• La Independencia-First published in 1906-To invoke nostalgia for the revolutions in 1896 and 1898.

• Ilustrado Party Leaders-Little concerned with the Katipunan spirit and experience.-Merely riding on the prevailing mood of the times to establish their political careers.

“Hindi lahat ay natutulog”

-a quotation from Rizal’s writings-in place of the dark night of the Spanish rule we find metaphor for the colonial politics of the present

Quilanlin mo muna ang iyong sarili.Huag mong papasiyahan ng padumali ang

mga gawa ng tao, huag pupulaan ni pupurihin, arukin mo muna ang canyang puso bago pasiyahan ang canyang gawa.

Hindi mabuting panggagamot ang lasunin ang maysakit, cundi ang paginhawahin ang maysakit.

Igalang mo ang panucala, pagkat iyan ang hininga ng calolowa, at ang paghinga ng calolowa, dapat ay malaya.

Pumucol sa ala-ala na marahil anaquin, sa di catalusan ng mga bagay na ito, o tanto man caya ay di isinasagawa ng tao, canya di mapawi sa sangsinucob ang matandang sakit na tinatawag na pagcacaalit-alit.

“These are the false kings who lead our projects (naghahari-harian sa mga panucala) and treat the country’s illness with poison.”

“Let us transfer that hill over this grave, so that the ashes of those buried will never henceforth mix with the soil we tread upon and till”

“I am the country that suffers quietly the scorns and insults headed upon it”

“I humbly offer myself to you”

“Thank you. And so it is, as I have always believed fervently, that not everyone is asleep in the night of our ancestors.”

Idiom of Protest:

•Flickering light – fresh memories of the revolution•Revelation : moment of liwanag in a time of darkness•Subject of the story : Youth’s passage from darkness to light. •Pitch darkness – Ignorance and death

“death-shrouded” sky Moaning of the wind barking of dogs church bells

death

Panucala – human projects or programs- respected- “breath of the soul which should

be free”-should be oriented towards the

country’s kalayaan

“false kings”- the country’s leadersHari-harian – children’s game involving pretenders

or pseudo kings - play around panucala - treats politics as a game

Stranger –liwanag, Christ, the country. - undergoing a pasyon or lakaran

Pasion ng Bayan sa kahapo’t ngay-on

-published in 1934 (eve of Phil. Commonwealth.

- Joaquin Manibo- connection between the revolution

and colonial politics in pasyon terms:

Ang unang “Pasion ng Bayan”Ay ang nangyaring digmaanAt ang pangalawang tunay

Ang lumikha’y halalanHangang nagyo’y umiiral.

Himagsikang walang humpay/ sa larangan ng halalan

The most prominent politicians of the time:

QuezonRoxasOsmena

Three false kings

Itong balatkayong asalAng unang hirap ng bayan

Cruz na pinapasanNg ama nating si Juan

Buto’t balat ang katawan.

Ricarte- the only living general of the revolution.

- refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States

- continued, up to the 1930’s, to incite the people to rise up in arms against the United States.

Sakdal – Ricarte-inspired peasant rebellion. - anti-American

Simeon Basa – Attempted to organize a Katipunan in Zambales

Atolio tolentino – “army of independence in Tarlac

Santa Iglesia -a religiopolitical movement - Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac

and Pampanga

Mount Arayat –center of Central Luzon - base area of Santa Iglesia - highest mountain on Earth - “power” of certain relics of Noah’s Ark

Sinukuan – “to whom one has surrendered” - Marya – beautiful and rich maiden

Tikbalang – King of San Mateo mountains- brother of Marya of Mount

Makiling

Felipe Salvador-religious- pope of Santa Iglesia- Baliwag, Bulacan- May 26, 1870

Gabinista- confradia-type society- Gabino Cortes

-”man of very small fortune”

Gabinista to Santa Iglesia (1894)

Guillermo Gonzales - ex-soldier of the colonial army- joined the Santa Iglesia in June 1897

“Narrative of the Feelings and Supplications of the Accused

Major Felipe Salvador”

•Major Maximo Hizon – ordered to kill 5 members of Santa Iglesia

“Don’t be like us!”

“Beautiful on the outside but evil on the inside.”

General Mascardo – used to have compassion (lingap) for Salvador

“damay” – condition of true brotherhood- brought Salvador and the

peasantry together

Puhunan – set of favors or gratuitous acts that indicates a debt relationship

In the pasyon, it is damay that binds people to Christ, whose words being knowledge and ginhawa (contentment), and the brotherhood of the “meek” that will triumph.