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AP Euro Unit 5 Study Guide Absolutism, Nation-States, and Commercial Revolution

TermsBaroqueCardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)James I (1603-25)divine right monarchyLouis XIII (1610-43)royal councilsintendantsPhilip IV (1621-65)The FrondeLouis XIV (1643-1715)Charles I (1625-49)Petition of Right (1628)William Laud (1573-1645)Long Parliament Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)Stuart RestorationCharles II (1660-1685)James II (1685-88)John Locke (1632-1704)Glorious Revolution (1688)Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)William and MaryBill of Rights (1689)Frederick William (1640-88)JunkerPeter I (1682-1725)Battle of Poltava (1709)St. Petersburgraison d'etatrevocation of Edict of NantesVersaillesAct of SettlementmercantilismTreaty of Utrecht (1713)War of Spanish Succession (1701-14)triangular trade

Navigation ActscalicoesBank of England (1694)joint-stock companybills of exchangeflyboatsDutch RepublicBank of Amsterdam (1609)slave tradeEnglish/Dutch East India Comp.Dutch-Anglo naval warsNine Years War (1689-97)Seven Years' War (1756-63)Table of RanksCharter of the Nobility (1785)Pugachev's Revolt (1774)Pragmatic SanctionWar of Austrian Succession (1740-48)partitions of Poland (1772, 93, 95)Great Northern War (1700-21)poll taxconscriptionserfdomCatherine the Great (1762-96)Frederick William I (1713-40)Frederick the Great (1740-86)enlightened absolutismMaria Theresa (1740-80)Joseph II (1780-90)party system--Whigs and ToriesSir Robert Walpole (1676-1745)patronageGeorge III (1760-1820)Seven Years War (1756-63)Diplomatic RevolutionSilesia

Unit OutlineThe Royal State reason: to provide security/order, promote interests of state, needs of warfareNOTE: compare French and British evolution of absolute monarchyDivine Right--Bishop Bousset/Jean Bodin, organic view, "one king, faith, law"Efforts at Centralization

Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIIISpain--Count-Duke Olivares and Philip IV but failed

econ. weak--taxes, inflation, emigrationfocus on relig. zeal--upper class crusaders/priestsdisunity (Moors, Moriscos, conversos)--persecutionrebellions

AP Euro Unit 5 Study Guide: 1


Stuarts--diff. in taxingmethods: courts, intendants, taxes, selling offices,

Opposition/CrisisCauses--taxes, pop. pressures, war, bad harvests, state regulationright to resist

Hugeunot thinkers--right to resist civil auth. if unjustFronde

EnglandJames I (1603-25)--financial diff.Puritan demands--get rid of Cath, epispocacyCharles I (1625-49)

new prayer book in Scotland (1637)ship moneyBishop Laud

Long Parliament (no funds to fight invading Scots)Civil War (1642-49)

military forces more radical take overtry king and execute in 1649

CommonwealthRump Parliament and Council of StateStuart Restoration--toleration, Parl. role

Glorious Revolution (1688)Locke (Second Treatise) and Hobbes (Leviathan)

Eastern EuropePrussia

Fred. Will--Great Elector (1640-88)excise taxes, armies, bureau--united scattered statesfocus is army

Peter I/Russiathe manwestern tour/ideasconscription, factories, St. Petersburgexpansion (v. Poles, Swedes)

Louis XIV (1661-1715)--Versailles (the symbol)Colbert as finance ministerLouvois--army of 400,000intendents, bureau.failures--persecution of Hug. (revoke Nantes), war

Culture--Baroque (ornate, elegant, structured, grand)Scientific and Commercial Revolutionstheme: challenge religion, augment state power, Europe controlling worldNew Science

Aristotle's viewCopernicus (1473-1543)--heliocentricBrahe (1546-1601)--data to proveKepler (1571-1630)--laws of planetary motionGalileo (1564-1642)--observation, gravity, recantation

Scientific Methodempirical, reason, inductive, deductiveDescartes--mind and matter, Christian skeptic, deductive, math



Robert Boyle--atomic theoryWilliam Harvey--dissection, circulationLeuwenhoek--microscopeNewton (1642-1727)--laws of motion, mechanics, calculusFrancis Bacon--empiricalscientific societies--Royal Academy of London

TradeDutch

Constit. stateecon. wealth--flyboats, location, toleranceBank of Amsterdam

banks--role in exchange and provide capital (Bank of England--1694)technology, practices--bills of exchange, acct., joint-stockmerchants and profittriangular tradeconsumption

spice trade (Dutch East Indies)India--Great Britain (calicoes, spices, tea)sugarchange in dietluxuries and art (Rembrandt, etc.)

Mercantilismthe theory--zero-sum, gold, coloniespractice

tariffsregulation (Navigation Acts)monopolies (Dutch East India, British East India, etc.)

WarsBritain-Dutch naval wars

over Cromwell's Navigation Act1652-54, 1665-67 (take N.Y.--anyone want it back?), 1672-74France gangs up (open dikes)--Treaty of Nijmegen

Louis XIVbalance of powerdesire for Burgundian landsNine Years War--seize Cologne

Grand Alliance--GB, Dutch, GermansTreaty of Ryswick

Spanish Succession (1701-14)v. Leopold I of AustriaUtrecht (1714)--Sp. terr. in Italy/Neth to Aust.France loses gains, G.B. advances in North Amer.

Seven Years War (1756-63)--G.B. gains N. Amer.

Multiple-Choice QuestionsAP European HistoryExam, Unit 5

1. Which is the best characterization of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-14)?a. it solidified the revival of Spain by enhancing its territories



b. it marked the success of Louis XIV's policy of expansionc. it led to the decline of the Hohenzollernsd. it destroyed the balance of power on the continente. it signified the rise of Great Britain as a commercial power

2. Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert?

a. Raising money through internal tariffsb. Encouraging international competition through lower tariffs and free-trade

policiesc. Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve of the

quality of French export goodsd. Opening France's colonies to foreign merchants and tradee. Reducing military spending

3. The shaded areas of the map of early eighteenth-century France shown above represent:

a. lands controlled by peasants revolting against feudal obligationsb. territorial acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIVc. land controlled by foreign rulers within the kingdom of Franced. Huguenot strongholds that still existed after the revocation of the Edict of

Nantese. former Spanish territories on the border of France

4. Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)?a. He led the French church in opposition to the monarchy.b. He expelled the Huguenots from France.c. He strengthened the intendant method of local government.d. He effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax farming in France.e. He supported the French nobility against the monarchy.



5. In the first half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries led Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?

a. Franceb. Russiac. Netherlandsd. Spaine. England

6. All of the following were new consumer goods becoming popular in European markets in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries EXCEPT:

a. sugarb. tobaccoc. coffeed. speciee. tea

7. In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy?

a. Englandb. Spainc. Russiad. Francee. Prussia

8. Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?a. the establishment of universal male suffrageb. the restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England and Scotlandc. the limitation of the monarchy's powerd. the execution of James IIe. the triumph of Puritanism

9. John Locke based his Two Treatises on Government primarily on which of the following views of human nature?

a. People are basically rational and learn from practical experience.b. People are weak and sinful and need the guidance of organized religion.c. People are fallible and need guidance from the cumulative wisdom of

tradition.d. People are quarrelsome and should be encouraged to revolt against state

authority.e. People are born with all knowledge, and learning is the process of

remembering innate ideas.

10. The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built his palace at Versailles was to

a. tighten his control over the nobilityb. strengthen his ties with the Huguenotsc. move the king's residence nearer to the center of the countryd. provide thousands of jobse. absorb the excess revenue produced by mercantilist tax policies



11. After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by

a. a democratic republic with universal suffrageb. a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwellc. a constitutional monarchy under King James IId. the king of Scotlande. a parliamentary council dominated by Levellers

12. Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789)?

a. standing armies pursuing limited strategic goalsb. citizen armies fighting for their native landsc. feudal armies fighting for their lordsd. mass armies pursuing global strategiese. highly mobile armies unhampered by traditional defenses

13. In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for:

a. the right to sell their landsb. control of an independent national parliamentc. toleration of their religious diversityd. exemption from all taxese. virtually absolute power over their serfs

14. The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's:a. victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern Warb. elimination of the Cossacks as a political force within Russiac. imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility



d. initiation of the partition of Polande. struggle with his son, Alexis, for control of Russia

15. The Fronde revolt in France from 1648-52:a. deposed Louis XIII from powerb. resulted in a short-lived aristocratic oligarchyc. was aimed against high taxes and foreign influence in governmentd. led to a devastating civil war that ravaged the French economy for

decadese. led to French involvement in the Thirty Years War

16. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should bea. granted independence as soon as possibleb. acquired as markets and sources of raw materialsc. considered an economic burden for the colonial powerd. used as settlement areas for surplus populationse. encouraged to develop their own industries

17. The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid-eighteenth century helped to establish Prussia as a great power?

a. Bohemiab. Bavariac. Brandenburgd. Silesiae. Saxony

18. The concept of the balance of power, as it emerged by the end of the seventeenth and beginning of eighteenth centuries, had which of the following as its fundamental aim?

a. the elimination of war as an instrument of international relationsb. preventing the dominance of a single powerc. an approximate balance between land and sea powersd. isolation of conflict to certain contested land arease. a checks and balances system of government



19. The map above of eighteenth-century Russia suggests which of the following about Russian territory between 1689 and 1796?

a. The Ottoman Empire annexed the Crimea.b. Peter the Great added more territory to Russia than did Catherine the

Great.c. Most Russian expansion took place in the east.d. Russia ceded territory to Poland in the late eighteenth century.e. Russia acquired navigable seaports in both the north and south.

20. In the eighteenth century, all of the following were significant motives for wars EXCEPT

a. dynastic claimsb. balance of power considerationsc. commercial rivalriesd. religious differencese. policies of territorial expansion

21. Which of the following was the most significant challenge faced by the Austrian Habsburgs after 1648?



a. loss of major territories to the Spanish Habsburgsb. the difficulty of centralizing a multi-ethnic empirec. continual raids by Muslim pirates in the Mediterraneand. Russian efforts to expand in the Baltice. French aggression in the Seven Years War (1756-63)

22. The Commercial Revolution would best be defined asa. a revolution in commerceb. the application of scientific ideas to navigationc. the exploitation and subjugation of coloniesd. the development of new banking institutionse. a rapid expansion in trade involving new goods and techniques

23. In the mid-seventeenth century, the area shaded in black shown on the map above belonged to

a. Russiab. Polandc. Swedend. Austriae. Brandenburg-Prussia

24. In eighteenth-century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which three of the following?

a. Russia, France, and Great Britainb. The German states, the Italian states, and Great Britainc. The German states, the Italian states, and Franced. France, Russia, and Spaine. Spain, France, and Great Britain

25. Which of the following best characterizes the British political system in the eighteenth century? a. the use of royal patronage to overcome noble factionalism in the Parliament

b. popular elections and rising lower-class participation in governmentc. the aggressive foreign policy of Prime Minister Robert Walpoled. fundamental reform of parliament and the elimination of "rotten boroughs"



e. the growing political dominance of urban centers

26. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 refers to:a. the introduction of permanent ambassadors at each of the great powersb. the first use of siege tactics in warfarec. the rise of the Eastern powers of Prussia, Russia, and Austriad. a shift in alliances that united France and Habsburg Austria

against Prussiae. the Treaty of Paris, which referred to colonial possessions for the first time

27. Poland's decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to:

a. the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of the Polish kingsb. a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years' Warc. the conquest of the kingdom by the Ottoman Turksd. failure of universities to create a literate aristocracye. the absence of a powerful central authority

28. Which set of states was in serious decline during the eighteenth century? a. Sweden, Austria, Prussia b. Poland, Britain, and Ottoman Empire c. Sweden, Poland, and Ottoman Empire d. Poland, Ottoman Empire, and Prussia e. Russia, France, and Netherlands

29. Louis XIV of France used all of the following methods to assert absolute power EXCEPT: a. appointed intendants as provincial officials b. made nobles hold his nightshirt as he awoke c. built the great palace at Versailles d. subdued the parlements e. extended religious toleration to Huguenots

30. As a proportion of its population and national wealth, which of the following had the largest military establishment in the eighteenth century?

a. Russiab. Englandc. Prussiad. Francee. Austria

31 Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment carried out by Peter the Great of Russia?

a. assertion of control over boyarsb. secular control of Orthodox Churchc. acquisition of Polandd. building of St. Petersburge. defeat of Swedes and Ottomans

32. Mercantilist economic policies can best be described as:



a. state intervention to achieve positive trade balancesb. laissez-fairec. avoidance of imperial responsibilitiesd. hostility to innovatione. focus on agricultural development

33. Reasons for the decline of the Netherlands in the late seventeenth century included all of the following EXCEPT:

a. religious toleration of minoritiesb. excessive military spendingc. impact of war on shipping and commerced. naval defeat by Englande. relative lack of resources and population

34. The War of Spanish Succession ended with:a. the Habsburgs reigning in Spainb. Louis XIV’s grandson as king of Spainc. Silesia granted to Frederick IId. Italy united under French rulee. Britain withdrawing from its colonies

35. Emperor Joseph II of Austria failed in his attempts to reform his country because he:

a. lacked ruthlessness b. failed to win the support of the peasantryc. was unwilling to dissolve monasteriesd. failed to abolish the robote. agreed with his mother’s opinions

36. This illustration appeared in:a. Shakespeare’s Hamletb. Cervantes’s Don Quixotec. Thomas More’s Utopia



d. Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathane. Isaac Newton’s Principia

37. The painting shown above, “Judith Slaying Holofernes” by Artemsia Gentilischi, is distinguished by its dramatic treatment of the subject, an oversized canvas, and intense use of light and shadow. The art movement it represents is which of the following?

a. Baroqueb. Renaissancec. Gothicd. Dutch realisme. Neoclassicism

38. In the period from Columbus’ discovery of the Americas to the American Revolution all of the following goods were imported from the New World to Europe in large quantities EXCEPT:

a. sugarb. silverc. iron ored. furse. tobacco

39. The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the following factors?

a. Its agricultural innovationsb. Its military strength



c. Its literary creativityd. Its religious unitye. Its shipping and commerce

40. The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-52 is generally known as:

a. the Mazarinadeb. Colbertismc. the Fronded. the siege of La Rochellee. October Days

41. Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussia during the seventeenth century?

a. They patterned their society after that of the Ottoman Empire.b. They successfully avoided war for most of the century.c. They created centralized, unified nation-states.d. They abolished serfdom.e. They maintained permanent standing armies.

42. Which of the following is true of Frederick William I, king of Prussia from 1713-40?

a. He lived lavishly off the taxes that his bureaucracy collected.b. He built a first-rate army and infused Prussia society with military

values.c. He refused to employ commoners in his bureaucracy.d. He recruited tall soldiers from all of Europe to fight in his frequent wars.e. He encouraged the development of local self-government.

43. The Peace of Utrecht (1713-14) altered the balance of power in Europe by:a. checking French expansionb. decreasing Austrian territorial holdingsc. decreasing England’s colonial empired. granting sovereignty over Belgium to the Netherlandse. granting independence to Spain’s New World colonies

44. One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to:a. decrease the tax burden on his poorer subjectsb. build a new capital where his nobles and merchants were obliged to settlec. abolish serfdomd. encourage national pride by urging his subjects to retain traditional dress and

customse. introduce military conscription for all adult males

45. The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell’s:

a. ineffective mercantilist policyb. inability to establish broad popular support for his governmentc. inability to impose religious uniformityd. ineffective foreign policy



e. inability to control dissidents in the army

46. Which of the following contributed to the economic decline of Spain in the seventeenth century?

I. The overexpansion of Spanish manufacturesII. The loss of a colonial empireIII. High taxes resulting from warfareIV. The expulsion of the Moriscos

a. I and II onlyb. II and III onlyc. III and IV onlyd. I, II, and III onlye. I, II, III, and IV

47. Mercantilism was principally characterized by:a. government efforts to build a strong, self-sufficient economyb. the efforts of the merchant class to influence policy by subsidizing

governmentc. efforts by bankers and exporters to establish free traded. the theory that gold and silver were not real wealthe. the view that labor ought to be able to seek its own market

48. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Habsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following?

a. Emancipating the peasantry and encouraged agricultural developmentb. Allying with urban middle classes and encouraging commercial developmentc. Establishing a national church headed by the Habsburg emperor and

redistributing church propertiesd. Creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring colonies for raw

materialse. Waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Counter

Reformation

49. The French monarchy in the seventeenth century sought to expand France’s borders to its “natural frontiers” by gaining control of:

a. Schleswig-Holsteinb. Milanc. Alsaced. Spaine. Tuscany



50. The shaded areas on the map above represent which of the following?a. Dynastic lands of the Habsburgs in the sixteenth centuryb. Participants in the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth centuryc. Protestant regions in the eighteenth centuryd. Areas opposed to the papacy in the sixteenth centurye. Regions experiencing fastest commercial growth in the seventeenth century

51. Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists?a. Formation of new guildsb. Destruction of factoriesc. Creation of a universal monetary standardd. Development of coloniese. Decentralization of government

52. The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to:

a. empower the French nobilityb. implement royal policies locallyc. make the peasantry return to the landd. collect taxes from the townse. improve France’s ability to fight foreign wars

53. In the eighteenth century, the effectiveness of the Russian monarchy was limited by:

a. the enormous land area of the countryb. the independent position of the Orthodox Churchc. a united, rebellious nobilityd. a prosperous middle class located in fortified townse. a newly free class of former serfs



54. Which of the following is an accurate characterization of England in the period 1688-1715?

a. A Puritan theocracyb. An absolute monarchyc. A democracy practicing religious tolerationd. A merchant republic increasingly under Dutch dominancee. A constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy

55. The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early eighteenth century was part of Peter the Great’s attempt to do which of the following?

a. Strengthen his alliances with the Baltic statesb. Improve relations with the Orthodox Churchc. Remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in western

Europed. Reduce the high cost of government in the old capital of Moscowe. Discourage further Russian expansion eastward into Asia

56. Which of the following was a major characteristic of the English monarchy in the eighteenth century?

a. A return to its “divine right” position of the seventeenth centuryb. A steadily widening discrepancy between its theoretical and its real

powersc. Its growth in power because of its many victories over the Frenchd. Its refusal to support the emerging cabinet systeme. Its growing wealth due to effective taxation policies

57. According to the map above, during the eighteenth century, Russia expanded in Europe primarily by gaining territory from:



a. Austriab. the Ottoman Empirec. Polandd. Prussiae. Sweden

58. A major result of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-13) and Treaty of Utrecht (1713-14) was to: a. unite the Spanish and French thrones under the Bourbons b. signify the decline of the British navy after a short-lived domination c. cause a long-term decline in international commerce and trade d. introduce significant new developments in warfare and weapons e. end the last threat to the balance of power by Louis XIV of France

CROWN INCOME AND DEBT IN CASTILE (in millions of ducats)Year Revenue Debt Interest on Debt1515 1.5 12 0.81560 5.3 35 2.01575 6.0 50 3.81598 9.7 85 4.61623 15.0 112 5.61667 36.0 130 9.1

59. The above chart on the finances of the Spanish province of Castile can best be explained by:

a. inflation caused by the importation of precious metals from Spain's New World colonies

b. an increase in government expenditures to address the problem of urban poverty

c. the cost of military expenditures and warfared. wasteful spending by the Habsburg monarchy on luxuries for the crowne. loans to support Spain's French allies in their battle against the Turks

60. Which of the following is most closely associated with Baroque art?a. Calvinist ideas regarding predestinationb. the development of republican governmentc. voyages of exploration and global traded. the mechanistic concepts of the Scientific Revolutione. Roman Catholic efforts to reinvigorate spirituality

61. All of the following were reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a major trading power in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries EXCEPT: a. the capture of important Portuguese colonies in the East Indies

b. a relatively tolerant culture that attracted skilled workersc. a strategic location near key shipping lanesd. an elite class that was interested in commercial opportunitiese. a strong monarchy that promoted economic development

62. Which of the following best explains the decline of Sweden as a major European power in the early eighteenth century?



a. a series of weak leaders who led the nation into bankruptcyb. significant population decline due to famine and diseasec. internal religious conflict between Lutherans and Calvinistsd. Prussian invasion and occupation of the countrye. rivalry with the larger and more resource-rich Russia

63. The above painting by Jan Vermeer illustrates which of the following about Dutch society in the seventeenth century: a. the Dutch monarchy's taste for elegance and power in art b. the prosperity of the Dutch and their celebration of domesticity c. the involvement of Dutch women in scientific research d. the sacrifices made by families during the war against Spain for independence e. the relative poverty of the Dutch upper class

64. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century?

a. Popular democracyb. Rule by an absolute monarchc. Rule by wealthy merchantsd. Control by feudal lordse. Rule by yeoman farmers

65. What were the three principal political entities in central and eastern Europe in the mid-seventeenth century?

a. The Holy Roman Empire, the French kingdom, and Muscovyb. The Holy Roman Empire, the Baltic states, and the Dutch Republicc. Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Polandd. The Baltic states, the Italian city-states, and the Ottoman Empiree. The French kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Poland

66. Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht (1713)?

a. It allowed the unification of the thrones of France and Spain.



b. It weakened Great Britain’s effort to replace France as leading colonial power.

c. It divided the Spanish colonial empire between the French and the British.d. It dealt a blow to the Austrian Habsburgs, who had expected to acquire

Gibraltar.e. It ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate continental European

politics.

67. The leading economic center of early seventeenth-century Europe was:a. Romeb. Amsterdamc. Londond. Praguee. Hamburg

68. Which of the following was the most important assumption underlying the economic philosophy of mercantilism?

a. Expansion of trade would lead to greater production and lower prices.b. Merchants were subversive elements who should be controlled.c. The wealth of nations was limited and needed to be carefully

preserved.d. Population growth would allow nations to emerge from the cycle of

poverty.e. Production of good for consumption should be encouraged.

69. The Habsburg Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to:

a. provide for the division of his territories after his deathb. allow him to partition Polandc. allow him to trade Protestant lands that he ruled in Germany for Catholic

lands elsewhered. guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to the thronee. eliminate serfdom in his territories

70. Which of the following best helps to explain the economic and political decline of Spain during the seventeenth century?

a. The collective security measures implemented by Cardinal Richelieu in order to prevent the spread of Catholicism.

b. The extensive battles waged in the Iberian Peninsula between the imperial forces and various coalitions of Protestants.

c. The extension of the empire’s commitments beyond its resources.d. The advocacy of religious toleration by the Spanish rulers to promote the

immigration of non- Catholic groups into Spain.e. The secret treaty between England and France to embargo the ports of the

Iberian Peninsula.

71. Between 1650 and 1750, which of the following was the most valuable export from the British and French colonies of the New World to Europe?

a. Cottonb. Sugar



c. Wheatd. Corne. Naval supplies

“He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant.”

72. The passage above most accurately describes:a. Lorenzo de’ Medicib. John Calvinc. William of Oranged. Frederick William Ie. Philip II

73. Italian women artists of the Renaissance and Baroque era were able to achieve recognition as artists primarily as a result of their

a. commissions from governmentsb. work painting religious scenes in churchesc. role as important teachers in art schoolsd. commissions from wealthy patronse. marriage to other famous artists

“That the pretended power of suspending laws of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal.

That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative without grant of Parliament for longer time or in other manner than the same is illegal.”

74. The provisions above from the English Bill of Rights were enacted in response toa. Henry VIII’s divorce of Catherine of Aragon despite Parliament’s disapprovalb. Elizabeth I’s refusal to sign the death warrant against Mary, Queen of Scotsc. James II’s attempts to dominate Parliamentd. opposition aroused by the joint rule of William and Marye. the ineffectual rule of George I

75. One of the main aims of the reforms in Russia under Peter the Great (1689-1725) was to make high social status more dependent on

a. aristocratic lineageb. service to the statec. wealthd. ethnic origine. membership in the Orthodox Church



76. The emblem above was used a symbol for which of the following?a. Napoleon Ib. Voltairec. Louis XIVd. Colberte. Cardinal Mazarin

77. Which of the following was the major language spoken in most courts and diplomatic circles of Europe by the late seventeenth century?

a. Germanb. Frenchc. Englishd. Spanishe. Italian

78. In seventeenth-century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by the

a. nobilityb. town councilsc. Polish monarchd. Russian monarche. Habsburg Empire

79. The French Fronde is best described as thea. first government formed after the French Revolutionb. civil war fought between Roman Catholics and Protestantsc. revolt over increasing centralization of royal powerd. wars between France and the Holy Roman Empiree. style of architecture developed under Louis XIV

80. Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth century?

a. Veniceb. Parisc. Londond. Amsterdame. Madrid



81. The cartoon above from seventeenth-century England is an attempt to ridiculea. support of William and Mary by the Dutchb. fighting between royalist and parliamentary armies during the

English Civil Warc. the movement of Puritans to the New Worldd. the widespread practice of wagering on dog fightse. the refusal of Quakers to bear arms and fight

82. Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large areas of central Europe?

a. The battle of Poltava (1709)b. The battle of Lepanto (1571)c. The battle of Nördlingen (1634)d. The siege of Vienna (1683)e. The fall of Constantinople (1453)

83. Religious change in the seventeenth-century Netherlands led toa. a great vitality in intellectual and artistic lifeb. an emphasis on decorative rather than fine artsc. a rebirth of fresco painting in the churchesd. the exclusion of women artists from portrait paintinge. the establishment of official censorship to purge Catholic influences from

the arts

“Since my accession to the throne, I have very been anxious to conquer prejudices and to gain the confidence of my people. I granted toleration, and removed the yoke which had oppressed Protestants for centuries. Tolerance is a convincing proof of the improvement of the human mind.”

84. The author of the quotation above was most likely aa. German ruler who had declared for Lutheranismb. monarch devoted to the concept of absolutismc. ruler influenced by Enlightenment preceptsd. sixteenth-century Russian tsare. Catholic ruler in the time of the Catholic Reformation

85. A major result of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) was to



a. unite the Spanish and French thrones under a Bourbon rulerb. finalize the decline of the British navy after a short-lived dominationc. cause a long-term decline in international commerce and traded. introduce significant new developments in weapons and warfaree. prevent France from upsetting the balance of power

Essay Questions’78: By 1700 it had become evident that western and eastern Europe were moving in opposite directions in terms of their basic social structures. Discuss.

’82: In the seventeenth century, what political conditions accounted for the increased power of both the Parliament in England and the monarch in France?

’85: In seventeenth-century England the aristocracy lost its privileges but retained its power; in seventeenth-century France the aristocracy retained its privileges but lost its power. Analyze the reasons for these developments.

’86: In the seventeenth century, how did England and the Dutch Republic compete successfully with France and Spain for control of overseas territory and trade?

’87: Analyze the ways in which both the theory and practice of monarchy evolved in England from 1603 (accession of Stuarts) to 1688-89 (Glorious Revolution).

’88: Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) built the Escorial and Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) of France built Versailles. Starting with the pictures of these palaces, analyze the similarities and differences in the conception and practice of monarchy of these two kings.

’89: Analyze the major ways through which Tsar Peter the Great (1689-1725) sought to reform his society and institutions in order to strengthen Russia and its position in Europe.

’91: Analyze the military, political, and social factors that account for the rise of Prussia between 1640 and 1786.

’93: Describe and analyze the changes in the role of Parliament in English politics between the succession of James I and the Glorious Revolution.



’93: In 1490 there was no such country as Spain, yet within a century it had become the most powerful nation in Europe and within another had sunk to the status of third-rate power. Describe and analyze the major social, economic, and political reasons for Spain’s rise and fall.

’94: Between 1450 and 1800, many women gained power as rulers, some as reigning queens, others as regents. Identify two such powerful women and discuss how issues of gender, such as marriage and reproduction, influenced their ability to obtain and exercise power.

’95: Analyze the influence of the theory of mercantilism on the domestic and foreign policies of France, 1600-1715.

’99: Machiavelli suggested that ruler should behave both “like a lion” and “like a fox.” Analyze the policies of TWO of the following European rulers, indicating the degree to which they successfully followed Machiavelli’s suggestion: Elizabeth I of England, Henry IV of France, Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick II of Prussia.

’99: Analyze the ways in which the contrasting styles of these two paintings reflect the different economic values and social structures of France and the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.

’01: Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and international relations from 1600 to 1715.

’02: In what ways and to what extent did absolutism affect the power and status of the European nobility in the period 1650 to 1750? Use examples from at least TWO countries.

‘02B: Compare and contrast the goals and major policies of Peter the Great of Russia (ruled 1682-1725) with those of Frederick the Great of Prussia (ruled 1740-1786).

’03: Louis XIV declared his goal was “one king, one law, one faith.” Analyze the methods the king used to achieve this objective and discuss the extent to which he was successful.



‘03B: Explain why Europe saw no lasting peace in the period between the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Peace of Paris in 1763.

‘04B: Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650.

’05: Analyze the economic, technological, and institutional factors responsible for western Europe’s domination of world trade from 1650 to 1800.

‘05B: Discuss the economic policies and institutions that characterized mercantilist systems from 1600 to 1800.

‘06B: How and to what extent did the Commercial Revolution transform the European economy and diplomatic balance of power in the period from 1650 to 1763?

’07: Analyze the factors that prevented the development of a unified German state in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

’07: Britain and France were engaged in a geopolitical and economic rivalry during the eighteenth century. Identify the factors that contributed to this rivalry, and assess the results for both countries over the period 1689 to 1789.

‘07B: Using the two Dutch paintings above and your historical knowledge of the period, discuss how the paintings reflect the economy and culture of the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.

’08: Analyze the methods and degrees of success of Russian political and social reform from the period of Peter the Great (1689–1725) through Catherine the Great (1762–1796).

‘08B: Compare and contrast the political ideas of Hobbes and Locke.



’09: Compare and contrast the economic factors responsible for the decline of Spain with the economic factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of the seventeenth century.

’09: Analyze the extent to which Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria advanced and did not advance Enlightenment ideals during their reigns.

‘09B: Analyze the impact of the major developments of the Commercial Revolution on Europe’s economy and society in the period 1650 to 1789.

’10: Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to enhance state power in the period circa 1500–1800.

’10: Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of Western Europe in the period circa 1450–1700.

‘10B: Compare and contrast the economic and social development of Russia with that of the Netherlands in the period 1600–1725.

‘11B: Describe the challenges to royal authority in eastern Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and evaluate the effectiveness of those challenges.

’96 DBQ: Challenges to Dutch security, unity, and prosperity

‘07B DBQ: Concepts of nobility in France from late 16th to late 18th century


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