sociocultural factors• Ethnicity, sexual orientation, reproduction
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 25
Safety Management
• Prevention – Disease and illness– Accidents; major cause of disability and death
• Be alert, cautious• Use seat belts in vehicles• Don’t drink and drive• Workplace safety and training
– Use of safety equipment
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 26
Benefits of Health Psychology
• Positive health practices– Moderate or no use of alcohol– Sleep 7 to 8 hours per night– Never or rarely eating between meals– Being near or at ideal weight for your height– Regular physical exercise– Never smoking cigarettes– Eating breakfast almost every day
Stress and Health
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 27
Perc
ent o
f de
aths
dur
ing
5½ y
ears
75+Under 55 55 - 74
25
Age in years
50
75
100
0
6-7 Positive health behaviors
0-3 Positive health behaviors
4-5 Positive health behaviors
Positive Health Practices in Females
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 28
Positive Health Practices in Males
Perc
ent o
f de
aths
dur
ing
5½ y
ears
75+Under 55 55 - 74
25
Age in years
50
75
100
0
6-7 Positive health behaviors
0-3 Positive health behaviors
4-5 Positive health behaviors