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Dates Mining Ranching Farming Indians

Next RoundChapter 8

Columbus discovered America in this year

1492

Jamestown was founded in this year

1607

The Declaration of Independence was written in

this year

1776

The Constitution was written in this year

1787

The American Civil War began with the attack on Fort

Sumter in this year

1861

Mining for gold on the surface using picks, shovels, and

pans was called this

Placer Mining

Digging deep beneath the surface for gold was called

this

Quartz Mining

The Comstock Lode was this

A rich vein of silver found by Henry Comstock in Nevada

Towns that grew quickly around areas where gold or silver was found were called

this

Boomtowns

Groups formed by men to enforce laws in the West

were called this

Vigilance Committees

Cows that escaped from the Spanish and formed wild

herds in Texas were called this

Longhorns

Vast areas of government owned grassland was called this

Open Range

Herding cattle from Texas to Kansas to be transported East

by rail was called this

The Long Drive

The most famous of the long drive cattle trails that went

from Texas to Abilene, Kansas was called this

The Chisholm Trail

This invention allowed vast areas in the West to be

fenced cheaply

Barbed Wire

This 1862 law gave away 160 free acres of land as long as

you improved it

The Homestead Act of 1862

Homesteaders built their homes out of dirt bricks called this

Sod

List two challenges that farmers faced on the Great

Plains

Heat & drought in summer, blizzards in winter, prairie

fires, grasshopper plagues, tornados

Planting seeds deep in the earth for moisture was called

this

Dry Farming

Large farms that were often owned by corporations were

called this

Bonanza farms

The animal that Indians depended on the most was

the

Buffalo

The US government persuaded some Indians to

live on reservations by promising yearly payments

called this

Annuities

The Sioux were forbidden to perform this ritual that

celebrated the day when whites would be gone

The Ghost Dance

The last battle between US soldiers and Indians was

this massacre

Wounded Knee

This law gave Indians land to farm but they failed to adapt to the

farming lifestyle

The Dawes Act

Industry Railroads Business Unions Mix

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Chapter 9

The total value of the country’s goods and services produced in

a year is called this

Gross National Product (GNP)

List three reasons why the US became an industrial power

Resources, the transcontinental railroad, oil, a large workforce,

and immigration

The belief that government should keep its nose out of

business was called this

Laissez-Faire

People who risk their capital (money) investing in new businesses are called this

Entrepreneurs

Free enterprise is based on this basic principle

Supply and demand

This 1862 law gave grants of government

land to help finance the construction of the Transcontinental

Railroad

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

The two railroads that combined to create the first

transcontinental railroad were these

The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific

The Union Pacific, building from East to West, employed many from this ethnic group

The Irish

The Central Pacific employed mostly these workers

Chinese

To ensure railroads ran on time and to decrease

accidents, the railroad industry created this

The four American time

zones

In business, loans, mortgages, and taxes are

these type of costs

Fixed costs

This was a new way to create cheap steel

The Bessemer Process

When a company owns all the businesses on which it

depends for its operations its called this

Vertical Alignment

Combining several like companies into one large

company is called this

Horizontal Integration

When a company controls an entire market its called this

A Monopoly

When workers refuse to work until their demands are met its

called this

A Strike

Unions limited to people with specific skills are

called this

Trade Unions

A worker who has been identified as a troublemaker often finds himself unable to

get a job due to this

Blacklist

A union that is comprised of all types of workers in a

particular industry is called this

Industrial Union

This was the first nationwide industrial union

The Knights of Labor

This violent incident in which 11 people were killed in a city

square and damaged the reputation of the Knights of

Labor was called this

The Haymarket Riot

By 1900, women made up this percentage of the American

workforce

18%

The illegal dealings of this construction company working

with the railroad was a huge political scandal

Credit Mobilier

He invented the light bulb and electric generators

Thomas Edison

Wealthy railroad entrepreneurs suspected of

bribing, swindling, and manipulating stocks were

called this

Robber Barons

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Cities

Chapter 10

Mass transit was revolutionized in cities with this new invention

Electric trolleys

Since cities were growing “up” this word entered our

vocabulary

Skyscrapers

This social class grew due to industrialization

Middle Class

The working class were mostly crowded into

dilapidated housing called this

Tenements

List three urban problems

Crime, violence, disease, pollution

A political group that gains and maintains power is called this

A Political Machine

He runs the political machine

The Party Boss

The New York political machine was called this

Tammany Hall

A New Yorker, he was the most notorious of the

party bosses

Boss Tweed

These were like community centers that were founded and run by middle class women for the benefit of

the poor (mostly immigrants)

Settlement Houses

By 1900, most immigrants were coming from these

two European areas

Eastern and Southern Europe

European immigrants usually arrived here first

Ellis Island

Asian immigrants came here before they moved into

Western cities

Angel Island

This 1882 law barred the Chinese from immigrating

to America

The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

Americans who didn’t like immigrants and wanted to keep them out were called

this

Nativists

Mark Twain coined this term meaning that although

America looked wealthy and strong underneath there was

rot

The Gilded Age

He wrote many stories about poor people who became

rich called “Rags-to-Riches” stories

Horatio Alger

He came up with the idea that societies and countries should be based on the idea of survival of the fittest, or

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

Rising wages allowed even the poor to spend money

on this

Popular Culture

His book, Looking Backward, was really

promoting this political belief

Socialism

The idea of applying “Christian Law” to social problems was known as

this

Social Gospel

Most immigrants crossed the Atlantic in

this part of the ship

Steerage

In literature, the idea that some people failed no matter the

circumstance was called this

Naturalism

She was known for founding the first settlement house

Jane Addams

The process by which Immigrants learned how to

be Americans in school was called this

Americanization

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Republicans in New York who believed in the spoils system

were called these

Stalwarts

Republicans who wanted to reform the spoils system

were called this

Halfbreeds

This law established the Civil Service and civil service

exams so employees could be hired based on merit

The Pendleton Act

He won the dirty election of 1884

Grover Cleveland

This government commission was established to regulate

interstate trade and railroads

The Interstate Commerce Commission

This was the first national farm organization

The Grange

Farmers pooled their resources together hoping to raise crop

prices. This was called

Cooperatives

This “union” of farmers replaced the Grange in

importance

The Alliance

Farmers played a major role in the establishment of this

new political party

The Populist Party

One of the ideas the Populist Party wanted we

have today

The graduated income tax

He was the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms

Grover Cleveland

In the Election of 1896, the Democratic and Populist

Parties both nominated him

William Jennings Bryan

His campaign was called the “Front-Porch

Campaign”

William McKinley

The 17th Amendment provided this

The direct election of senators

The McKinley Tariff was passed during his

administration

Benjamin Harrison

Most blacks did this for a living in the South

Sharecropping

Blacks who migrated to Kansas were called this

Exodusters

Laws in the South that repressed blacks were

called these

Jim Crow Laws

This court case established legal

segregation with its ruling of “separate but

equal”

Plessy v. Ferguson

Many blacks were illegally executed in the South in this practice

Lynching

This African-American woman launched a

crusade against lynching

Ida B. Wells

Poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation were

used to violate this amendment

15th Amendment

Though not very effective, this was the

first law passed to control trusts and

monopolies

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

He called on blacks to better themselves and not fight segregation in his Atlanta

Compromise

Booker T. Washington

He urged blacks to fight for their rights under the

law

W.E.B. Du Bois