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1. GE Recertification Cover Sheet

Course Number: MSE303 OL

Course Title: Innovation, Invention and Technology (3)

GE Section: Lifelong Learning Information Competence (IC): __X_YES ___NO Writing Intensive (WI): ___X_YES __ NO Multiple sections offered within a semester: _X__YES ___NO Department Chair/Coordinator: Ileana Costea Associate Dean: Nagwa Bekir

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2. GE RECERTIFICATION PORTFOLIO FORM OF CONTENTS

Page #

1. Summary Overview …………………………………………………………………………..3 - 4

2. Enrollment Data (from Institutional Research) ……………………………………….5 - 6

3. Alignment of course objectives, content, assignments and/or processes with GE SLOs (Forms A, B, C) ……………………………………7 - 13

4. Course Syllabus ………………………………………………………………………………..14 - 18

5. Samples of Course Assignments ………………………………………………………...19 – 25

6. Final Project Sample …………………………………………………………………………..26 -35

7. Samples of Performance

Evaluation Instruments/Exams/Tests……………………………………………………36 - 40

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1. Summary Overview

a. Brief overview of course. Include general size of the course offerings each semester (number of sections; number of students; mode of instruction)

The MSE303OL course has as prerequisite the Completion of Lower Division writing requirement. It is a 3-units course. The course focuses on the exploration of the history, processes, methods and creators of technological innovations and inventions. Global contributions, creator diversity and technological failures are addressed. It provides an opportunity to do critical assessments of technological innovation and invention. It develops an understanding of methods and creation of technology innovations and inventions. Presenting technology failures it allows an understanding on what to do to avoid failure. The course is not available for credit toward an Engineering Degree. The course is offered in two modes, more often as a fully-online course and some semesters as a residential course. It is taught by part-time faculty and a full-time faculty who developed the course.

b. How are multi-section courses coordinated to ensure that instruction provided in all sections adequately addresses the SLOs?

There always was a very small number of sections offered thus there was no need for a course coordinator. The course was initially developed by a full-time faculty who teaches it from time to time. Most of the times, the course is taught by part-time faculty. The maximum number of sections was 3 in 2009. In 2010 only one section was offered. The other years 2008, 2011, & 2012 two sections were offered; in 2008 both sections were online, and in 2011, & 2012 there was one section fully-online and one residential section. When multiple sections are offered, the faculty teaching the course communicate with each other such that coordination is done on the textbook, the syllabus, and the assignments to ensure a consistent approach to teaching the course and fulfilling its SLOs. In the future, due to the budget crisis, and the strict limitation of FTES allowed per department/semester it is believed the course will be offered every semester with only one section, online. c. Discuss sufficiency of resources to support instruction (space, computers, faculty, etc.

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There are adequate resources in terms of classroom and labs to support instruction of MSE303OL. Students can do their out of class assignments in the College open lab (JD1600) where the software needed for students to prepare their assignments is available. Also students have access to The Virtual Software Library (VSL), which allows them virtual remote access to required software. There is always an available faculty who could teach the course. d. Discuss future plans for the course. (For example: Is growth expected? Or, are new modes of delivery being considered or developed? The department is considering continuing offering one section of MSE303 online each semester. If a high demand occurs, more than one section will be offered as well as the course could be placed on the self-support summer schedule.

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2. Data Number of Sections and average enrollment per section Fall 2008-2012 Source: Student Course file, Office of Institutional Research Note: Course Enrollments might include open university students.

# Sections/Students Fall 2008 –2010

Fall 2008

Fall 2009

Fall 2010

Numb Sect Enrl Avg Sect Enrl Avg Sect Enrl Avg MSE303 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- MSE 30OL 2 64 32 3 84 28 1 26 26

# Sections/Students Fall 2011-2012

Fall 2011

Fall 2012

Numb Sect Enrl Avg Sect Enrl Avg MSE303 1 22 22 1 24 24 MSE 30OL 1 25 25 1 28 28

Enrollments by student level Fall 2008-2012 Source: Student Course file, Office of Institutional Research

Students by Level Fall 2008-2009 Fall 2008 Fall 2009 Abbrev/Numb Fresh Soph Jun Sen Grad Tot Fresh Soph Jun Sen Grad Tot MSE 303 MSE 303 OL -- 13 32 18 1 64 1 14 41 26 2 84

Students by Level Fall 20010 Fall 2010 Abbrev/Numb Fresh Soph Jun Sen Grad Tot MSE 303 -- -- -- -- -- -- MSE 303 OL -- 4 15 7 -- 26

Students by Level Fall 2011-2012 Fall 2011 Fall 2012 Abbrev/Numb Fresh Soph Jun Sen Grad Tot Fresh Soph Jun Sen Grad Tot MSE 303 -- 3 16 3 22 3 1 17 2 1 24 MSE303 OL -- 3 12 9 1 25 -- 12 16 28

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Number of Full and Part Time Faculty Fall 2008-2012 Note: FT = Full-Time Faculty, PT = Part-Time Faculty, Oth = Other Faculty Type Fall 2008-2010

Fall 2008 Fall 2009 Fall 2010 FT PT OTH Total FT PT OTH Total FT PT OTH Total

MSE 303 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- MSE 303 OL -- 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- -- 1

Faculty Type Fall 2011-2012

Fall 2011 Fall 2012 FT PT OTH Total FT PT OTH Total

MSE 303 1 -- -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 MSE 303 OL 1 -- -- 1 -- 1 -- 1

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3. Course Alignment Forms A, B, and C

Form A Course Alignment GE Subject Explorations: Life Long Learning

Subject Abbreviation and Number: MSE303OL Course Title: Innovation, Invention and Technology Units:__3___ Directions: Any Life Long Learning subject exploration course will meet at least two of the three Life Long Learning GE SLOs, which are listed below. In the box below each relevant GE SLO please (a) clearly and substantively delineate and describe course objectives, course content and/or assignments, and any other course processes that address the GE SLOs; (b) describe in detail how students’ achievement of the particular GE SLO is evaluated. For all of the preceding please tell us the pages where we can find evidence for this in the syllabus, assignments, and/or evaluation instruments. LIFE LONG LEARNING OVERALL GOAL:. STUDENTS WILL: develop cognitive, physical and affective skills which will allow them to become more integrated and well-rounded individuals within various physical, social, cultural, and technological environments and communities. Life Long Learning GE SLO #1: Students will identify and actively engage in behaviors conducive to individual health, well-being, or development, and understand the value of maintaining these behaviors throughout their lifespan;

• All objectives of this course are referring to identifying and describing the process of invention and innovation, and analyzing their impact on the well-being of the society. Several assignments based on lectures posted on the website of the course will enable students to engage in behaviors conductive to their well-being and to understand the value of maintaining these behaviors throughout their lifespan. The course offers a solid foundation, with methods of forecasting and innovation, and an emphasis on the rapid pace of changing knowledge in the technological field which will enable students to keep their burgeoning aptitude current throughout their life span. See course objectives (especially course objectives at 1st and 3rd bullet p. 15); Assignments #2, #4, and #6, listed in the Syllabus on pp. 15 & 16, and pp. 20-21, 22-24 & 24-25. For example, one of the topic discussed in the assignment 2 (audio lecture 2 on page 20) is about forecasting and a student summary of that topic “ indentifies developments, estimates time scale for important events, avoids threatening situations, seeks new opportunities, improves decisions making” teaches student how to make better decisions in their life thus improving his/her well-being throughout his/her lifespan.

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Life Long Learning GE SLO #2: Students will identify and apply strategies leading to health, well-being, or development for community members of diverse populations; N/A Life Long Learning GE SLO #3: Students will apply the knowledge and skills of science and technology and evaluate how they impact individuals, the community, and/or society. Several of the course objectives indicate that in the course students will apply the knowledge and skills of science and technology and evaluate how they impact individuals, the community, and/or society. Please see especially bullets 2, 3, 4, and 5, p. 15. By writing a summary (and place their own opinion of what they understood from the audio and video lectures on the course website) students will get an understanding of how to apply the knowledge and skills as specified by LLL SLO#3. HW Assignments #3, #4, #7, are listed in the Syllabus on pp. 15 and 16, and sample of student work on these assignments are given on pp. 21-23. The final project also requires students to synthesize what they learn in their report and apply the knowledge and skills of LLL SLO#3. See a sample of a student project pp. 26-35. For example, all students have to write and present a final project report related to topics on inventions and innovations. As you can see from sample of a student final project report (pages 26-36) on topics of patents, and copyrights, student learns how patented or copyrighted technologies impact all of us as member of our community and/or society.

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Form B Course Alignment with GE Designation: Information Competence (IC)

Subject Abbreviation and Number: MSE303OL Course Title: Innovation, Invention and Technology Units:__3___ Directions: Any IC course will meet each of the five Information Competence GE SLOs listed below. In the box associate with each IC SLO please (a) delineate and describe the course objectives, course content and/or assignments, and any other course processes that address the IC SLO, and (b) describe in detail how students’ achievement of the particular IC SLO is evaluated. For all of the preceding please tell us the pages where we can find evidence for this in the syllabus, assignments and/or evaluation instruments. OVERALL GOAL: Students will progressively develop information competence skills throughout their undergraduate careers by developing a basic understanding of information retrieval tools and practices as well as improving their ability to evaluate and synthesize information ethically. IC SLO #1: Determine the nature and extent of information needed. As stated in the course syllabus the students investigate a topic of their interest related to technology and to determine the necessary data for supporting their claims. The final research paper makes the student determine the nature and extent of the information needed (See page 17 and pages 26-35. IC SLO #2: Demonstrate effective search strategies for finding information using a variety of sources and methods. This course is striving to teach students effective search strategies for finding information using a variety of sources and methods for writing the final research paper about topics on invention and innovation. SLO#2 is evaluated in Assignment#2, Assignment#3 (pages 20-22) . They also have to demonstrate effective research strategies for finding information from a variety of sources in their Final Project (See Syllabus page 17 and Sample Final Project 26 to 35) where they need to provide at least ten recent references.) IC SLO #3: Locate, retrieve and evaluate a variety of relevant information including print and electronic formats. All assignments in the course and the final project are asking the student to retrieve and evaluate a variety of relevant information in various formats. IC SLO#3 is evaluated in Assignment #3, #4, and #6 (Audio Lectures pp. 21-23) and the final project (pages 26-35). In the Final Project Report students need to provide at least ten recent references (page 17). Furthermore, the environment the students work in for the entire semester is about the digital world in all its formats. Please also see syllabus pages 15-16.

IC SLO #4: Organize and synthesize information in order to communicate effectively.

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A strong emphasis is placed in this course on this SLO. All assignments and the final project are aimed to support his SLO. In the assignments throughout the semester as well as in the Final Project students have to write their ideas and present them via PowerPoint or video. The performance of the student is evaluated on the quality of the organization and synthesis of information and their communication effectiveness. (See Syllabus pages 15-17 and sample of students’ works on pages 20-25 for assignments and pages 26-35 for the Final Project.) IC SLO #5: Explain the legal and ethical dimensions of the use of information. Through the semester and in all assignments there is an emphasis on the legal and ethical dimensions of use of information. The topics of plagiarism, patents, and copyright are discussed. (See Syllabus Week 13 page 16). Understanding the need of patents gives students a very solid idea about protection of ideas in innovation and invention. SLO IC#5 is evaluated in all assignments as can be seen in the Syllabus in Guidelines #2 (at least 20% of the report must be the student’s original contribution) and in #1 of the Grading rubric p. 17 (originality, student input, and not copied) and as can be seen, for example in the sample of the final project on pages 26-35.

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Form C Course Alignment with GE Designation: Writing Intensive (WI)

Subject Abbreviation and Number: MSE303OL Course Title: Innovation, Invention and Technology Units:__3___ Directions: Any 300 level GE course will address both the overall WI goal and each of the six Writing Intensive (WI) GE SLOs listed below. In the box associated with each WI SLO please (a) delineate and describe the course objectives, course content and/or assignments, and any other course processes that address the WI SLO, and (b) describe in detail how students’ achievement of the particular WI SLO is evaluated. For all of the preceding please tell us the pages where we can find evidence for this in the syllabus, assignments and/or evaluation instruments. WI SLO #1: Develop and clearly define their ideas through writing. Students will develop and clearly define their ideas through writing assignments and a final written report. The assignments involving writing are representing a large % of the grade (65%) as follows: 20% Audio Lectures Summaries (Students are asked to listen to 6 audio lectures and write up

one page summary for each) 20% Video Lectures Summaries (Students are asked to watch all video lectures and write up

one page summary for 4 of them) 25% of the Final Project is represented by a comprehensive Formal Written Report, consisting of 8-10 pages single space (not including cover sheet or references). This is a research report on a topic selected by the student from 9 several topics

1. Innovative Invention Process 2. Global collaboration in inventing new products 3. Why most new inventions never make it to market 4. Technological failures: Discuss some real cases of failures 5. Innovative companies of tomorrow 6. Patent, copyright rights and trade secrets 7. How to make a new invention a marketable product 8. What does it take to be an inventor and entrepreneur 9. Critical assessment of technological innovation and inventions

Please see Syllabus page 17 and pages 19-35 in this document. WI SLO #2: Ethically integrate sources of various kinds into their writing. Class discussions will revolve around the analysis of the 6 videos used as teaching material in the course thus encouraging students to engage with a variety of sources that they can use in

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their writing for their final research report. In the final project written report students will integrate sources of various kinds into their writing. The final research project asks students to use at least 10 recent sources (2005-present). They are asked to make reference in the body of the report each time a source is used. Also the report must not be a simple compilation of text taken from the sources, the student being required to have a self-contribution with at least 20% of the report coming from his/her own mind. Please see syllabus pages 14-18 and sample Assignments and Final Project 19-35 in this document. WI SLO #3: Compose texts through drafting, revising, and completing a finished product. Students will discuss the final topic of their research report with the Instructor based on a paper proposal. They will then have to go through a few revisions until completing the final report. Please see pages 26-35 for sample Final Project in this document. WI SLO #4: Express themselves through their writing by posing questions, making original claims, and coherently structuring complex ideas. All written assignments (including the final report, both in its written format and the oral PowerPoint presentation) are encouraging students to express themselves to pose questions, make original claims, and coherently structure complex ideas, using evidence to support their validity. Please see syllabus pages 14-18 and sample Assignments and Final Project 19-35 in this document. WI SLO #5: Revise their writing for greater cogency and clarity. Students will revise their writing after receiving feedback on their written assignments in the first part of the class (based on the audio and video tapes they watch) helping them to achieve greater cogency and clarity in writing. Please see syllabus pages 14-18 and sample Assignments and Final Project 19-35 in this document. WI SLO #6: Utilize adopted communication modes and documentation styles of specific disciplines (MLA, APA, Chicago, CBE, etc) where appropriate. Students will demonstrate the ability to use properly the references utilizing correct documentation styles. Since most of the recent material for this course is to be found on the Internet the majority of the sources are given as Web references. Please see Final Project pages 26-35 in this document. WI Overall Goal: In each WI course students will be required to complete writing assignments totaling a minimum of 2500 words. (Please tell us the page numbers in the syllabus, assignments, etc. where we will find the writing assignments totaling 2500 words. Please note that drafts can also be included in the total of the 2500 words of writing.)

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The Formal Written Report of the Final Project for the course consists of 8-10 pages single space (not including cover sheet or references) which will total 2,500 words or over. Please see Syllabus page 17, and Assignments and Final Project pages 26-35 in this document.

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4. Course Syllabus

MSE303OL – Innovation/Invention & Technology Online Course Website: (http://sites.google.com/site/mse303course)

Instructor Dr. Mark Rajai, Professor of Engineering Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management Faculty E-mail: mrajai@csun.edu Office: JD3317 Telephone: (818) 677-5003 MSEM Department E-mail: msem@csun.edu MSEM Department Office: JD4510 MSEM Telephone: (818) 677-2167 Office Hours: Online (will respond to your email) Special arrangements of office hours can be made

Textbooks 1. None 2. Materials Posted on course web site

There are 6 audio lecture modules and several video lectures and PowerPoint lectures on the course website.

Course Description:

Prerequisite: Completion of lower-division writing requirement. Exploration of the history, processes, methods, and creators of technological innovations and inventions. Global contributions, creator diversity, and technological failures are addressed. Critical assessments of technological innovation and invention. Not available for credit towards an engineering degree. (Available for General Education, Lifelong Learning.) (IC)

Suggested Reading (Books):

• Accidents May Happen - Charlotte Foltz Jones • American Genesis - Thomas P. Hughes • Black Stars, African American Inventors - Otha Richard Sullivan • Evolution of Useful Things - Henry Petroski • Eyewitness Books, Invention - Lionel Bender • History of Engineering and Technology - Ervan Garrison • Steven Caney's Invention Book - Steven Caney • Inviting Disaster, Lessons From the Edge of Technology - James R. Chiles • Serendipity, Accidental Discoveries in Science - Royston M. Roberts • Science and Technology in World History - James E. McClellan and Harold Dorn • Technology in World Civilization - Arnold Pacey • They All Laughed - Ira Flatow

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Learning Objectives: This course is designed to facilitate ability to:

• Identify and describe the contributions to the modern world as each invention and innovation has effect on, science, engineering, and related areas.

• Identify and describe shortfalls as related to each area of study and how these potential roadblocks have changed the outcome of each invention.

• Describe and analyze the impacts of invention and innovation on our lives. • Describe and analyze the impact of invention and innovation on revenue and finance

across the globe. • Explain how innovation has impacted the way we do business and the relationship

between company and customer. • Explain how innovation has impacted the production of goods and how it plays a key role

in modern-day inventions vs. the past.

Due to the on-line nature of this course, self-directed study is essential.

Course There are three learning activity tracks that run in parallel throughout this course. Structure The first track entails presentations and discussions of topics (on course web site

via Moodle). A second track involves reading assignments (from course web site), lecture modules,, and a final exam. The third track is a comprehensive final project, and comprehensive presentation and 8-12 page report.

COURSE PROPOSED PLAN

(Tentative schedule: dates/assignments/topics covered may change if deemed necessary.)

Week Tasks & Assignments Note what is meant by “Summary” in the assignments below is more than briefly describing what was presented. Personal comments to what was presented in the Audio/Video Lectures with analysis elements/interpretation should be included.

01 . Welcome message – getting acquainted with the course/instructor Get familiar with material posted on the Audio Lecture Module 1 on the course website. VERY IMPORTANT: Watch course overview from website

Assignmnet#1: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY

02 Read PowerPoint “Review of Grammar and History of Invention” from Lecture Notes

Audio Lecture Module 2: Technological Innovations

03 Read PowerPoint “Management of Technology” from Lecture Notes Audio Lecture Module 3: Technological Forecasting Assignment#2: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY

Watch “Prof. Inventions In the News” (3 parts) from the course web site under Video Lectures

04 Audio Lecture Module 4: “Technological Strategy”

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Assignmnet#3: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY Read PowerPoint “Technology Forecasting” from Lecture Notes

05 Audio Lecture Module 5: “Entrepreneurships” Assignment#4: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY Read PowerPoint “Managerial Forecasting” from Lecture Notes

·

06 Audio Lecture Module 6: “Evolving Organizations” Assignmnet#5: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY Read PowerPoint “Technology Strategy” from Lecture Notes

.

07 Audio Lecture Module 8: “Patents, trade Secrets” Assignment#6: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY Read PowerPoint “Technology Strategy I”I from Lecture Notes 08 UPLOAD ALL SIX AUDIO SUMMARIES IN ONE FILE INTO

MOODLE. 09 Watch “Prof. Video Lectures” (5 parts) from the course web site under Video

Lectures Assignment#7: WRITE A PAGE SUMMARY Read PowerPoint “Creativity Process & Entrepreneurship” from Lecture Notes

10 Watch Video Lectures from other sources under Video Lectures Assignment#8: WRITE ONE PAGE SUMMARY FOR ANY TWO VIEOS Read PowerPoint “Entrepreneurship II” from Lecture Notes Prepare for your final project (GROUP PROJECT UP TO 4 PEOPLE) 11 UPLOAD SUMMARY OF COURSE OVERVIEW, PROF VIDEO

LECTURES (5 PARTS) AND THE TWO VIDEOS FROM OTHER SOURCES IN ONE FILE INTO MOODLE.

12 Read PowerPoint “Intrapreneurship & Organizing” Venture from Lecture notes Work on your final project

13 Read PowerPoint “Inventions Process, Patents , Copyright” (7 parts) from Lecture notes

Work on your final project

14 Read 15 “Biggest Failures” from Lecture Notes. Final Project Work Session allocated to packaging the PowerPoint” and Project Report

15 Presentations Upload Final Project Presentations – PowerPoint or video Course wrap-up Upload Final Project Report into MOODLE

16 Final Exam T/F and multiple choice. Only from Lectures Notes

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Final Research Assignment

The final research assignment consists of two parts: a presentation (PowerPoint or video) and a Report. Write 8-10 pages single spaced (not including cover sheet or references) research report on any of the topics given below. You must also prepare either a 10-15 slides PowerPoint presentation or a video. If you do a video presentation you get extra credit. Topics (Select one):

1. Innovative Invention Process 2. Global collaboration in inventing new products 3. Why most new inventions never make it to market 4. Technological failures: Discuss some real cases of failures 5. Innovative companies of tomorrow 6. Patent, copyright rights and trade secrets 7. How to make a new invention a marketable product 8. What does it take to be an inventor and entrepreneur 9. Critical assessment of technological innovation and inventions

Guidelines (also posted on the course websites)

1. Use at least 10 recent references (2005-present). Make sure you list your sources at the end of the report and you refer to references in body of your report. 2. At least 20% of your report should be your own contribution (i.e. should come from own mind). 3. Your report should be neat, free of grammatical and spelling errors and easy to follow. It should be single spaced using Time New Romans font size 12. 4. Your report should include sections (see below) with appropriate headings starting 5. Your report should include appropriate figures and tables. 6. Your report should have following sections:

• Cover sheet. • Introduction • Body of report: Discussion/Analysis • Conclusion • References (at least 10 recent ones) • One last page with the Grading Rubric (see below).

Grading rubric

1. Originality, obviously your input in it, not copied 25 point 2. Effort-Interest showed, excellent preparation 15points 3. Good illustration/description, topic clearly explained 40 points 4. Crisp, sharp writing-top university level 20 points

Total 100 points

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COURSE EVALUATION COMPONENTS (Plus/minus grading is used; no late assignments will be accepted)

20% Audio Lecture Summaries (Listen to 6 audio lectures and write up to one page summary

for each, then put them all in one file and submit by due date.) 20% Video Lectures Summaries (Watch all video lectures but write up one page summary for

only 4 of them according to the course schedule, then put all summaries in one file and submit by due date.)

30% Final Exam –Covers materials from Lecture Notes (multiple choice and T/F questions). 30% Final Project

5 % Presentation (Power-Point or Video - to be posted) 25% Formal Comprehensive Written Report

Letter-Grade Scale:

A ≥ 93 90≤ A- < 93 85 ≤ B+ < 90 80 ≤ B < 85 78 ≤ B- < 80 75 ≤ C+ < 78

70 ≤ C < 75 60 ≤ D < 70 F < 60

Grade Criteria

* A grade in the A range (A to A-) is reserved for work that is exceptional. (1) is professional and reflects the writer's/s' careful consideration of audience and purpose; (2) shows perfect to near-perfect understanding of the necessary concepts and analytical tasks; (3) where appropriate, it shows the capacity to think creatively or to see implications beyond the immediate scope of the question; (4) contains all necessary information (invention); (5) is arranged in a logical manner (6), is memorable; (7) delivery is visually appealing; and (8) is free of mechanical errors and is formatted as specified. Work must be flawless to attain an A/A-. Work with minor flaws that is nonetheless excellent in other ways will earn an A-. * A grade in the B range (B+ to B-) means that the work is good to very good. This work (1)satisfies all (B+) or most (B/B-) of the requirements of the question/research task, (2) shows the capability to think beyond the task by relating it to other areas of knowledge in or outside of the course; (3) is neatly presented and shows above-average use of academic English. If the work is decently written, is formatted basically correctly, and covers most of the required content, but has several minor flaws or one major flaw, the grade will be B-. * A grade in the C range (C+ to C-) means that the work,(1) while covering much of the required ground, does not show good analytic and expressive ability. That is, major and minor items may be missing or incorrect; and while the language may communicate most points adequately, it does not qualify as above-average academic work. * A grade in the D range (D+ to D-) shows that the work does not, overall, achieve an acceptable level of coverage of the requirements and/or the language is insufficient to make the writer's points understandable to the reader. The content may be either totally incorrect or incorrect to an unacceptable degree, or very incomplete. * A grade of F indicates that little of the required content is covered that grading the paper is an exercise in futility. It may mean that very major points have clearly not been grasped or have been misunderstood by the student. An F may also indicate that the ideas are expressed in such a way that they are not at all understandable to the reader. A grade of F is also awarded when assigned work is not handed in, or not handed in by the set deadline.

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5. Samples of Course Assignments

MSE 303OL Assignment 1 Students are asked to listen to six audio lectures and watch eight video lectures and write a page summary of them. Below is a sample of one student audio summaries.

Audio Lecture 1: • Before WWII, according to Twiss (1970s), the customer’s position to manufacturers was weak

and the technologist was isolated from the customers and market forces

• Twiss’ linear diagram of this process shows little interaction with the external environment and no intentionally managed interaction between entities in the organization itself

• In the technology/market-Oriented conversion process, the purpose is to convert scientific or technological knowledge directly into the satisfaction of a customer’s need

• This process was widespread in the 1950s as the balance of power shifted toward the consumer

• Products became the carrier of technology and its form was defined after the technology and need were matched, there was a focus on the customer’s needs

• Walcoff’s Three-Phase Process (1980s): 1) goal setting, project identification, project selection, 2) research, development, production and 3) diffusion. ( not a strictly linear conceptual model)

• Technological Innovation Coupling Process by Rothwell in 1980s: continuing interactions between organization and its external environment in the marketplace

• Integrative Process (Kamm): innovation is an integrative, circular process, middle and top level managers must be generalists, general managers must act as integrators

• Technological Innovation Integrative Parallel Process (Graves, 1980s): a parallel process, there is functional overlap, so there is a need for parallelism and integration

• Integrative System Process (Bursic & Cleland): a systematic way to study a firm’s technologies

• “The Idea” consists of a variety of approaches and innovation consists of miniscule changes

• Systematic innovation (Druckers): change provides opportunity for the new and different, there are 7 sources of innovative opportunity: unexpected, incongruity, process need, industry/market structure, demographics, perception, and new knowledge

• The unexpected: investigate instances where outcomes differ from what was expected, 3 examples are unexpected success (“cuckoo in the nest”), failure, and market place

• Incongruity: lack of profitability in a growing industry

• Process need: self contained process, weak or missing link, clear objective, clear definition of solution specifications, high receptivity

• Demographics: most predictable consequences, known/certain lead times, rewarding opportunity for entrepreneur and innovation

• Perception: changes are subtle, timing is critical, facts don’t change but their meaning does

• Knowledge-based innovation: longest lead time, based on convergence of different kinds of knowledge, careful analysis of necessary factors, clear focus on strategic position

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• Risks: window of opportunity for establishing a significant position in a new industry is small, a “shake-out” sets in when the window closes, to be successful you need receptivity

• Kamm: innovation is the process of generating ideas new to their source, making decisions resulting in something useful, it’s a relative, perceptual phenomenon

• 4 dimensions of innovation are form, function, extent (“newness”), and timing

• Timing: first-to-market, quick second or third, late follower.

• Classification Scheme: select a point of view, form and function, extent and timing

Assignment 2 Audio Lecture 2

• Technological Forecasting Diagram: senses trends and pressures, interprets them in terms of need, indicates the level of support, forecasts the form of possible innovations/time scale

• Technological forecasting (1960s): indentifies developments, estimates time scale for important events, avoids threatening situations, seeks new opportunities, improves decisions making

• Limitations are information from the past, knowledge of the present, ability of human intellect

• Usefulness of the results are quality of the input data, caliber of the minds applied to the task

• Basic techniques include: exploratory, normative, combination

• Methods include: S-curve, envelope curve, precursor trends, Delphi, scenarios, technology monitoring, relevance trees

• S-curve: slow initial growth, rapid exponential growth, growth slows are performance approaches a natural physical limit, similar to a product life-cycle, commercially successful exploitation of technology

• Envelope curve: succession of technologically superior innovations exists relative to some performance parameter, develops estimates of the timing and performance level of successor

• Precursor trends: commercial application of new technology is preceded by its use in special circumstances, trends for first application and commercial adoption follow each other with regular lag

• Delphi: opinion of experts yields important insights into the future, medium of committee meetings and panels, a questionnaire is distributed then a statistical summary is made, then another questionnaire is provided, panelists give revised event dates, this process repeats, then final estimates are given and the results are consolidated

• Scenarios: start with a possible future situation description, scenarios/alternative futures are prepared, potential paths that might lead to the future situation are examined

• Technology Monitoring: innovation, it’s more than scanning for information, signals are identifiable points, events and relationships, the progress of innovations are followed in regards to time, cost, performance, obstacles and possible impacts

• Relevance Trees: used to determine and evaluate systematically alternative paths, start at the objective, break the problem down into alternative solution concepts and functions to be performed, examine all alternative paths, investigate each step in greater depth

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• Pitfalls: unexamined assumptions, limited or misplaced expertise, lack of imagination, neglect of constraints, excessive optimism, mechanical extrapolation of trends, over-specification

• Creative Thought: required for approaches to technological forecasting, cannot be planned

• Attribute Analysis: attributes of a concept, product, process are examined for alternatives

• Morphological Analysis: main parameters or functions of a problem are identified with ways of achieving them, every combination represents a possible solution

• “Seeing the Future First” (Hamel and Prahalad): “the vital first step in competing for the future is the quest for industry foresight,” top management must see opportunities and exploit them by virtue of preemptive and consistent capability building that other companies cannot

• Industry Foresight: requires a deep and boundless curiosity (ex. Minivan)

Assignment 3 Audio Lecture 3

• Marking: defines what to provide, how to ensure that customers know about it and buy it, how to get it to customers. Customers don’t buy products or services, they buy perceived benefits Key to marketing: develop a product/service that customers want/will want, sell it at a price the customer expects or is willing to pay, make a profit from the transaction for the organization

• Marketing Roles: from corporate level (customer needs) to the business level (product/service specification/development manufacture), operational level (distribution and after-sales support)

• Marketing Mix: The Four P’s are product, price, promotion, place

• Consumer Market: convenience goods/services (frequently bought), shopping goods/services (durable, infrequently bought), specialty goods/services (unique characteristics buyer prizes)

• Industrial Market: 1) buy goods/services for use in operating the business, 2) original equipment manufacturers who buy goods/services for incorporation into their own products which are then sold, 3) people who buy goods then resell them without changing the product

• Industrial goods/services are classified into: raw materials, fabricated parts, capital goods, also they are classified into accessory equipment, operating supples/services (consumables) and badged products/services (purchased then resold as firm’s own, without any changes)

• Product Life Cycle: length varies depending on product, all products go through same stages

• Marketing Development Stage: marketing effort is high, pricing is high, investment needs to be increased as market develops, must persuade innovators/early adopters to acquire the product

• Growth Stage: emphasis on building brand loyalty, maximizing market share, high pricing

• Maturity Stage: selective investment needed, stable/declining pricing, products must be differentiated from competitive offerings, investment goes into cutting costs in order

• Declining Stage: reaches obsolescence, cash flow is maximized, reduction of marketing effort

• Product Portfolio: organizations must decide how the products/services should be positioned to each other and competitors, level of market coverage targeted, product/services mix targeted

• Boston Matrix Portfolio Analysis: used to analyze an organization’s product portfolio, need heavy investment in marketing and product/service development

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• Technological Approaches: offensive- first to market, glamorous, high risk with high potential payoff, defensive: follow the leader, low risk with modest payoff, imitative: me too, based more on design, reliability and cost, interstitial: applications engineering, “the spaces in between”

• Gobeli and Brown: uses market focus as mediating variable, compares product innovation emphasis to process innovation emphasis

• Product Innovator: customer is not key source of ideas to develop, R&D is primary basis

• Integrator: main driving force is marketing, focused on developing products and services

• Value Leader: directly responsive to customer’s requirements, efficient operations

• Reactor: responds to changes in fits and starts, focuses on short-term financial performance

• W. Dale Compton: technological functional deployment process permits an understanding of the risks (timing, costs, capabilities of the organization)

• Enterprise Essentials: clear vision of mission is essential, define all parameters, make strategic planning and management of technology an integral part of your business strategy

Assignment 4

Audio Lecture 4

• Early Research: focused on “the entrepreneurial personality,” small number of experts

• Characteristics of early research: lack of social mobility drives, punishing pursuit of tasks and chronic fatigue, lack of problem resolution, extreme relations with subordinates, strained relationships with partners and peers, unable to submit to authority, implication

• Early 1970s entrepreneur-related business issues: primary thrust of study of entrepreneurship began to change, three critical problems were: 1) difficulty launching new ventures, commercializing research, keeping acquired entrepreneurs and their businesses growing and profitable, giving hope for self development to unhappy personnel who are ambitious

• Organizational entrepreneurship: intrapraneurship: need to manage, have power, achieve, have fast feedback, have empathy, willingness to conform to corporate policies

• Intrapreneurship was discouraged by: centralized decision making, short term perspective and inflexible organization (excessive bureaucratic procedures)

• Intrapreneurship necessary conditions: support from top, business consistency, criteria for success, patience, marketing strength, champions, flexible controls, organizational style, rewards, exit plans (willingness to terminate unsuccessful projects)

• Critical Factors: market orientation, relevance to corporate objectives, effective product/evaluation system, project management/control, creative ideas, receptive to innovation, commitment by one or a few people

• Categories of Guidelines, Parker (1980s): divided firms by level of technology/types, firms were questioned regarding management practices, guidelines were augmented and sorted out

• Company Board: express company purpose in a generic form, consider all company products and classify them, review strengths/weaknesses, explore possibilities, forecast market needs

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• Company Directors: make list of design/development modifications, investigate selling, distribution and pricing policies, forecast expected financial benefit, select best idea

• Company Environment: arrange for innovation plan to be sponsored by a board member, tell employees about plan, evaluate staff abilities, create awareness that inspiration is crucial

• Innovation and Design: appoint designers with high competence (engineering expertise), design a retrieval system, become aware of current technologies, set up a design office

• Innovation Process Barriers, Walcoff, Ouellette, Cheremisinoff (1975-1981): 5 barriers of innovation process are technical, organizational, governmental, financial and marketing

• Internal Management Techniques: idea generation (new ideas created through discussions with staff/management, innovation incentives, innovation training: employees participate in programs which encourage receptivity in nurturing ideas through group dynamics, internal venture management, product champion, product performance measurement, quality circles, research planning frame, and temporary groups

• Late 1980s, Kamm, conditions that fostered innovation: perceived need, tolerance for ambiguity, risk tolerance, belief in newness, perceived benefits, connections, experimentation, investment, Drucker: considered innovation and entrepreneurship in tandem with each other

Assignment 5

Audio Lecture: 5

• Development Tasks: creation of a vision and an organizational direction, identification of an organizational resource base and separation from it from the founder or founding team, development of systems for the performance of basic business needs, addressing the need for professional management, development and/or acquisition of breadth in abilities of all personnel, laying out plans for outcomes of both success and failure, recognition and accommodation of pervasiveness of ambiguity, recognizing the importance of decision areas

• Rapid growth: expansion faster than anticipated, an unexpected but realized growth caused by very high demand and customer loyalty (ex. Lotus)

• Old Chinese Curse: “may you live in interesting times,” change and dynamism can be perceived as obstacles to the peace of mind that brings wisdom

• Interesting times are part of the life of an entrepreneurial firm, can be both a curse & blessing

• Kao- 7 dilemnas: growth covers up problems, dilemmas of leadership, loss of focus in mission, harder communication, inadequate human resource practices, incongruent management skills/organizational needs, emergence of stress and future shock

• Managing rapid growth: involves management strategies that can be developed in three groups organizational context, human context, task context, remember to expect the unexpected because anything can happen in an entrepreneurial organization

• Anticipate the end of rapid growth because explosive growth inevitably slows down

• Assess the meaning of growth: avoid overextending itself and maintain a strategic view consistent with its resource bases, continuously anticipate future needs

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• Develop sources of objectivity: develop an internal, grapevine system, monitor the competitive environment and engage in environmental scanning, pay attention to strategic planning

• A benefit of a large organization is that it often contains slack (can cushion impact of failure)

• In an entrepreneurial organization, the resource base is usually thinner

• Changing Leadership Style: constantly assess extent to which it has skills and expertise to continue to be effective, limit growth to fit leadership capabilities, bring in new people and replace the top, leadership function is the source of vision and strategy for the organization

• Organization’s mission is its spiritual blueprint, actively manage culture

• Human Context: address the following issues: recruitment, assimilation, career planning, information gathering, reward systems, human resource planning, balancing skills/complexity

• Task Context: generally difficult to define with precision, organizing time in an orderly manner is usually difficult, tasks are not amenable to analysis by a given set of rules or procedures

• Tasks in an evolving organization are diverse, time-consuming, and constantly changing

• All viable business-related paths should be considered, the company can sustain profitable existence in the industrial world, emerging enterprise: define its primary goals, set a clear path to achieve its outlined and desired objectives

• Management must be involved proactively in creating visionary strategic planning and administrative policies: organizations need to match the needed functions with the proper work force

Assignment 6

Audio Lecture: 6

• Strategic planning for competition: searching for a means of capturing a sustainable advantage

• More advanced nations develop products/services that have great creative value added content: it’s crucial that there are some means of protection of these intellectual properties, this area of law is “intellectual property law”

• Topics dominating the news in recent years: multi-million dollar disputes over rights associated with technological innovations, legal advice is not a bad thing to have

• Legal policies affect the strategic decisions of those managing new technologies: the law struggles to keep up as new realities test traditional legal norms

• US Legal approaches: Federal Courts Improvement Act (1982): hears appeals in intellectual property cases, National Cooperative Research Art (1984): relaxed antitrust restrictions pertaining to research and development activities, Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (1984) protected new forms of intellectual property, Trademark Law Revision Act (1988), Berne Convention Implementation Act (1988), Intellectual Property Antitrust Protection Act (1989)

• Those in intellectual property agencies of the federal government have liberalized their interpretations as to protect assets

• International Legal Approaches: unilateral steps, bilateral arrangements, multilateral approaches (policy framework agreements that many countries enter into together)

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• Major Multilateral Agreements: patents, copyrights, trademarks, comprehensive (Treaty of Rome and Maastricht Treaty, North American Free Trade Agreement)

• Patent Act (1790): inventor must undergo a long examination and approval process to receive patent protection, fundamental conditions for patent protection include novelty, useful or have utility, non-obvious, three classifications include utility, design and plant

• Trade Secrets: secret information, economic value and reasonable security, attention to trade secrets has risen to the level of international intrigue

• Trade Secret Misappropriation: there are three kinds which include: injunction, fiduciary, misappropriation, remedies include injunctions and criminal charges

• Copyright designates the rights secured by law to protect against unauthorized copy of works

• Plagiarism is stealing or passing an idea or words of another person’s as your own

• Fundamental Rights include: reproduction, derivation, distribution, performance, display, moral rights, basis for fair use exceptions: purpose of use, nature of use, amount and sustainability used, market effect, expression of an idea is copyrightable, the idea itself is not

• Obtaining Copyright Protection: no action required, reasons for registration: prima facie evidence, statutory damages, attorney’s fees and costs

• Technology Application Controversies: computer programs, digital audio sampling, databases, digital imaging, product design, shrink-wrap licenses, multimedia works

• Trademarks are an integral part of the marketing and distribution strategy

Methods to protect financial and growth interest of an organization is covered under the intellectual property law, design process of any product: take into consideration legal ramification

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Final Project (Below is a student sample of written final report.)

Patents, Copyrights and Trade Secrets

Definition of Invention: The act of finding out or inventing; contrivance or construction of that which has not before existed; as, the invention of logarithms; the invention of the art of printing.[1] Every inventor, mentally designs, and puts together a concept of an idea in which they believe will be successful. Thinking a creative and unique possibility, relative connection or relationship to previous creations can spark a new invention. There are ways of thinking, materials and a variety of tools that one can incorporate to create a new development. Inventions are an exploratory process with various outcomes. Any inspired person can begin the process of a new creation, but to continue into development and ownership takes a motivated and self driven individual. There are many aspects that an inventor has to examine prior to initiating and gathers tools to create their idea. Good inventors are people who seek needs of the society and are willing to take the time to create a necessity that will impact the majority of the population. It comes with someone who has an open mind to see beyond what is visible and exposed; however, even the most creative individual could get carried away by their idea and turn success into failure. Inventors or “idea builders” that get carried away with their ideas do not analyze the process it take for them to claim what is theirs. Skipping such an important step could cause all their hard work and dedication to become a waste of their time. At times, they bypass the thought that their idea could be taken or considered by someone else. Not being aware of how they could use their resources to obtain their information, it can crucially jeopardize how successful their invention will be. There are many different steps required to take in order to obtain an invention that they could claim theirs. Those steps begin with obtaining a patent, copyright/trademark, or simply having a trade secret. It is crucial to obtain any of these three laws as a back-up in case anyone attempt to take over an inventor’s idea. There are numerous inventions that are patented immediately and never used for several years. Inventors simply try to take any precautions to avoid any invention failures based by any competitor. Dealing with any creation that is not equipment can be different and people usually keep them as trade secrets to avoid all the questioning and paperwork required to obtain a patent. Overall, any invention that is designed altered, or secrecy needs to follow specific procedures to make sure that their ideas are not stolen.

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Patents… Definition of Patents: a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.[2] In the United States the term patent is now restricted principally to patents for inventions granted under federal statute. The specific attributes of novelty of the item for which a patent is sought are called claims. A patent gives the inventor the exclusive privilege of using a certain process or of making, using, and selling a specific product or device for a specified period of time. Statistics:

• Over 50% of all patents applied for are abandoned before they issue • Only 1% of all the patents issued become legitimate products • Ordinary people have invented the majority of new products and technology • Many inventors make a very lucrative career out of licensing ideas to manufacturers • Approximately 18,000 patents are issued by the patent office every week • 73% of all inventions that have changed the course of industry came from independent

inventors not corporations [6]

There are four different types of patents; Utility, Design, and Plant patents. Utility: The utility patent is issued for the invention of a new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or a new and useful improvement thereof, it generally permits its owner to exclude others from up to twenty years from the date of patent application filing, subject to the payment of maintenance fees. Approximately 90% of the patent documents issued the Patent and Trademark offices (PTO) in recent years have been utility patents. It takes about 1.5 to 3 years for a patent to be issued. Priority is given to the one who applies for the patent first. There are three types of utility patents:

1. General utility is the requirement of functionality. 2. Specific utility is the requirement that the invention actually perform the function. 3. Moral, or beneficial, utility requires that the invention not "poison, promote debauchery,

facilitate private assassination"[5]

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Design: A design consists of the visual ornamental characteristics embodied in, or applied to, an article of manufacture. Since a design is manifested in appearance, the subject matter of a design patent application may relate to the configuration or shape of an article, to the surface ornamentation applied to an article, or to the combination of configuration and surface ornamentation. A design for surface ornamentation is inseparable from the article to which it is applied and cannot exist alone. It must be a definite pattern of surface ornamentation, applied to an article of manufacture. In discharging its patent-related duties, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO or Office) examines applications and grants patents on inventions when applicants are entitled to them. The patent law provides for the granting of design patents to any person who has invented any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture. A design patent protects only the appearance of the article and not structural or utilitarian features.[7] Figure 1. Example of a Design Patent.

Inventors need to obtain a Design patent in order to prevent others from stealing their designs. Figure 1 demonstrates an example of a design patent. If this mailbox is designed and manufactured but does not have the proper patents laws established with it, anyone can easily take ownership. Displaying a new creative design and not going through the patent process can have a design failure. All of their unique traits involved in their design could ultimate be destroy for not taking ownership of them. The mailbox still provides its original functions; however, the style in which it’s presented

(the design) is clearly different. Plant A plant patent is granted by the Government to an inventor who has invented or discovered and asexually reproduced a distinct and new variety of plant, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state. The grant, which lasts for 20 years from the date of filing the application, protects the inventor's right to exclude others from asexually reproducing, selling, or using the plant so reproduced.[4] A plant patent is granted on the entire plant. This protection is limited to a plant in its ordinary meaning:

• A living plant organism which expresses a set of characteristics determined by its single, genetic makeup or genotype, which can be duplicated through asexual reproduction, but which can not otherwise be "made" or "manufactured."

• Sports, mutants, hybrids, and transformed plants are comprehended; sports or mutants may be spontaneous or induced. Hybrids may be natural, from a planned breeding program, or somatic in source. While natural plant mutants might have naturally occurred, they must have been discovered in a cultivated area.

• Algae and macro fungi are regarded as plants, but bacteria are not.

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Figure 2.The first plant patent issued - H.F. Bosenberg for a climbing or trailing rose.

Figure 2 demonstrate the first plant that was patent by Henry F. Bosenberg. We can state that the plant was discovered by Bosenberg spontaneously and altered in a form in which it can be patentable. In order to patent a plant, it cannot be manufactured. It needs to be produced naturally and capable of reproduction after it has changed its characteristic but contains the same concept. Any random plant discovery cannot be patent. Inventors must be able to alter the plant in order to successfully make the plant patentable.

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Figure 3. Demonstrates the process that is required to obtain a patent.[3]

Copyrights…

Definition of Copyrights: a set of exclusive rights granted by the law of a jurisdiction to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. Exceptions and limitations to these rights strive to balance the public interest in the wide distribution of the material produced and to encourage creativity. Exceptions include fair dealing and fair use, and such use does not require the permission of the copyright owner.

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The U.S. Department of Patent and Trademark Office states “a Copyright is a form of protection provided by U.S. law to the authors of “original works of authorship” [10]fixed in any tangible medium of expression”. This means that a creative expression in a given type of media can be protected, which allows the owner exclusive right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, publicly perform, and publicly display the work. A creative expression can be books, music, research or many other types of expression. It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the copyright law to the owner of copyright. Only an author can rightfully claim copyright for his work. One exception is, when someone is hired to produce a certain work. In this case, the employer is the author and not the employee. The U.S. code states “a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; or a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as: a contribution to a collective work, a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, a translation, a supplementary work, a compilation, an instructional text, a test, answer material for a test, or an atlas; if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire” [11].

There are a couple general guidelines when it comes to copyright. Just having ownership of a book, manuscript, painting, or any other copy does not give a person the copyright. Minors may claim copyright, but state laws may regulate the business dealings involving copyrights owned by minors. All unpublished works are available for copyright protection. For published works there are some conditions. Copyright.gov states “Published works are eligible for copyright protection in the United States if any one of the following conditions is met: On the date of first publication, one or more of the authors is a national or domiciliary of the United States, or is a

national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a treaty party, or is a stateless person wherever that person may be domiciled; or The work is first published in the United States or in a foreign nation that, on the date of first publication, is a treaty party. For purposes of this condition, a work that is published in the United States or a treaty party within 30 days after publication in a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shall be considered to be first published in the United States or such treaty party, as the case may be; or The work is a sound recording that was first fixed in a treaty party; or The work is a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that is incorporated in a building or other structure, or an architectural work that is embodied in a building and the building or structure is located in the United States or a treaty party; or The work is first published by the United Nations or any of its specialized agencies, or by the Organization of American States; or The work is a foreign work that was in the public domain in the United States prior to 1996 and its copyright was restored under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act(URAA). See Circular 38b, Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA-GATT), for further information The work comes within the scope of a Presidential proclamation” [11].

When it comes to copyright protection not all works are covered. The U.S. code states “Copyrightable works include the following categories: literary works, musical works, including any accompanying words, dramatic works, including any accompanying music, pantomimes and choreographic works, pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works, motion pictures and other audiovisual works, sound recordings, architectural works. These categories should be viewed broadly”[11]. The U.S. code also states that there are several categories of materials that are not eligible for copyright protection which are Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression (for example, choreographic works that have not been notated or recorded, or

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improvisational speeches or performances that have not been written or recorded), Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents, Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description, explanation, or illustration, and works consisting entirely of information that is common property and containing no original authorship (for example: standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources).

The way copyright protection is obtained is usually misunderstood. Copyright protection is automatically obtained when the work is created. No publication or registration actions with the Copyright Office are required to obtain copyright. There are certain advantages to having copyright registration. Directlegal.com states “ Advantages of federal copyright registration include: Copyright registration establishes a public record of your copyright, your copyright must be registered in order to take legal action against an act of infringement, if registered within five years of publication, your registration certificate is prima facie evidence of the validity of your copyright, if registered within three months of publication or before an infringement occurs, once proven, statutory damages of up to $150,000 plus attorney's fees could be awarded to you as copyright owner, even if your actual damages are minimal, registration provides powerful ammunition against potential infringement, if you don't register your copyright and someone else claims your work as their own,

you will have to prove that it is actually yours, registration avoids this burden of proof, copyright encourages creativity by giving exclusive property rights to “works of authorship” enabling the creator to reap financial rewards from their works by controlling access to the works in the marketplace “[12]. Copyrights are a very important tool to protecting your creative works. Even though you automatically get copyright on you works it could be beneficial to register your works in case of infringements. A big issue that has become more apparent is the problems associated with copyright and the internet. Thomas G. Field Jr. states “Search engines make it easy to find people who copy text. Absent unusual measures taken to remove them (another potential source of liability), titles, hidden markers and the like also may enable searchers to locate unauthorized copies of virtually any type of content” [13]. With the popularization of the internet an increasing number of Arthurs works are being uploaded without consent which leads to many problems with copyright infringement.

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Trade Secrets… Definition of Trade Secret: is a formula, pattern, program, method, technique, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers. In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information" or "classified information".

Trade secrets are meant to be kept within the any company or business as confidential as possible. The purpose of it is not to expose any critical information that would jeopardize the success of the company or business. For example, if you wanted to maintain trade secret protection of the code for your website, you would have to program the pages so that the "view source" option would not allow Internet users to freely view the code. Having a trade secret means that you have a legal cause of action for damages, or an injunction to stop the use, if another party steals, copies or uses your trade secret without your permission. The risk to maintaining trade secret protection is that you do not take advantage of other forms of intellectual property protection such as patent and copyright that require registration and disclosure. Patent, upon granting of your application, requires full disclosure of the information patented. Copyright registration recognizes some trade secret protection and permit abbreviated registrations for some items, such as computer programs. In addition to missing these other intellectual property protections, the registration process provides proof of your ownership of the material as of the registration date. [8]

Another example would be KFC. The 68-year-old recipe had been resting in a locked filing cabinet inside a vault at the company’s Louisville headquarters, and it was only removed under

the watchful eyes of many guards so the company could upgrade the security around the piece of paper. This is definitely kept in a exclusive area to avoid any competitors to take over the company’s recipe.[9] There are still several risks to consider. Top-of-the-line chefs can easily play around with a variety of spices until they find a mixture that is similar and close to how the spicing of the KFC chicken tastes like. Patenting the ownership for the recipe sounds reasonable; however, a trade secret has been kept to avoid exposing the famous KFC recipe.

Similarly, the Coca-Cola formula, which is known by the code name “Merchandise 7X,” is possibly the best-known trade secret in the world. The formula, which dates back to the drink’s 1886 invention by Joseph S. Pemberton, is written on a piece of paper that resides in an Atlanta bank. Despite decades of attempts to figure out the formula, no one has succeeded yet; these failures are why the knock-off store brand sodas you buy never taste quite like the real thing. [9]Many have tried to achieve the same taste that the coca-cola has achieved, but they fail to do so. Their trade secret has been kept for many years and they will not take any risk that could possibly endanger the companies

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flavored soda recipe.

Conclusion…

Inventors need to take precautions during their process of inventing a new creation or altering a design. Innovation has increased throughout the years and will continue to take a higher lift in the future. Anyone who is interested in creating or presenting a new device to the market will essentially need to take the right steps to protect themselves and their invention. Since there are about 18,000 inventions per week seeking a patent, it is important to understand that the process to protect their creation is highly recommended.

Work Cited

1. "Definition of Invention." Quotes and Quotations at BrainyQuote. Web. 02 Dec. 2010.

<http://www.brainyquote.com/words/in/invention180410.html>.

2. "Define:Patents - Google Search." Google. Web. 02 Dec. 2010.

<http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:Patents&sa=X&ei=qt_5TPid

D4S0lQf75rThDA&ved=0CBYQkAE>.

3. "Process for Obtaining a Utility Patent." United States Patent and Trademark Office. Web. 02

Dec. 2010. <http://www.uspto.gov/patents/process/index.jsp>.

4. "Description of Patent Types." United States Patent and Trademark Office. Web. 02 Dec.

2010. <http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/patdesc.htm>.

5. "Utility (patent)." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 04 Dec. 2010.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_(patent)>.

6. "Glossary - Patent." The Great Idea Finder - Celebrating the Spirit of Innovation. Web. 2 Dec.

2010. <http://www.ideafinder.com/guest/glossary/g-patent.htm>.

7. "Patents Guidance, Tools & Manuals." United States Patent and Trademark Office. Web. 02

Dec. 2010.<http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/types/index.jsp#def>.

8. "What Is Intellectual Property?: Trade Secret Law." Law Library | Legal Professional. Web.

02 Dec. 2010. <http://library.findlaw.com/2003/May/15/132743.html>.

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9. "Mental floss Blog » What’s a Trade Secret? (And What Would Happen If You Stole The

Colonel’s?)." Mental_floss Magazine - Where Knowledge Junkies Get Their Fix. Web. 03

Dec. 2010. <http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/18299>.

10. "Copyright Refresher." United States Patent and Trademark Office. Web. 03 Dec. 2010.

<http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/copyright/copyrightrefresher.htm>.

11. U.S. Copyright Office. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.copyright.gov/>.

PDF FILE: http://www.copyright.gov/cirs/circ1.pdf

12. "Direct Legal - Copyright Guide - Information about Copyrights and How to Register a

Copyright." Direct Legal - Trademark & Copyright Registration Services. Web. 03 Dec.

2010. <http://www.directlegal.com/cg_benefits_registration.htm>. 13. Field, Thomas G., Copyri

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6. Samples of Performance Evaluation Instruments/Exams/Tests

Below is a sample of an online exam. Top of Form 1 Marks: 4 Entrepreneurs need either incentives or strong safety net Answer:

True False Question 2 Marks: 4 Starting a new business inside of an organization is intrapreneurship Answer:

True False Question 3 Marks: 4 A mission statement is a formal short written statement of the purpose of a company or organization Answer:

True False Question 4 Marks: 4 Trade secret is a form of legal protection for a distinctive word, name, phrase, logo, symbol, design, or slogan. Answer:

True False Question 5 Marks: 4 Forecasts rarely perfect because of randomness Answer:

True False Question 6 Marks: 4 Misconceptions About Entrepreneurship: Choose one answer.

a. Successful entrepreneurship needs only a great idea and Entrepreneurial ventures and small businesses are the same thing

b. Entrepreneurship is easy and Entrepreneurship is a risky gamble

c. Entrepreneurship is found only in big businesses

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d. A and B

e. All of them Question 7 Marks: 4 The basic ways to organize an Entrepreneurial Venture are: Choose one answer.

a. Partnership

b. Corporation

c. Sole Proprietorship

d. All of them Question 8 Marks: 4 The four managerial functions are Choose one answer.

a. Planning and organizing

b. Leading and control

c. Decision making

d. A and B Question 9 Marks: 4 Creative problem solving has 8 stages. Answer:

True False Question 10 Marks: 4 Forecasting is used to make uninformed decision Answer:

True False Question 11 Marks: 4 Researching the idea is the first step in invention process. Answer:

True False Question 12 Marks: 4 One of the characteristics of Entrepreneur is Moderate risk taker Answer:

True False Question 13 Marks: 4

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Atari 2700 project never reached store shelves. Answer:

True False Question 14 Marks: 4 Clarifier does not like to gather information. Answer:

True False Question 15 Marks: 4 SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Operations, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. Answer:

True False Question 16 Marks: 4 The methods and actions taken to accomplish strategies are Choose one answer.

a. Goals

b. Tactics

c. Strategies

d. None of them Question 17 Marks: 4 There are four critical success factors for succeeding in today’s economy: Choose one answer.

a. The ability to embrace change and Vision and leadership

b. The ability to be creative and innovative and learning organization

c. The ability to be creative and total quality culture

d. A and B

e. A and C Question 18 Marks: 4 A forecasting method incorporates intuitive judgments, opinions and subjective probability estimates. Choose one answer.

a. Exponential smoothing

b. Associative models

c. Time series

d. Judgmental forecasting

MSE303OL-Recertification2013 Page 39

Question 19 Marks: 4 Limited Liability-Company (LLC) disadvantage is: Choose one answer.

a. Ease of formation and freedom to operate business at will

b. Unlimited personal liability

c. High cost and complex to form an LLP

d. Complex and expensive to set up Question 20 Marks: 4 The process whereby an individual or groups of individuals use organized efforts to pursue opportunities is: Choose one answer.

a. Intrapreneurship

b. Entrepreneurship

c. Business analysis

d. Business Opportunity Question 21 Marks: 4 Organizations fail because it fails to consider customer wants and needs. Answer:

True False Question 22 Marks: 4 Internet, knowledge management, collaboration cross boundaries, and globalization are new elements in business today. Answer:

True False Question 23 Marks: 4 Unlimited liability or the obligation to personally repay all debts incurred by the business is a disadvantage for Partnership. Answer:

True False Question 24 Marks: 4 The creative process is a natural process. Answer:

True False Question 25 Marks: 4

MSE303OL-Recertification2013 Page 40

1. Competitive advantage is the means by which a firm manages to keep making money and sustain its position against its competitors by using Choose one answer.

a. Cost Competitiveness and Quality

b. Innovation and speed

c. Team management

d. Only A and B

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