tracking uncertainty in search and rescue planning art allen u.s. coast guard office of search and...
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![Page 1: Tracking Uncertainty in Search and Rescue Planning Art Allen U.S. Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue aallen@rdc.uscg.mil](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e6a5503460f94b6772c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Tracking Uncertainty inSearch and Rescue
Planning
Art Allen
U.S. Coast Guard
Office of Search and Rescue
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The basic steps for SAR Planning
1. Initial Conditions
2. Drift Predictions
3. Resource Allocation
4. Actual search effectiveness
5. Updating search conditions
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.Build a
SAR Case
Build aSAR Case
AssembleSearch
Plan
AssembleSearch
Plan
Databases Databases
EnvironmentalNow &
Forecasts
EnvironmentalNow &
Forecasts
DisseminateSearch
Plan
DisseminateSearch
Plan
CaptureSearchResults
CaptureSearchResults
Rescue or
Suspend
Search Results
SearchPlans
Results
Field
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Initial Conditions Uncertainties
1. Scenarios
• Subjective relative weights between scenarios
• (e.g. 80%A or 20%B)
• Each scenarios will have its own set of initial conditions
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Initial Conditions Uncertainties
1. Where did the incident occur?
2. When did the incident occur?
3. What are we looking for?
4. How long will they survive?
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.CaptureInitial Case
Data
(Input and weightScenarios)
CaptureInitial Case
Data
(Input and weightScenarios)
Databases Databases
Store Case Info.
Initial POC
Initial POSv
Initial States
User inputs
BackgroundSearch objectinfo.
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.Build a
SAR Case
Build aSAR Case
AssembleSearch
Plan
AssembleSearch
Plan
Databases Databases
EnvironmentalNow &
Forecasts
EnvironmentalNow &
Forecasts
DisseminateSearch
Plan
DisseminateSearch
Plan
CaptureSearchResults
CaptureSearchResults
Rescue or
Suspend
Search Results
SearchPlans
Results
Field
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(2) Assemble Search Plan
A) Compute Probability Density Distributions
Now and Forecast Winds,Currents, Waves,
SST & Air T, Visibility, etc.
Now and Forecast Winds,Currents, Waves,
SST & Air T, Visibility, etc.
Databases (Case, SRU’s)Databases (Case, SRU’s)
Drifted POC
Updated POSv
Initial POC
Initial POSv
Search Results
Drift/ Survival/State of Replications
(Leeway / Drift Model)(Survival Model)
(Detection Model)
Drift/ Survival/State of Replications
(Leeway / Drift Model)(Survival Model)
(Detection Model)Initial States
Updated States
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ProbabilityDistributions
1. Drift uncertainties
2. Survival uncertainties
3. Detection uncertainties
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DriftUncertainties
1. Surface current errors & dispersion (u’,v’)
2. Target uncertainty
• What are we looking for?
3. Leeway uncertainty
4. Wind and Waves
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Surface Currents
Self-Locating Datum Marker Buoys SLDMBs – Air-deployable 7/10th CODE drifter, GPS positions & SST via Argos
1. Sources:
• Historical ship-drift global data sets
• Global, regional & coastal models
• Direct on-scene measurements
2. Dispersion
• Random walk – 0th order Markov model
• Random flight – 1st order Markov model
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SLDMBs
Self-Locating Datum Marker Buoys Air-deployable 7/10th CODE drifter, GPS
positions & SST via Argos
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Surface currents fromCODAR
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CODAR / SLDMBs
•Black: Actual SLDMB Trajectory
•Red: Trajectory Predicted From NOAA Tidal station
•Blue: Trajectory Predicted From CODAR Data
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CODAR / SLDMBs
•Black: Actual SLDMB Trajectory
•Blue: Trajectory Predicted From CODAR Data
•Red: Trajectory Predicted From STPS predictions
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Leeway classes
1. Statistical analysis of field experiments:
• Indirect and Direct methods
• US, Canadian, Japanese & Korean
2. Leeway taxonomy by Allen and Plourde (1999) combined results into 63 categories.
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ApproximationsApproximations
Wind speed and object drift is approximately linearly relatedDifferent objects drift differently
Life raft with drogue
Undrogued life raft
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Objects do not drift exactly downwind!
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Constrained or Unconstrained Linear EquationsUsed in Monte Carlo Simulations
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Winds and Waves
1. Global, regional & coastal models
2. Direct on-scene measurements
• Both wind and waves act through leeway
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ProbabilityDistributions
1. Drift uncertainties
2. Survival uncertainties
3. Detection uncertainties
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Survival Modeling
1. UK Immersion statistics
2. CESM Hypothermia model Mathematical model
Physiological data
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Survival Uncertainties1. CESM / UK statistics limited to
cold water survival
2. Warm water survival factors:1. Still hypothermic (loss of heat)
2. Dehydration (lost of water)
3. Sleeplessness (lost of sleep / restoration)
4. Fatigue (loss of available energy)
5. Circadian rhythms (cycles in all above)
6. Predation (loss of blood)
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ProbabilityDistributions
1. Drift uncertainties
2. Survival uncertainties
3. Detection uncertainties
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Detection Uncertainties
Lateral range curves & sweep widths based upon limited field tests and MSPP
• Limited environmental conditions
• Limited Target sets
• Limited SRU / sensor combinations
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.Build a
SAR Case
Build aSAR Case
AssembleSearch
Plan
AssembleSearch
Plan
Databases Databases
EnvironmentalNow &
Forecasts
EnvironmentalNow &
Forecasts
DisseminateSearch
Plan
DisseminateSearch
Plan
CaptureSearchResults
CaptureSearchResults
Rescue or
Suspend
Search Results
SearchPlans
Results
Field
![Page 40: Tracking Uncertainty in Search and Rescue Planning Art Allen U.S. Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue aallen@rdc.uscg.mil](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e6a5503460f94b6772c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
(2) Assemble Search Plan B) Capture Resources
Capture SRUAvailability
(Position, StatusCapabilities, Limitations)
Capture SRUAvailability
(Position, StatusCapabilities, Limitations)
Databases Databases
Background SRU info.
Users inputs
Winds,Waves,SST & Air T, Visibility, etc.
Winds,Waves,SST & Air T, Visibility, etc.
SRU Risks
SRUs called
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(2) Assemble Search Plan C) Allocate Resources
Drifted POC
Updated POSv1) Suggest Optimal Survivor Search Plan2) Modify Plan to suit3) Capture Plan to execute
1) Suggest Optimal Survivor Search Plan2) Modify Plan to suit3) Capture Plan to execute
Updated States
SRUs called
Forecasted Winds,Waves,SST, Air T, &
Sensor Environmentals
Forecasted Winds,Waves,SST, Air T, &
Sensor Environmentals
Databases Databases
SearchPLANS
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(3) Disseminate Search Plans
Support variousoutput methods to disseminate search plans.
Support variousoutput methods to disseminate search plans.
SearchPLANS
To Shore
To Vessels
To Aircraft
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(4) Capture Search Results
Capture description of completed searches
including both positive and negative results.
Capture description of completed searches
including both positive and negative results.
USCG Vessels
USCG Aircraft
Other searchers
Rescue orSuspend
Search Results
Nowcasted/Observed Winds,Waves,SST, Air T, &
Sensor Environmentals
Nowcasted/Observed Winds,Waves,SST, Air T, &
Sensor Environmentals
Databases Databases