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© 2019 IJRAR June 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR19K8328 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 616

STRESS COPING STRATEGIES OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS – A STUDY OF SOUTHERN

RAJASTHAN

Dr. Roma Sadhwani

Guest Lecturer

Department of Business Administration

UCCMS, MlSU, Udaipur, India

Abstract: This paper is focused on the study of coping strategies of women entrepreneurs for overcoming stress. The objective of the

research was to identify the coping strategies adopted by women entrepreneurs to overcome stress and to find out whether these strategies

were effective in overcoming stress and also to determine whether these coping strategies differ significantly when studied on the basis of

various demographic variables. The result of data analysis concluded that majority of respondents are willingly using coping strategies to

relieve from stress. They were in agreement towards the frequent use of 22 out of 25 strategies. Majority of respondents are adopting

physical stress management strategies related to relaxation, meditation, yoga, diet etc. Further, it was found that demographic variables

such as age group, marital status, educational qualification, annual income, family type and family size play a significant role in the

frequency of use of coping strategies. Coping strategies were found to be effective in coping with stress.

Index Terms - Stress, Women, Entrepreneurs, Coping Strategies, Southern Rajasthan.

I. INTRODUCTION

“When we meet real tragedy in life, we can react in two ways – either by losing hope and falling into self-destructive habits or by using

the challenge to find our inner strength”

- Dalai Lama XIV

Stress is an unavoidable part of the life of people, no matter they are employed or not. But as soon as the causes of stress are identified, one

can make efforts to battle against stress and its hazardous effects. However, some amount of stress is necessary to bring excellence in their

work but excessive stress can serious damage to their lives as well as profession. Being entrepreneurs, they might see stress coping

strategies as a destruction or burden on their already busy lives. Nevertheless, these strategies might be helpful in managing stress thereby

enabling them to give their hundred percent to their business.

Therefore primary objective of this study is to identify the coping strategies adopted by women entrepreneurs to overcome stress and to

find out whether these strategies differ when studied on the basis of demographic variables and also efforts have been made to evaluate the

effectiveness of these coping strategies.

COPING STRATEGIES

Coping refers to the thoughts and actions we use to deal with a threatening situation. Coping is a very complex process that varies

according to many variables such as the situation, the evaluation of the situation, and the resources available

Coping mechanisms are the strategies people often use in the phase of stress and/or trauma to help manage difficult and/or

painful emotions. Coping mechanisms can help people adjust to stressful events while maintaining their emotional well-being.

Some may confuse defense mechanisms with coping mechanisms. Although they share some similarities, they are, in fact,

different. Defense mechanisms mostly occur at an unconscious level, and people are generally unaware they are using them. One’s use of

coping mechanisms, on the other hand, is typically conscious and purposeful. Coping mechanisms are used to manage an external situation

that is creating problems for an individual. Defense mechanisms can change a person’s internal psychological state.

A stressful situation may be considered a threat for you but not necessarily for your neighbor. You and your neighbor may

become stressed by the same situation, but for different reasons (e.g. The situation is new for you but unpredictable for your neighbor).

After all, since we all become stressed for various reasons we will need to choose different coping strategies. As you will see,

there are many strategies and some are better than others.

Coping styles can be problem-focused—also called instrumental—or emotion-focused. Problem-focused coping strategies are

typically associated with methods of dealing with the problem in order to reduce stress, while emotion-focused mechanisms can help

people handle any feelings of distress that result from the problem.

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Problem-focused strategy

This strategy relies on using active ways to directly tackle the situation that caused the stress: you must concentrate on

the problem. Here are some examples:

Analyze the situation e.g. Pay attention, avoid taking on more responsibility than you can manage.

Work harder e.g. Stay up all night to study for an exam

Apply what you have already learned to your daily life. e.g. You lose your job for the second time - you now know the steps to

apply for a new job

Talk to a person that has a direct impact on the situation e.g. Talk directly to your boss to ask for an extension to the project that is

due in one week.

Emotion-focused strategy

Emotion-focused coping strategies are used to handle feelings of distress, rather than the actual problem situation. You focus on

your emotions:

Brood e.g. you accept new tasks instead of saying “no”, but you keep complaining and saying it is unfair.

Imagine/Magic thinking e.g. you dream about a better financial situation.

Avoid/Deny e.g. you avoid everything that is related to this situation or you take drugs and/or alcohol to escape from this

situation.

Blame e.g. you blame yourself or others for the situation.

Social support e.g. you talk to your best friend about your concerns.

Further, coping mechanisms can be broadly categorized as active or avoidant. Active coping mechanisms usually involve an

awareness of the stressor and conscious attempts to reduce stress. Avoidant coping mechanisms, on the other hand, are characterized by

ignoring or otherwise avoiding the problem.

Some coping methods, though they work for a time, are not effective for a long-term period. These ineffective coping

mechanisms, which can often be counterproductive or have unintended negative consequences, are known as “maladaptive

coping.” Adaptive coping mechanisms are those generally considered to be healthy and effective ways of managing stressful situations.

Among the more commonly used coping mechanisms are:

Support: Talking about a stressful event with a supportive person can be an effective way to manage stress. Seeking external support

instead of self-isolating and internalizing the effects of stress can often greatly reduce the negative effects of a difficult situation.

Relaxation: Any number of relaxing activities can help people cope with stressful situations. Relaxing activities may include

practicing meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, or calming techniques; sitting in nature; or listening to soft music etc.

Problem-solving: This coping mechanism involves identifying a problem that is causing stress and then developing and putting into action

some potential solutions for effectively managing it.

Humor: Humor is a very effective, simple and inexpensive way to decrease stress. Humor is effective as a stress-relieving method for

numerous reasons. First, humor functions as a distraction, interrupting the chain of thought that results in stress. Effective humor also

results in laughter, which is a physical release of tension.

Physical activity: Exercise can serve, for many people, as a natural and healthy form of stress relief. Running, yoga, swimming,

walking, dance, team sports, and many other types of physical activity can help people cope with stressful situations and the after-effects of

traumatic events.

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Gupta, Telles, Singh and Balkrishna, (2018) This study was conducted to assess (i) the relationship between stressful life events

and coping strategies, (ii) how stressful life events influence stress indicators, and (iii) how variations in stress indicators occur according to

the coping strategies adopted. Data analysis revealed that Coping strategies, stressful life events, and stress indicators were assessed in 72

participants as a single-group cross-sectional study, Participants with low, medium, and high stressful life events showed a positive

correlation with disengagement (e.g., social withdrawal). A high level of stressful life events was positively correlated with physical and

behavioral indicators. Coping strategies such as problem-solving and cognitive restructuring showed a negative correlation with behavioral

indicators; wishful thinking showed a positive correlation with emotional indicators. Engagement showed a negative correlation with

behavioral indicators and disengagement was found to be positively correlated with emotional indicator. Further resultsconcluded that

(i)The higher the stressful life event scores, the greater was the chance of using unhealthy coping strategies; (ii) high stressful life events

correlated positively with physical and behavioral stress indicators; and (iii) healthy coping strategies (e.g., problem-solving) resulted in

lower behavioral indicators of stress.




Krithiga and Velmurugan, (2018) The present paper attempts to explain the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in

manufacturing sector, and how their problems has been managed, i.e. their stress copying strategies, The study findings show that women

entrepreneurs faced several problems in work and family environment. The constant requirement for the work and other work environment

factors were accounted as the largest source for creating stress among women entrepreneurs. Further it was found that entrepreneurs faced

problems and were applying both problem-based and emotion-based coping strategies to manage the stress.

Dashora, Khandalwal, Jain and Purohit, (2015) Women entrepreneurs are living in affirm of inevitable stress which can be

effectively managed with the use of suitable coping strategies. Apposite management of stress leads to the efficacy, comfort, concert &

success of an entrepreneur along with popularity of enterprise. This study inspects various role stressors and coping styles among women

entrepreneurs. Standardized instruments were applied for assessing role stress and coping among total 270 women entrepreneurs, 90 from

each sector i.e. manufacturing, trading and service. Role stress was experienced by all the subjects but the differences were not significant.

Maximum stress was noticed in trading sector and explicitly in others trading sub-sector. Challenge stress and role overload were

prominent stressors for all subjects. Sector wise variations were found regarding coping preferences. Subjects were using approach mode

for materialistic issues regarding market, money, time and work load whereas, regrettably avoiding the humanistic issues such as merits of

health, values, market orientation and problem sharing. Study is evocative that efforts must be inclined to redefine the roles with self-

regulation to astutely tackle health & wellbeing issues along with all other neglected issues. The article concludes with amendments in

existing coping pattern to reduce stress for active & emerging entrepreneurs.

Nidhi Verma and Ajay Singh, (2014) nowadays people are living stressful lives, be it stress arising from occupations, finance,

career or relationships. As a result, they are suffering from various psychosomatic problems. Nowadays many kinds of therapies are

available which help in dealing with stress such as cognitive behaviour therapy, behaviour therapy, psychotherapy etc. This paper aims at

spreading light on an ancient holy book: The Bhagwad Gita which has been forgotten by young generations and is considered a religious

book only. The Bhagwad Gita, which was spoken by Lord Krishna in the battle of Kurukshetra- Mahabharata, is a key to all worries and

anxieties. Therefore this paper aims at the basic understanding of the Bhagwad Gita principles and its application in day to day life as a

valuable tool for management and coping with stress. This paper draws attention on the insight given by Gita for the healthy and effective

coping with stress in the form of 18 chapters of Gita. In The Sanskrit editions of the Gita, each chapter is named as a particular form of

Yoga. This paper helps in the understanding of these chapters in a simplified manner in order to deal with stress. In the Bhagavad Gita, a

lot of efforts have been made to equate Karma Yoga, Gyan Yoga, and Bhakti Yoga. Understanding and application of these verses can

surely help one to live happily and stress-free life.

Dr. K. Shobha and Gopal Vennila, (2012) this paper focuses on the level of stress of the women entrepreneurs and their coping

mechanism. For the purpose of study 100 women entrepreneurs were selected from Coimbatore city on the basis of random sampling.

Respondents were asked to mark their perception on a five-point scale and “Factor Analysis” (Principal Component, Varimax Rotated

Factor Analysis Method) was used to analyze the data. Results concluded that Women entrepreneurs’ characteristics and skills are the main

sources of stress. These factors are obstacles for the successful running of the business. Expectations of others and interest to do better than

others is also another form of stress. However work-home conflict isn’t considered as stress contributors for women entrepreneurs. The

coping mechanisms adopted by the entrepreneurs in the study to deal with stress were communicating with experienced people in the same

field, communicating with subordinates, maintaining cool, to take a break and delegating work.

Divina M. Edralin, (2012) an exploratory study that aims at discovering the innovative strategies by which women entrepreneurs

achieve harmony in their work and life demands. For the purpose of study140 women entrepreneurs in the Philippines were interviewed

and eight selected cases from among the samples were used to authenticate the findings. Results revealed that the positive spillover effects

of work on family needs and personal needs of the women entrepreneurs are having a good reputation in the community while negative

spillover has to do with health problems/physical exhaustion/stress due to long work hours and workload. The top three strategies used by

women entrepreneurs to integrate work and life demands are engaging in activities to manage stress, having the business located at home or

near residence and planning work and household chores ahead of time. Also, the personal entrepreneurial competencies of the Filipinas

which they use to integrate work-life demands are information seeking, systematic planning/monitoring, and goal setting. To ensure work-

life balance, women entrepreneurs, are encouraged to adopt innovative work-life balance strategies like strengthening support from spouse

and family, engage in stress management and time management activities, and redesign work structure to make it more flexible.

Uma Devi .T, (2011) conducted a study on 200 employees of IT companies situated in and around Hyderabad to determine the

causes of stress and coping strategies adopted by these employees to deal with stress. Main causes of stress identified in the study were

heavy workloads, organizational changes, organization culture, and lack of employee control, fear of job loss, competition, operating cycle,

increasing technology and push for multitasking. Coping strategies identified in this study include stress management programs, lifestyle

modification programs, physical activities planned in job design, supportive organization culture, finding triggers and stressors, stress

counseling programs, and spiritual programs.

Ahmad, Syed Zamberi Xavier, and Siri Roland, (2010) the objective of this study was to provide pragmatic evidence on the

factors causing stress among entrepreneurs in Malaysia and to study the coping mechanisms adopted by these entrepreneurs to overcome

stress. Data for the study were collected from 118 entrepreneurs and it was found that the major sources of stress were the high expectation

of others', 'business skills required', 'responsibilities' and ‘work pressure'. In order to manage stress, various coping strategies were adopted

by Malaysian entrepreneurs, among them ‘diverts thinking' (by doing something else), 'disregarding', 'networking' and 'effective

communication proved to be very effective. Moreover, People problems' and 'family' were not considered to be the major sources of stress.




It was also suggested that in order to deal with stress entrepreneurs must properly organized their work, control their emotions and spend

time with friends.

Mateja Drnovšek, Daniel Ortqvist, and Joakim Wincent, (2010) present study analyzes the effectiveness of coping strategies

that are used by entrepreneurs to daily manage work-related stress and also to analyze relationships among these coping strategies and a set

of antecedents influencing the selection of coping strategies by entrepreneurs. In this paper two broad strategies of coping are identified;

problem-based coping and emotion-based coping. Data collected from 469 entrepreneurs from two European countries were analyzed using

structural equation modeling. Results revealed that problem-based coping facilitates well-being and venture performance. Additionally, our

findings also support interaction effects of founder centrality and contextual conditions of venturing on the extent entrepreneurs engage in

coping. In specific, our findings suggest that entrepreneurs should engage in problem-focused strategies when they want to effectively

tackle the economic aspects of their lives and they should engage in emotion-based strategies when they seem to increase the self-

knowledge they need to start subsequent ventures and facilitate learning from failure.

Syed Zamberi Ahmad and Farah Akmar Anor Salim, (2009) present study aims at determining the factors causing stress and

the coping mechanism adopted by Malaysian entrepreneurs to overcome stress. For this purpose data were collected from 118

entrepreneurs via questionnaire. It was found that Responsibility and values, need to acquire numerous skills and focusing too much on

work are the factors that serve as a major source of stress in Malaysian entrepreneurs. Results also revealed that People problems and

family were not considered as a factor causing stress even though these were highly rated as one of the stress factors in other countries.

Moreover coping mechanisms adopted by Malaysian entrepreneurs to overcome stress include effective communication, disregarding and

divert thinking (by doing something fun).

Elaine G. Porter and K.V. Nagarajan, (2005) the purpose of this research is to study motives and the obstacles faced by women

entrepreneurs in establishing and growing their businesses. Nine women entrepreneurs in a small southern Indian town with entrepreneurial

training and who had been running their business for at least five years constitute the sample for research. Their decision to enter into the

business was guided by Gender-neutral and gendered motives even if partnered with a male. It was found that Patriarchal norms within and

outside family provided many challenges along the way also work-family conflicts were among them. In order to manage interactions with

governmental and bank officials women used gender-based strategies and a professional demeanour to deal with male clients. Children

sometimes participated in their businesses after school. By being successful entrepreneurs, these women proved to be pioneers in their

environment.

Surti and Sarupriya, (1983) conducted a study on 40 women entrepreneurs with minimum two years experience to examine the

role of stress, the effect of demographic variables (marital status, type of family) on stress and how women entrepreneurs cope with stress.

Results revealed that unmarried women entrepreneurs experienced less stress and self-role distance than married women entrepreneurs also

women entrepreneurs from joint families experienced less stress, reason being they might share their problems with other family members.

Also, it was found that external focus of control was significantly related to the stress role and fear of success was related to result-

inadequacy and role-inadequacy dimensions of stress. Moreover, intrapersistent coping styles, such as taking action to solve problems,

avoidance etc. were more commonly used by entrepreneurs to deal with stress than approach – oriented styles of coping.

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology section outline the plan and method that how the study is conducted. This includes objectives of the study, hypothesis,

sample design, research tools for data collection, data analysis and interpretation and limitations of the study. The details are as follows;

3.1Objectives

The objectives of the present research are as follows:

1. To identify the coping strategies adopted by women entrepreneurs to overcome stress.

2. To find out whether these strategies differ when studied on the basis of demographic variables.

3.2 Hypothesis

The following hypothesis was formulated in consonance with the objectives of the study:

Hypothesis (Ho) 1: There is no significant difference between stress coping strategies according to various demographic variables.

Hypothesis (Ho) 2: Coping strategies used by women entrepreneurs are not effective in overcoming stress.

3.3 Sample design

Sampling Technique: Convenient Sampling

Base and size of Sample: For the purpose of accomplishing objectives of the study data has been collected from 505 women

entrepreneurs of Southern Rajasthan (Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Dungarpur).




3.4 RESEARCH TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

3.4.1 Primary Data

Primary data was collected with the help of a questionnaire and personal interview. These are described as follows:

(i) Questionnaire: For the purpose of data collection, a structured questionnaire was designed which was divided into two

sections.

The first section was related with the demographic profile of respondents containing questions like Name, Age, Marital Status,

Investment, Annual Income, Family type, Family size, Number of Employees working with them, Experience of entrepreneurship

The second section, dealt with various coping strategies. Respondents were asked to give their agreement or disagreement towards 27

coping strategies which they use to cope up with stress. The responses were based on 5-point Likert Scale, ranging 5 for Strongly

Agreed to 1 for Strongly Disagreed. They were further asked whether these strategies really help them to cope up with stress.

(ii) Personal Interview: Along with questionnaire at some instances where respondents were illiterate, personal interview

method was used to collect data. The main purpose of the personal interview is to collect reliable and authentic information.

3.4.2 Secondary Data

For the purpose of the study, secondary data was collected with the help of various Books, Journals, Dissertations, Articles,

publications, magazines along with relevant websites.

3.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation

For the purpose of achieving the objective of the research, data collected through questionnaires and interviews were analyzed and

interpreted using various statistical techniques such as frequencies, Z test, ANOVA, etc. Data preparation was done on Ms-Excel whereas

analysis was done on SPSS 20.

3.6 Limitations of the Study:

The study is limited to women entrepreneurs only.

The geographical area was limited to southern Rajasthan only.

Women entrepreneurs’ sector in Southern Rajasthan is very Unorganized which makes it difficult to collect information about

them.

While the collection of data many respondents were unwilling to fill the questionnaire. They considered it to be a waste of time.

It was difficult to collect information from uneducated women entrepreneurs.




IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Section 1: Demographic summary of respondents.

Table 4.1: Profile of Respondents

Attributes N Percent

Attributes N Percent

Place Marital Status

Chittorgarh 51 10.1 Married 397 78.6

Dungarpur 50 9.9 Unmarried 68 13.5

Udaipur 404 80.0 Widow 33 6.5

Divorcee 7 1.4

Total 505 100.0 Total 505 100.0

Age Group Income

Less Than 30 120 23.8 < Rs. 1 Lakh 104 20.6

30-40 165 32.7 Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 57.4

40-50 166 32.9 Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 17.4

More Than 50 54 10.7 >Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 4.6

Total 505 100.0 Total 505 100.0

Business Classification Sector

Academics 64 12.7 Trade 228 45.1

Boutique 39 7.7 Manufacturing 24 4.8

Cosmetic /Jewellery 29 5.7 Service 246 48.7

Garments 82 16.2 Hand-Craft 7 1.4

General Store 25 5.0 Total 505 100.0

Hobby Class 26 5.1 No. of Employees

Others 85 16.8 0-2 315 62.4

Parlour/Saloon 91 18.0 3-5 136 26.9

Restaurant/Tiffin/Food Items 38 7.5 6-10 27 5.3

Tailor 26 5.1 11-15 12 2.4

Total 505 100.0 More Than 15 13 2.6

Investment Total 503 99.6

< Rs. 1 Lac 134 26.5 Ownership

Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 261 51.7 Sole Ownership 403 79.8

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 40 7.9 Joint Ownership 71 14.1

Rs. 5-10 Lakhs 50 9.9 Family Business 30 5.9

Rs. 10-15 Lakhs 7 1.4 Co-operative 1 .2

> Rs. 15 Lakhs 13 2.6 Total 505 100.0

Total 505 100.0 Experience

Qualification < 5 Years 188 37.2

Illiterate 2 .40 5-10 Years 191 37.8

Up to 8 46 9.11 > 10 Years 126 25.0




Attributes N Percent Attributes N Percent

Up to12 146 28.91 Total 505 100.0

Graduate 166 32.87 Family Size

Post Graduate 136 26.93 0-3 121 24.0

Higher 9 1.78 4-5 204 40.4

Total 505 100.0 More Than 5 180 35.6

Family Type Total 505 100.0

Joint 232 45.9

Nuclear 273 54.1

Total 505 100.0

Section 2: Stress Coping Strategies of Women Entrepreneurs.

In this section, respondents were proposed with 27 stress coping strategies to give the opinion on the frequency of their use. Table

4.2 presents the mean, standard deviation, Z-value and its significance for each of the strategies in the descending order of their mean,

segregating them into “More Frequent Use” and “Less Frequent or No Use”. Only significant strategies have been displayed.

Table 4.2: Results of Z Test for Overall Opinion towards Coping Strategies

Strategies Mean Std. Dev. Z Sig.

More Frequent Use Descending Order

R11. Faith upon God and spiritual orientation 4.28 1.065 26.993 0.00

R17. Thinking positively 4.23 1.027 26.913 0.00

R9. Spending time with friends/ family 4.05 1.052 22.508 0.00

R5. Prioritizing the work 4.04 1.003 23.381 0.00

R4. Take appropriate action to solve problems 4.03 0.969 23.825 0.00

R16. Avoid people who stress you out 3.99 1.23 18.012 0.00

R20. Eat a healthy diet and get enough sleep 3.96 1.178 18.397 0.00

R24. Taking work problems as an opportunity to learn new skills 3.96 1.123 19.301 0.00

R26. Stop the work for a while and come back refreshed 3.95 1.074 19.938 0.00

R25. Finding immediate solutions for a problem 3.92 1.084 19.002 0.00

R27. Nurturing hobbies and interests 3.89 1.151 17.358 0.00

R6. Planning work and household chores ahead of time 3.88 1.062 18.563 0.00

R19. Spare time for doing something you enjoy every day 3.83 1.107 16.847 0.00

R7. Working smarter not harder 3.75 1.304 12.899 0.00

R8. Divert thinking (by doing something else) 3.7 1.1 14.366 0.00

R18. Set aside relaxation time/ Take a walk 3.7 1.212 12.921 0.00

R10. Going out on holiday 3.54 1.193 10.107 0.00

R15. Listen to music or reading books 3.49 1.428 7.726 0.00

R14. Networking and effective communication 3.46 1.319 7.791 0.00

R3. Avoid hasty decisions 3.31 1.427 4.866 0.00

R1. Communicating with experienced people in the same field 3.22 1.6 3.06 0.002

R2. Communicating with subordinates 3.14 1.6 2.003 0.046

Less Frequent or No Use Descending Order of Mean




R22. Deep breathing 2.64 1.47 -5.57 0.00

R21. Laughter therapy 2.4 1.516 -8.951 0.00

R12. Accepting the situation and doing nothing 2.06 1.241 -17.1 0.00

Surprisingly, Z-values of 25 strategies are significantly different from the neutral opinion (i. e. 3). Out of 25 strategies,

respondents use more frequently the strategies- “Faith upon God and spiritual orientation”, “Thinking positively”, “Spending time with

friends/ family”, “Prioritizing the work”, “Take appropriate action to solve problems”, “Avoid people who stress you out”, “Eat a healthy

diet and get enough sleep”, “Taking work problems as an opportunity to learn new skills”, “Stop the work for a while and come back

refreshed”, “Finding immediate solutions for a problem”, “Nurturing hobbies and interests”, “Planning work and household chores ahead

of time”, “Spare time for doing something you enjoy every day”, “Working smarter not harder”, “Divert thinking (by doing some thing

else) ”, “Set aside relaxation time/ Take a walk”, “Going out on holiday”, “Listen to music or reading books”, “Networking and effective

communication”, “Avoid hasty decisions”, “Communicating with experienced people in the same field” and “Communicating with

subordinates”.

Respondents use less frequently only three strategies “Deep breathing”, “Laughter Therapy” and “Accepting the situation and

doing nothing”. Results show that women entrepreneurs are doing some or the other thing for relieving stress.

Results of Z-test were not significant for “Meditation / Yoga / Exercise” and “Division of Responsibilities”. Their results have not

been displayed.

After finding that most of the coping strategies are significant at 5 % level of significance, it was decided to explore whether this

difference is still significant when studied on the basis of demographic variables.

1. Age Group

Table 4.3 presents the results of ANOVA for coping strategies according to age group. Only significantly different results have

been shown.

Table 4.3: Results of ANOVA for Coping Strategies according to Age Group

Strategies Age

Group N Mean

Std.

Dev. F Sig. Post-Hoc Analysis

R6. Planning work

and household

chores ahead of

time

< 30 120 3.56 1.172

5.674 0.001

Significant difference found between

< 30 and 30-40

< 30 and 40-50

30-40 165 3.90 1.083

40-50 166 4.07 .957

> 50 54 3.91 .896

Total 505 3.88 1.062

R14. Networking

and effective

communication

< 30 120 3.82 1.092

4.006 0.008


< 30 and 30-40

< 30 and 40-50

30-40 165 3.37 1.344

40-50 166 3.34 1.404

> 50 54 3.30 1.327

Total 505 3.46 1.319

R15. Listen to

music or reading

books

< 30 120 3.81 1.368

2.788 0.04


< 30 and 40-50

30-40 165 3.42 1.415

40-50 166 3.34 1.467

> 50 54 3.48 1.411

Total 505 3.49 1.428

R21. Laughter

therapy

< 30 120 2.56 1.544

3.162 0.024 Significant difference found between

30-40 and 40-50

30-40 165 2.56 1.543

40-50 166 2.11 1.431

> 50 54 2.41 1.536

Total 505 2.40 1.516




Results reveal that F value is significant for 4 strategies R6 “Planning work and household chores ahead of time”, R14

“Networking and effective communication”, R15 “Listen to music or reading books” and R21 “Laughter therapy “. The calculated F-

statistic was 5.674, 4.006, 2.788 and 3.162 with p-values 0.001, 0.008, 0.04 and 0.024 respectively. Mentioned first three strategies are

more frequently used by respondents of all age groups whereas the fourth strategy is less frequently used by all age groups.

Results of Post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni Test revealed that for R6 and R14 difference was significant between Less Than 30

and 30-40 age groups & Less Than 30 and 40-50 age groups. Respondents of less than 30 years use less frequently the strategies R6 and

R14 than other age groups. For R15 significant difference was found between Less Than 30 and 40-50 age groups and for R21 difference

was significant between 30-40 and 40-50 age groups.

Thus it can be concluded that out of these 4 strategies, respondents of all age groups use more frequently R6, R14 and R15 whereas

they use less frequently R21.

2. Marital Status

Table 4.4 shows the ANOVA results for coping strategies according to marital status. Only significant results have been shown.

Difference was significant for 5 strategies R1 “Communicating with experienced people in the same field”, R6 “Planning work and

household chores ahead of time”, R12 “Accepting the situation and doing nothing”, R20 “Eat a healthy diet and get enough sleep” and R26

“Stop the work for a while and come back refreshed”. The F-statistic was 3.809, 4.331, 4.177, 5.076 and 3.734 with p-value of 0.01, 0.005,

0.006, 0.002 and .011.

Table 4.4: Results of ANOVA for Coping Strategies according to Marital Status

Strategies Marital Status N Mean Std. Dev. F Sig. Post-Hoc Analysis

R1.

Communicating

with

experienced

people in the

same field

Married 397 3.10 1.619

3.809 0.01 Significant difference found

between Married and Unmarried

Unmarried 68 3.78 1.464

Widow 33 3.45 1.438

Divorcee 7 3.29 1.496

Total 505 3.22 1.600

R6. Planning

work and

household

chores ahead of

time

Married 397 3.94 1.062


between Married and Unmarried

Unmarried 68 3.46 1.099

Widow 33 3.88 .857

Divorcee 7 4.14 .690

Total 505 3.88 1.062

R12. Accepting

the situation

and doing

nothing

Married 397 2.11 1.248

4.177 0.006

Significant difference found

between

Unmarried and Divorcee

Widow and Divorcee

Unmarried 68 1.82 1.196

Widow 33 1.64 .929

Divorcee 7 3.14 1.676

Total 505 2.06 1.241

R20. Eat a

healthy diet and

get enough

sleep

Married 397 4.00 1.153

5.076 0.002


between

Married and Widow

Unmarried and Widow

Unmarried and Divorcee

Unmarried 68 4.13 1.021

Widow 33 3.42 1.501

Divorcee 7 2.86 1.345

Total 505 3.96 1.178

R26. Stop the

work for a

while and come

back refreshed

Married 397 3.96 1.053


between Unmarried and Widow

Unmarried 68 4.18 .976

Widow 33 3.58 1.347

Divorcee 7 3.14 1.069

Total 505 3.95 1.074

Results of Post-Hoc Bonferroni Test reveal that for R1 and R6 difference was significant between the Married and Unmarried

group, however, both the groups use it more frequently. For R12 significant difference was found between Unmarried and Divorcee &




Widow and Divorcee, where only Divorcee group uses more frequently. This shows their adjusting and pessimistic view towards stress.

For R20 difference was significant between Married and Widow, Unmarried and Widow & Unmarried and Divorcee. For R26 significant

difference was found between Unmarried and Widow Groups.

It was concluded from the results that except R12, Divorcee women use these strategies less frequently than other women.

Divorcee women use more frequently R12 “Accepting the situation and doing nothing” whereas all other women use this strategy less

frequently.

3. Educational Qualification

Table 4.5 shows the ANOVA results for coping strategies according to educational qualification of respondents. Only significant

results have been shown. Difference was significant for 12 strategies R5 “Prioritizing the work”, R7 “Working smarter not harder”, R10

“Going out on holiday”, R13 “Meditation / Yoga / Exercise”, R14“Networking and effective communication”, R16 “Avoid people who

stress you out”, R18 “Set aside relaxation time/ Take a walk”, R19 “Spare time for doing something you enjoy every day”, R20 “Eat a

healthy diet and get enough sleep”, R21 “Laughter therapy”, R24 “Taking work problems as an opportunity to learn new skills” and R27

“Nurturing hobbies and interests”. The F-statistic (and p-value in brackets) was 2.378 (.038), 4.235 (0.001), 5.547 (0.00), 6.075 (0.00),

3.799 (0.002), 3.063 (0.01), 3.486 (0.004), 3.914 (0.002), 3.335 (0.006), 6.761 (0.00), 3.585 (.003) and 2.977 (.012) respect ively. It was

interesting to know that except “Going out on Holiday” illiterate respondents use less frequently all significantly different strategies.

Table 4.5: Results of ANOVA for Coping Strategies according to Qualification

Strategies Qualification N Mean Std.


R5. Prioritizing the

work

Illiterate 2 2.00 0.000

2.378 0.038


between

Illiterate and up to 12

Illiterate and Graduate

Up to 8 46 3.85 .965

Up to 12 146 4.12 .894

Graduation 166 4.09 .965

PG 136 4.01 1.119

Higher 9 3.89 1.364

Total 505 4.04 1.003

R7. Working smarter

not harder

Illiterate 2 1.50 .707

4.235 0.001


between Up To 12 and

Graduate

Up to 8 46 3.39 1.406

Up to 12 146 3.52 1.381

Graduation 166 3.98 1.238

PG 136 3.84 1.188

Higher 9 4.11 1.269

Total 505 3.75 1.304

R10. Going out on

holiday


5.547 0.00


between

Up to 8 and PG

Up to 12 and PG

Up to 8 46 3.09 1.262

Up to 12 146 3.28 1.253


PG 136 3.87 1.134

Higher 9 4.11 1.269

Total 505 3.54 1.193

R13. Meditation / Yoga

/ Exercise


6.075 0.00


between

Up to 8 and PG

Up to 12 and PG

Up to 8 46 2.65 1.622

Up to 12 146 2.59 1.446


PG 136 3.43 1.380

Higher 9 3.44 1.878

Total 505 2.97 1.490

R14. Networking and Illiterate 2 1.50 .707 3.799 0.002 Significant difference found




effective

communication Up to 8 46 3.04 1.563 between Up to 8 and PG

Up to 12 146 3.26 1.360


PG 136 3.70 1.249

Higher 9 3.89 1.364

Total 505 3.46 1.319

R16. Avoid people who

stress you out

Illiterate 2 1.50 .707

3.063 0.01


between


Illiterate and PG

Up to 8 46 3.59 1.557

Up to 12 146 3.95 1.285


PG 136 4.07 1.093

Higher 9 4.11 1.269

Total 505 3.99 1.230

R18. Set aside

relaxation time/ Take a

walk


3.486

0.004


between

Illiterate and Up to 12


Illiterate and PG

Illiterate and Higher

Up to 8 46 3.54 1.277

Up to 12 146 3.54 1.227


Post Graduation 136 3.88 1.096

Higher 9 4.00 1.225

Total 505 3.70 1.212

R19. Spare time for

doing something you

enjoy every day


3.914 0.002


between

Illiterate and all other

categories

Up to 8 46 3.59 .979

Up to 12 146 3.75 1.150


Post Graduation 136 3.88 1.092

Higher 9 3.78 1.202

Total 505 3.83 1.107

R20. Eat a healthy diet

and get enough sleep


3.335 0.006


between


categories

Up to 8 46 4.00 1.116

Up to 12 146 3.84 1.241


PG 136 3.99 1.085

Higher 9 3.78 1.481

Total 505 3.96 1.178




R21. Laughter therapy


6.761 0.00


between

Up to 8 and Higher

Up to 12 and PG

Up to 12 and Higher

Up to 8 46 2.11 1.595

Up to 12 146 2.00 1.334


PG 136 2.83 1.528

Higher 9 3.78 1.716

Total 505 2.40 1.516

R24. Taking work

problems as an

opportunity to learn new

skills


3.585 .003


between


categories

Up to 8 46 4.07 1.041

Up to 12 146 3.86 1.157


PG 136 4.05 1.137

Higher 9 4.33 .707

Total 505 3.96 1.123

R27. Nurturing hobbies

and interests


2.977 .012


between


categories

Up to 8 46 3.74 1.144

Up to 12 146 3.85 1.200


PG 136 3.96 1.095

Higher 9 4.11 1.364

Total 505 3.89 1.151

Bonferroni Post-Hoc analysis revealed that for R5 difference was significant between Illiterates and Up to 12 & Illiterates and

Graduates, for R7 that was between Up to 12 and Graduates, for both R10 and R13 that was between Up to 8 and PG & Up to 12 and PG,

for R14 that was between Up to 8 and PG. For R16 difference was significant between Illiterates and Graduate & Illiterates and PG. for

R18 Illiterates had a significant difference with Up to 12, Graduates, PG and Higher. For R19, R20, R24, and R27 significant difference

was found between Illiterates and all other categories. For R21 significant difference was found between Up to 8 and Higher, Up to 12 and

PG & Up to 12 and Higher.

Outcomes disclosed that for significant strategies relating to personal care such as “Meditation/Yoga”, “Eat a healthy diet”,

“Laughter Therapy” and “Nurturing Hobbies” less educated respondents were on disagreement side and more educated respondents were

on agreement side.

4. Annual Income

Table 4.6 shows the ANOVA results for coping strategies according to respondents’ annual income. Only significantly different

strategies have been displayed. Results show that there are 9 strategies where the opinion of respondents of different income groups differs

significantly. These are R2 “Communicating with subordinates”, R8 “Divert thinking (by doing something else)”, R9 “Spending time with

friends/ family”, R16 “Avoid people who stress you out”, R18 “Set aside relaxation time/ Take a walk”, R20 “Eat a healthy diet and get

enough sleep”, R23 “Division of responsibilities”, R24 “Taking work problems as an opportunity to learn new skills” and R26 “Stop the

work for a while and come back refreshed”. The respective F-statistic with p-values in brackets were 3.76 (.011), 3.19 (0.023), 4.125

(0.007), 9.334 (0), 3.805 (0.01), 5.026 (0.002), 7.842 (0), 4.253 (0.006) and 4.669 (0.003).




Table 4.6: Results of ANOVA for Coping Strategies according to Income

Strategies Income N Mean Std. Dev. F Sig. Post-Hoc Analysis

R2. Communicating

with subordinates

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 2.88 1.483


< Rs. 1 Lakh and Rs. 3-5 Lakh

Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 3.07 1.634

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 3.57 1.552

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 3.57 1.562

Total 505 3.14 1.600

R8. Divert thinking (by

doing something else)

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.43 1.221



Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 3.73 1.060

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 3.89 1.066

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 3.87 .968

Total 505 3.70 1.100


R9. Spending time

with friends/ family

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.79 1.076

4.125 0.007


between


Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 4.06 1.059

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 4.28 .946

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 4.30 1.020

Total 505 4.05 1.052

R16. Avoid people

who stress you out

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.47 1.468

9.334 0


between



Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 4.05 1.174

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 4.34 .945

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 4.13 1.058

Total 505 3.99 1.230

R18. Set aside

relaxation time/ Take

a walk

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.50 1.239

3.805 0.01


between


Rs. 1-3 Lakhs and Rs. 3-5

Lakhs

Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 3.65 1.251

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 4.06 .939

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 3.83 1.302

Total 505 3.70 1.212

R20. Eat a healthy

diet and get enough

sleep

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.58 1.377

5.026 0.002


between



Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 4.04 1.140

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 4.15 1.012

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 4.04 .928

Total 505 3.96 1.178

R23. Division of

responsibilities

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 2.68 1.515

7.842 0


between


< Rs. 1 Lakh and > Rs. 5 Lakh

Rs. 1-3 Lakhs and Rs. 3-5

Lakhs

Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 2.91 1.406

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 3.49 1.174

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 3.70 1.146

Total 505 3.00 1.410


R24. Taking work

problems as an

opportunity to learn

new skills

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.66 1.235

4.253 0.006


between



Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 4.02 1.086

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 4.18 1.012

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 3.74 1.214

Total 505 3.96 1.123




R26. Stop the work

for a while and come

back refreshed

< Rs. 1 Lakhs 104 3.63 1.142

4.669 0.003


between



Rs. 1-3 Lakhs 290 4.00 1.080

Rs. 3-5 Lakhs 88 4.15 .929

> Rs. 5 Lakhs 23 4.13 .920

Total 505 3.95 1.074

Results of Bonferroni Post-Hoc analysis disclosed that for R2, R8 and R9 difference was significant between Less Than Rs. 1

Lakh and Rs. 3-5 Lakh. For R16, R20, R24, and R26 difference was significant between Less Than Rs. 1 Lakh and Rs. 1-3 Lakh & Less

than Rs. 1 Lakh and Rs. 3-5 Lakh. For R18 difference was significant for Less Than Rs. 1 Lakh and Rs. 3-5 Lakh & Rs. 1-3 Lakh and Rs.

3-5 Lakh. For R23 difference was significant between Less Than Rs. 1 Lakh and Rs. 3-5 Lakh, Less Than Rs. 1 Lakh and More Than Rs. 5

Lakh & Rs. 1-3 Lakhs and Rs. 3-5 Lakhs. It was also observed for all significant strategies that mean frequent use rises with the increase in

annual income. In other words, when income level raises respondents get diverted towards coping strategies.

5. Family Type

Table 4.7 presents results of Z test for coping strategies according to family type. Only significant results have been presented. Z

value was significant for 5 strategies R8 “Divert thinking (by doing something else)”, R10 “Going out on holiday”, R13 “Meditation /

Yoga / Exercise”, R21 “Laughter therapy” and R23 “Division of responsibilities”. The Z values were 3.44, 2.065, 2.519, 3.095 and 2.225

with p-values 0.001, 0.039, 0.012, 0.002 and 0.027 respectively.

Table 4.7: Results of Z Test for Coping Strategies according to Family type

Strategies Family N Mean Std. Dev. Z Sig.

R8. Divert thinking (by doing something else)

Joint 232 3.88 1.065

3.44 0.001

Nuclear 273 3.55 1.107

R10. Going out on holiday

Joint 232 3.66 1.210

2.065 0.039

Nuclear 273 3.44 1.171

R13. Meditation / Yoga / Exercise

Joint 232 3.15 1.476

2.519 0.012

Nuclear 273 2.81 1.487

R21. Laughter therapy

Joint 232 2.62 1.550

3.095 0.002

Nuclear 273 2.21 1.463

R23. Division of responsibilities

Joint 232 3.15 1.414

2.225 0.027

Nuclear 273 2.87 1.397

It can be concluded that women living in joint families are more inclined towards the use of coping strategies. Although it was

earlier found that there is no association between stress level and family type, it seems that women find more opportunity to use these

strategies in joint families compared to nuclear families.

6. Family Size

Table 4.8 presents the ANOVA results for coping strategies according to family size. Only significant results have been displayed.

Only two strategies have a significant difference on the basis of family size, R8 “Divert thinking (by doing something else)” and R21

“Laughter therapy”. The F-statistic was 6.185 and 4.5 with p-value 0.002 and 0.0122 respectively.




Table 4.8: Results of ANOVA for Coping Strategies according to Family Size

Strategies Income N Mean Std.


R8. Divert

thinking (by

doing

something else)

Up to 3 121 4.00 .983

6.185 0.002

Significant

difference found

between

Up to 3 and 4-5

Up to 3 and > 5

4-5 204 3.65 1.089

> 5 180 3.57 1.154

Total 505 3.70 1.100

R21. Laughter

therapy

Up to 3 121 2.74 1.536

4.5 0.0122

Significant

difference found

between Up to 3 and

> 5

4-5 204 2.34 1.495

> 5 180 2.23 1.498

Total 505 2.40 1.516

Further, results of Post-Hoc Bonferroni analysis revealed that for R8 difference was significant between Up to 3 and 4-5 & Up to 3 and

More Than 5 whereas for R21 significant difference was found between Up to 3 and More than 5.

It was found that women from large size families use coping strategies less frequently. Probably the reason behind this is that large

family means large responsibilities and hence getting less time for stress coping.

7. Other Demographic Variables

When ANOVA was run to find any significant difference between opinions of respondents for factor scores on the basis of the

investment, business classification, business sector, number of employees, ownership of their business and experience of entrepreneurship,

no significant difference was found. In other word, there was no significant difference in the opinion of respondents for factor scores for

coping strategies of stress when studied on the basis of these variables.

Hypothesis Testing

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference between stress coping strategies according to various demographic variables.

Above results of this section summarize that stress coping strategies are significantly different when one takes into account the age

group, marital status, educational qualification, annual income, family type and family size. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected at 5% level

of significance for these 6 variables. On the other hand, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected for remaining coping strategies at 5% level

of significance.

8. Effectiveness of Coping Strategies

Respondents were then asked to give their agreement on whether these strategies help them to relieve stress. Again the responses

were based on 5-point Likert Scale, ranging 5 for Always to 1 for Never. The results have been presented below:

Table 4.9: Results of Z test for Effectiveness of Coping Strategies

Statement N Mean Std. Dev. Z Sig.

Do these strategies really help you to cope with stress? 505 4.18 .854 30.987 .000

Hypothesis testing

Null Hypothesis (Ho): Coping strategies used by women entrepreneurs are not effective in overcoming stress.

Results reveal that mean value of this statement is 4.18, confirming the overall agreement of respondents towards the fact that

these strategies help them to cope with stress. The calculated value of Z is 30.987 which is significant at 5 % level of significance as the p-

value is .000. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected. Coping strategies are effective in coping with stress.




V FINDINGS

Respondents were proposed with 27 stress coping strategies to give their frequency of use. Major findings have been summed up

in following points:

1. Z-values for overall opinion for 25 strategies are significantly different from the neutral opinion.

2. Out of 25 strategies, respondents more frequently use 22 strategies and for 3 strategies they reported less frequent use.

3. Then, it was decided to explore whether this difference is still significant when studied on the basis of demographic variables.

ANOVA for age group revealed that there is a significant difference between the opinion of different age groups for R6, R14,

R15, and R21.

4. When the difference of opinion on the basis of marital status was analyzed it was found there is a significant difference between

the opinion of different marital status respondents for R1, R6, R12, R20, and R26.

5. ANOVA results for educational qualification disclosed that there is a significant difference between the opinion of differently

qualified respondents for coping strategies R5, R7, R10, R13, R14, R16, R18, R19, R20, R21, R24, and R27. Outcomes also

disclosed that significant strategies relating to personal care such as “Meditation/Yoga”, “Eat a healthy diet”, “Laughter Therapy”

and “Nurturing Hobbies” were less frequently used by less educated respondents and more frequently used by more educated

respondents.

6. There were 9 strategies where the opinion of respondents of different income groups differed significantly, these were R2, R8, R9,

R16, R18, R20, R23, R24, and R26.

7. Z test for coping strategies according to the family type disclosed that the difference of opinion was significant for R8, R10, R13,

R21, and R23.

8. From ANOVA results for family size, it was found that difference of opinion was significant for R8 and R21 strategies.

9. Above results of this section summarize that stress coping strategies are significantly different when one takes into account the age

group, marital status, educational qualification, annual income, family type and family size. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected at

5% level of significance for these 6 variables.

10. On the other hand, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected for coping strategies on the basis of remaining variables at 5% level of

significance.

11. When respondents were then asked to give their agreement on whether these strategies help them to relieve stress, it was found

that coping strategies were effective in coping with stress as the mean value of this statement was 4.18 with significant Z-value,

confirming the overall agreement of respondents towards the fact that these strategies help them to cope with stress.

VI CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that majority of respondents are willingly using coping strategies to relieve from stress. They were in

agreement towards the frequent use of 22 out of 25 strategies. Majority of respondents are adopting physical stress management strategies

related to relaxation, meditation, yoga, diet etc. The effectiveness of these techniques is also reported by many research work like exercise

and relaxation (Nelson and Nelson 198111), music (Litle 1986), balanced diet (King and Parham 198112) are different physical stress

management strategies which are effectively used by the women.

Further, it was found that demographic variables such as age group, marital status, educational qualification, annual income,

family type and family size play a significant role in the frequency of use of coping strategies.

Coping strategies were found to be effective in coping with stress.

VII SUGGESTIONS

In the view of above discussion, following suggestions have been put forth for reducing stress in women entrepreneurs:

Women should make every effort to get educated and achieve higher degrees required for their venture, so that they can take better

business decision and improve their personality.

Women entrepreneurs should keep themselves updated about the latest development in the market, business scenario; economic

conditions of the country etc. by regularly attend training programs conducted by leading educational and vocational institutions.

Women should make them aware regarding financial assistance made available by various banks, financial institutions,

government agencies etc.

In order to reduce business and work-related stress, women entrepreneurs should communicate and discuss their problems with

superiors, peers, and subordinates in the work situation and with family members.

Spending quality time with family and friends and time for self-care and self-development may mitigate the stress to a great

extent.




Working women should properly plan both household chores and occupational work and priorities should be set among them

depending on need and urgency.

Excessive stress can be better managed through practicing meditation, physical work out, morning or evening walk, yoga etc.

In addition to regular exercise, there are other healthy lifestyle choices that can raise their confrontation against stress. Including

healthy food in the diet, reducing caffeine, junk food and sugar, avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs, regular health check-ups may

relieve the stress.

Unnecessary stress can be avoided by learning to say “No”. If the situation cannot be avoided then they should first try to alter

then to adapt it (try to change themselves). If nothing seems possible then they should accept the situation.

Training and counselling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and technical personnel should

be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs to remove psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear

of success.

VIII REFERENCES:

1. Gupta RK., Telles S., Singh N., and Balkrishna A. 2018.Stress and coping strategies: the impact on health. Yoga Mimamsa.

50:20-6

2. Krithiga, R., and Velmurugan, G. 2018. A review on stress and coping strategies of women entrepreneurs: manufacturing sector.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), 9(5): 640–646.

3. Dashora, P.,Khandalwal, N.,Jain, S., and Purohit, S. 2015. Coping strategies to reduce role stress among women entrepreneurs.

EDII Institutional Repository, 11th Biennial Conference on Entrepreneurship.

4. Verma, N., and Singh, A. 2014. Stress management and coping embedded in the Bhagwad Gita. Indian Journal of Health and

Wellbeing, 5 (4): 520-522.

5. Shobha, K., and Vennila, G. 2012. Coping with women entrepreneurs stress. International Journal of Advanced Research in

Management and Social Sciences, 1(1).

6. Edralin, D. M. 2012. Innovative work-life balance strategies of Filipina entrepreneurs: new evidence from survey and case

research approaches. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, 57: 201–208.

7. Devi, U. 2011. A study on stress management and coping strategies with reference to IT companies. Journal of Information

Technology and Economic Development, 2 (2):30-48.

8. Ahmad, S. Z., and Xavier, S. R. 2010. Stress and coping styles of entrepreneurs: a Malaysian survey. International Journal of

Entrepreneurship, 14.

9. Drnovšek, M., Ortqvist, D., and Wincent, J. 2010.The effectiveness of coping strategies used by entrepreneurs and their impact on

personal well-being and venture performance. Original Scientific Paper, 28 (2):193-220.

10. Ahmad, S. Z., and Salim, F. A. A. 2009. Sources of stress and the coping mechanism for Malaysian entrepreneurs. African Journal

of Business Management, 13 (6):311-316.

11. Porter, E. G., and Nagarajan, K. V. 2005. Successful women entrepreneurs as pioneers: results from a study conducted in

Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 18 (1):39-52.

12. Surti, K., and Sarupriya, D. 1983. Psychological factors affecting women entrepreneurs: some findings. Indian Journal of Social

Work, 44 (3):287-295.


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