CHILDREN THE EARLY YEARSBY ANITA DECKER

1

Chapter 4…Pregnancy

1

OBJECTIVES

2

Describe what happens during conception.

Explain how genetic factors affect prenatal development.

Describe how a person inherits traits through genes.

List the three different types of multiple pregnancies.

Describe the three main stages of prenatal development.

3

www.quizlet.com/6862040

This is a review for the chapter. The test will be at the end of the chapter.

Interview Signs of Pregancy

4

See handout: Due the next class day.

CONCEPTION

6

Cell…The smallest unit of life that is able to reproduce itself.

Sperm…The male sex cell.

Ovum…The female sex cell or egg.

Zygote…The single cell formed at conception; also called a fertilized egg.

6

7

8

Conception…The union of the ovum and sperm cells.

Fallopian Tubes…Two hollow tubes that connect to the uterus and have fingerlike projections that reach toward each ovary.

Uterus...The organ in which the baby develops and is protected until birth.

8

9

The Menstrual Cycle

10

Resourceshttp://www.webmd.com/baby/healthtool-ovulation-calculator

12

The average menstrual cycle is 28 to 32 days. Some women have longer or shorter cycles, so the exact timing of ovulation can vary. Here's an overview of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle

Day 1

Your cycle begins on the first day of blood flow.

Days 2-14 Follicular Phase

The follicles on your ovary become active, and your cervical mucus starts to thin.

Day 14Ovulation occurs mid-cycle, but can vary from between Day 11 and Day 21 of a woman's cycle. Rising estrogen levels trigger the LH surge, which causes the follicle to ovulate and release an egg. It's important to chart your basal body temperature and LH surge so you know when you ovulate.

13

Days 15-22 Luteal PhaseAfter releasing the egg, the follicle produces progesterone, which thickens the lining of the uterus for implantation.

Days 23 to 24Implantation of a fertilized egg can take place. At this point, hormones produced by pregnancy may be detected by a pregnancy test.

Days 25 to 28If pregnancy does not occur, your hormone levels begin to fall. The uterine lining sheds, resulting in your period.

14

There’s An App for That

15

16

Ovulation Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is

released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is available to be fertilized. The lining of the uterus has thickened to prepare for a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed. The shedding of an unfertilized egg and the uterine wall is the time of menstruation.

17

Common Signs of ovulation that occur in most women

1. Change in cervical fluid. Cervical fluid that resembles “egg whites” is a sign that you are near ovulation or are ovulating.

Every woman can experience her own type of cervical fluid, and not all cervical fluid looks the same.

Ovulation usually takes place on the day a woman has the most amount of wet fluid.

18

2. Change in basal body temperature. For most women, you will see that prior to ovulation, the basal body temperature is rather consistent.

As you get closer to ovulation, you may have a slight decline, but it will be followed by a sharp increase after ovulation.

The increase in temperature is the sign that ovulation has just occurred. Tracking your basal body temperature accurately over a few months can help you predict when ovulation is going to occur.

19

3. Change in cervical position or firmness. The cervix goes through many changes as a woman ovulates.

A woman may notice the clear signs of ovulation; her cervix will be soft, high, open and wet.

For most women it will take some time in studying her body to be able to differentiate between what her cervix normally feels like and the changes it goes through during ovulation.

20

Secondary signs of ovulation

Light spotting

Slight cramping or pain on one side of the pelvis

Breast tenderness

Abdominal bloating

Increased sex drive

Heightened sense of smell, taste or vision

21

Demonstration

Egg White

CHROMOSOMES & GENES

Chromosomes: rod-shaped structures, located in the nucleus of a cell, that carry genetic information. Each cell contains 46 chromosomes.

Genes: segments of a DNA molecule, located on a chromosome, that contain genetic information. Genes carry traits from parents to children.

Sex Determination is decided at the moment you conceive. One pair of the baby’s chromosomes, determines it’s sex.

These chromosomes are called “X” and “Y” chromosomes.

Females: 2 “X” chromosomes Males: 1 “X” and 1 “Y” chromosomes

Eggs contain only “X” sex chromosomes.

Sperm contain either “X” or “Y” chromosomes.

The fathers contribution is the one that determines the sex of the fetus.

During a woman’s menstrual cycle, a single egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.

At the instant fertilization occurs, sperm and egg join and put together their chromosomes, creating an embryo with a full complement of 23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes.

Reasons to Consider Genetic Counseling

1. Your are 35 years or older and plan to go through a pregnancy.

2. You have a child with a birth defect.3. You or your partner has a birth defect.4. You or your partner has a history of some type of birth

defect.5. You or your partner has a family history of inherited

deafness.6. You have has recurrent miscarriages.7. You or your partner are descended from Ashkenazi Jews

(risk of Tay Sachs or Canavan’s disease).8. You or your partner are African American (risk of sickle

cell anemia).9. The male partner is 40 years or older.

28

Genetic Counseling

Directions: Student’s will work together in groups of 2. The groups are predetermined by the teacher. Answer the following questions.

What is Genetic Counseling? What is the philosophy of Genetic Counseling? Who is part of the genetic counseling team? Who should see a Genetic Counselor? What are some specific examples of issues for which Genetic Counseling is re

commended?

What kind of information and guidance is provided by Genetic Counselors on issues related to fertility and pregnancy?

What can you expect to happen at a visit to a genetic counselor? List all of your websites that you got information from.

Dominant & Recessive Traits

30

Dominant Trait…Traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for that trait.

Recessive Traits…Traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited.

30

MULTIPLE PREGNANCY

32

33

Multiple Pregnancy… Pregnancy in which two or more babies develop.

CONJOINED (Siamese) TWINS: Ovum splits apart, but the separation is not completed. Babies are joined at some part of their bodies.

Fraternal…Term describing children from multiple pregnancies who develop from two ova and differ in genetic makeup. 2 Eggs + different Sperm Will look different - May be different or the same gender

Identical…Term describing children from multiple pregnancies who develop from one fertilized ovum and have the same genetic makeup. 1 Egg + 1 Sperm Fertilized ovum splits into 2 identical cells - Always the

same gender

33

34

Prenatal Development…The first stage of prenatal development, which last about two weeks after conception.

Placenta…An organ filled with blood vessels that nourishes the baby in the uterus.

Umbilical cord…The cord that connects the baby to the placenta.

Embryo…Term used to describe a baby in the embryonic stage of development.

34

35

36

Fetus…The term used to describe a baby in the fetal stage of development.

Genetic Factors…Traits that are passed through the genes.

Chromosomes…Threadlike structures that

carry genes in living cells.

Amnion…A fluid-filled sac that surrounds the baby in the uterus.

36

37

Articles on Twins

http://www.hoax-slayer.com/black-white-twins.html

38

Inside Pregnancy Fertilization

http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-early-fetal-development_10354436.bc

39

Video: Boy or Girl

http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-girl-or-boy_10313041.bc

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

50 Lessons Over Easy

40

Marshmallow Pyramid

Students will work together in groups. Each group will design a freestanding

pyramid. 3 minutes

Items Needed4 large bags of marshmallowtoothpicks

41

How The Baby Develops Over 40 Weeks

42

WEEK 1

Ovarian & Endometrial cycle occurs.

WEEK 5

A plate that will later become the heart has developed.

The central nervous system and muscle & bone formation have begun.

The baby’s skeleton is starting to form.

43

Week 10

Development of organ system and the body are well underway.

44

Babycenter.com Weeks 1-9

45

Week 15

Baby may begin sucking it’s thumb.

46

Babycenter.com Weeks 10-14

47

WEEK 20

Skin begins growing into the two layers.

WEEK 25

Although highly risky, some babies can survive outside the womb at this time, but would spend several months in the hospital

48

Babycenter.com Weeks 15-27

49

WEEK 30

The baby is not about

3lbs and 17 inches.

WEEK 35

The baby is now about

5.5 lbs and 20.25 inches.

50

Babycenter.com Weeks 28-37

51

Week 40

Baby is ready! Time for delivery!

52

http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-40-weeks

CHILDREN THE EARLY YEARSBY ANITA DECKER

53

Chapter 4…Pregnancy

53

GENETIC DISORDERS

54

55

Genetic Defects…passed to offspring on the genes.

Cystic Fibrosis…involves functional defects of the respiratory and digestive systems. Can be detected before birth or at birth and is often fatal before the afflicted persons reach adulthood.

Diabetes…form of diabetes that is characterized by an insufficient amount of insulin and an excess of sugar in the urine and blood. Symptoms include thirst, hunger, tiredness, and gradual weight loss.

Sickle Cell Anemia…a blood defect characterized by malformed red blood cells that interfere with the body’s oxygen supply.

 

56

Tay Sachs…caused by the inability of the body to metabolize fats. Due to the lack of a chemical in the blood necessary for this process. This disease causes severe brain damage and death usually before the age of three.

PKU (phenylketouria)…defect in which the body is unable to metabolize a specific protein. Can result in mental retardation. Placing the affected infant on a special diet can lessen or prevent brain damage.

57

Hemophilia…a blood disease that usually affects only males. Reduces the blood’s ability to clot, thus causing severe bleeding when an injury occurs. Detects even before birth. Symptoms can be treated with medication and blood transfusions.

Spina Bifida…incompletely formed spinal cord. Partial but permanent paralysis is the result of this spinal cord defect. Diagnosed at birth or before. Corrective surgery and physical therapy along with special education can help minimize and handicaps caused by the disease.

58

Huntington’s Disease…brain defect that causes nerve cells to waste away. This disease does not usually appear until the ages 35 to 50. Characteristics of the disease are moodiness, paranoia, uncontrollable facial movements, jerky body movements, and mental impairment.

Jaundice…Yellowing of the skin, eyeballs, and urine caused by large amounts of bile pigment (fluid secreted from the liver in the blood).

59

Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth?

Some birth defects can be diagnosed before birth. Some prenatal tests that can be taken are: Ultrasound Amniocentesis Chronic villus sampling

60

Can birth defects be treated before birth?

Advances in prenatal therapy now make it possible to treat some birth defects before birth.

Prenatal surgery – urinary-tract blockages, rare tumors in the lungs, Spina bifida, ph disease,

61

Types of Birth Defects

1. Malformations present at birthdefects such as congenital heart malformation, Spina bifida (open spine), cleft palate, clubfoot

2. Inborn errors of metabolismDefects such as PKU, Tay Sachs disease

3. Blood DisordersDefects such as sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia.

4. Chromosomal AbnormalitiesConditions such as Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner Syndrome.

5. Prenatal damageCases include certain infections, drugs, maternal disorders such as diabetes, high blood pressure, Rh disease, umbilical cord accidents, difficult labor or delivery, premature birth.

62

Preventing Birth Defects

Nutrition Alcohol Smoking Drugs STDs Rubella Parasites Radiation

63

Genetic Disorder

Student’s will work together in groups of 2. The groups are predetermined by the teacher.

This will be a power point assignment.

Each group will present their information to the class.

64

Extraordinary Measures

65

Test…Ch. 4 Pregnancy