1 second semester 14 -15 chapter 11 diet during infancy bader a. el safadi bsn, msc science of...

1Second semester 14 -15

Chapter 11Diet during Infancy

Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy

2Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy

Nutritional Requirements of the InfantBirth weight doubles by 6 months and triples within first yearDuring the first year approximately 98 to 108 calories per

kilogram of body weight each dayNutritional needs depend on child’s growth rateThe basis of the infant’s diet is breast milk or formula.Essential vitamins and minerals can be supplied in breast

milk, formula.Vitamin D supplement given in breastfed infants not exposed

to sunlightWhen reaching 6 months of age, the infant given iron-

fortified cereal .

3Second semester 14-15

BreastfeedingBenefits for the InfantHas perfect composition for baby’s needsBreast milk provides antibodiesLower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies.Promotion of good jaw developmentDecreased risk of obesity later in lifeFacilitation of bonding between mother and childHelps lose weight gained during pregnancyStimulates uterus to contract back to original sizeIs economicalProvides opportunity for restingIs always right temperature and readily available

Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy


Breastfeeding (cont'd)

Also beneficial to mothers

Less risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis

Indications of adequate nutrition of the infant include:

1. Infant has six or more wet diapers per day

2. Infant has normal growth

3. Infant has one to two bowel movements per day

4. Breast becomes less full during nursing


Bottle FeedingInfant should be cuddled and held in

semi-upright positionDuring and after the feeding, the infant should

be burped to release gas in the stomach and prevent regurgitation (vomiting).

Formulas made from modified cow’s milk to resemble breast milk in nutritional value

Formulas has more protein and mineral salts and less lactose than human milk

Synthetic formula may be used for infants who are sensitive or allergic


Bottle Feeding (cont'd)Formula must be prepared with correct amount of water

to prevent health complicationsToo little water will create too heavy a protein and mineral

load for the infant’s kidneys. Too much water will dilute the nutrient and calorie value so

that the infant will not thrive,

Infants under the age of 1 year should not be given regular cow’s milk , it can cause gastrointestinal blood loss in infants

Infants should not be put to bed with a bottle , The milk then bathes the upper front teeth, causing tooth decay.


Supplementary FoodsThe introduction of solid foods before the age of 4 to 6

months is not recommended.Solid foods must be introduced gradually and individuallySolids should be started with iron-fortified rice cereal then

other infant's cerealsFollowed with cooked vegetables, then cooked fruits, egg

yolk, and finely meatsHoney should never be given to an infant because it could be

contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria.When the infant learns to drink from a cup, juice can be

introduced from a cup better than a bottle


Supplementary Foods (cont'd)Never be given from a bottle because babies will fill up on

it and not get enough calories from other sources.Use only 100 percent juice products because they are

nutrient-dense.

Solid foods are introduced at 4 to 6 months. Breast milk or formula continues to be the main source of calories at this age.


Special Nutritional NeedsPremature infantsCystic fibrosisGalactosemiaPhenylketonuria (PKU)


Premature InfantsAn infant born before 37 weeks of gestationSucking reflex not developed until 34 weeks of gestationInfants born earlier require total parenteral nutrition, tube

feedings, or bolus feedingsOther concerns:

Low birth weight, underdeveloped lungs, immature gastrointestinal tract, inadequate bone mineralization, and lack of fat reserves

Many special formulas available, but breast milk bestComposition perfect even for premature infants


Cystic FibrosisInherited disease in which body secretes abnormally thick

mucus within cells lining organs such as the lungs and pancreas.

Decreased production of digestive enzymes and malabsorption of fat

Recommendation:

1. 35 to 40 percent of diet should be from fat

2. Digestive enzymes and fat-soluble vitamin supplementation at meal times

3. Nighttime tube feedings may be indicated


GalactosemiaGalactosemia is a condition, in which there is a lack of the

liver enzyme transferase which converts galactose to glucose

Excessive amount of galactose in blood becomes toxicSigns and symptoms

diarrhea, vomiting, edema, and abnormal liver functionCataracts may developGalactosuria and mental retardation occur

Diet therapy:Exclusion of anything containing milk from any mammalNutritional supplements of calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin


Phenylketonuria (PKU)Infants lack liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase

which is necessary for metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine

Infants normal at birth, but if untreated, become hyperactive, suffer seizures, and become mentally retarded between 6 and 18 months

Lifelong diet therapy:Commercial formula LofenalacRegular blood testsSynthetic milk for older childrenAvoidance of phenylalanine


ConclusionInfants must have adequate diets to avoid impairment of

physical and mental developmentBreastfeedingNature’s way of feeding infantFormula feeding also acceptableSome infants have special nutritional needs

1 second semester 14 -15 chapter 11 diet during infancy bader a. el safadi bsn, msc science of...

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