134 tenopir
TRANSCRIPT
Researching Researchers: What User Studies Tell Us
…researchers and students
Average Time Spent and Number of Articles Read Per Year Per Scientist
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1977 1981 1984 1987 1991 1996 2000 2003
NumberRead
HoursSpent
The most up-to-date source for our research.
http://web.utk.edu/~tenopir/
Recent Studies:
Pediatricians and Australian universities
2004
Pittsburgh and Drexel faculty and students
2002-2003
Astronomers2001-2002
UTK medical, engineering, science and ORNL scientists
2000-2001
Use and Users of Electronic Library Resources: An Overview and Analysis of Recent Research Studies. Tenopir, Carol www.clir.org/pub/reports/pub120/pub120.pdf
Tier 1 studiesSTUDY PARTICIPANTS
SuperJournal
DLF/Outsell
HighWire/eJUSt
Pew/OCLC/ULC
OhioLINK
Tenopir & King
LibQual+
JSTOR
Students & faculty
Students & faculty
Scholars & clinicians
High school & College students
OhioLINK users
Scientists and social scientists
Students & faculty
JSTOR users
Tier 2 Studies
• Over 200 good studies in last decade• One time studies or small scale• Variety of methods• Together build our knowledge of user
behavior
1. Researchers use many ways to get information
2. E-journals influence some behaviors
3. Differences due to workfield, workplace, and others
Oral Communication
Written Reports
Secondary Publications Articles
Rev
iew
s
Discussions
Communication Means
Scientists Working Photos
Data Sets
Direct Observations
Sounds
Conversations
Meetings Publications
Specimens Lab/Field notebook
Scientists Working Photos
Data Sets
Direct Observations
Sounds
Conversations
Meetings
Publications
Specimens Lab/Field notebook
• Proceedings
• Preprints
• Journal Articles
• Books
PhotosData Sets
Direct Observations
Sounds
Conversations
Meetings Publications
Specimens Lab/Field notebook
Scientists Working
Average Annual Amount Reading
0
50
100
150
200
250
ScholaryJournals
TradeJournals
Books Reports Patents
Engineers
Scientists
MedicalProfessionals
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
ScholarlyJournals
TradeJournals
Books Reports Patents
Engineers
Scientists
MedicalProfessionals
Average Annual Amount of time (Hours) spent reading
(Hrs)
Average Annual Amount (Hours) of time spent for e-mails
86
239
110
0
50
100
150
200
250
Engineers Scientists MedicalProfessionals
(Hrs.)
Amount of Reading by Scientists
Number of Annual Readings
0
50
100
150
200
250
UT 1993Negligible
UT 2000 Partial
DU 2002 Nearly All
Print Electronic
187160
41
117
100
“Electronic” articles include:
Sources of Reading
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
AAS ORNL UTK
Paper
Other e-
E-prints
E-journals
2. E-journals and e-alternatives influence reading patterns in some ways
Active Journal CharacteristicsUlrichsweb, October 2003
Number of active online refereed or scholarly periodicals ~15,000
Number of active online periodicals~35,000
Total number of active periodicals~180,000
Journal Migration
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
98 99 00 01 02 03
Print ElectronicSource: Montgomery and King, “Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections” in D-Lib October 2002. Available at http://wwww.dlib.org/dlib/october02/montgomery/10montgomery.html
Use of the Collections
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Online* Print - Current Print - Bound
(000)
*No. of vendor-reported full-text views. C. Montgomery
Print & Electronic Serial Titles in Australian and New Zealand Academic
Libraries
Source: CAUL Statistics http://www.caul.edu.au/stats/caul2002-pub.xls
Print and Electronic Titles
Electronic Titles
Electronic
253,627
17%
1,245,424
83%
Individual Electronic Serial Titles
Titles Within a Single Publisher CollectionTitles Within aggregations
43,301
4% 78,385
6%
1,123,738
90%
128Science
134Humanities
110Math/Eng/Tech
164Health/Life Science
218Social Science/Bus/Law
Number of JournalsDirectories
Directory of Open Access Journals
Total of 822 Journals at DOAJ, 2003, Lund University LibrariesSource:http://www.doaj.org DOAJ-Directory of Open Access Journals
Studies Show Scientists Prefer Electronic:
• Convenience• Ability to search across/within articles• Timeliness/currency• Links• Downloading/printing/saving/sending• Easy access to a wide variety of sources
Source of Articles Read By Electronic Journals Experience
Early
PersonalLibrarySeparates
Evolving
Advanced37%
48%
15%
15.2%
49%
35.8%46%
41%
13%
Source of Articles Read at Drexel
Faculty
46%42%
12%
Personal Subscriptions Library-Provided Separate Copies
14%
76%
11%
Doctoral Students
Library-Provided Articles at Drexel
Faculty
70%
14%16%
Print Electronic Document Delivery
16%
77%
12%
Doctoral Students
Sources of Readings
Scientists appear to be reading frommore journals—at least one article peryear from approximately 23 journals, upfrom 13 in the late 1970s and 18 in themid-1990s.
% and amount of readings fromseparate copies
use of personal subscriptions
How Scientists Learned About Articles
Early Evolving Advanced
Browsing
Online Search
Citations
Colleagues
58% 46% 21%
16% 22% 21%
6% 13% 16%
9% 14% 39%
1990-1995 2000-2001 2001-
62.3%
20.8%
16.9%
MeansMeans ofof LearningLearning AboutAbout ArticlesArticles ReadRead
Medical Faculty
Browse
Search
Other 39%
21%37%
Astronomers
22%
29%49%
Universities
Means of Discovery at Drexel
Faculty
Browsing Online Searching
Citation in Publication
Graduate Students
33%
35%
12%
20%56%20%
15%
9%
Another Person
C. Montgomery
Age of Reading from Digital Media
Advanced
64%
23%
8%5%
1 years2-5 years
6-15 years
>15 years
Early
65%
23%
7% 5%
Evolving
68.8%
20.8%
6.9%
3.5%
0102030405060708090
100
Definitivejournals
Definitive e-prints
Keep Upjournals
Keep Up e-prints
Perceived value of Resource
Productive Astronomers
3. Differences in reading patterns due to workfield, workplace, etc.
Scholarly Article Reading
38121~191Soc Sci/Psych
26104~239Life Scientists
Time Per Article (Min)
Time Spent (Hours)
Articles Read (Per Year)
Work Field
8197~72Engineers
45153~204Physicists
43198~276Chemists22118~322Univ. Med.
Print or ElectronicPrint or Electronic byby Broad Field: University Broad Field: University of Pittsburghof Pittsburgh
58.9%
All
41.1%
ElectronicPrint
PrintElectronic
45.0% 55.0%
Scientists
Electronic26.8%
73.2%
Non-Scientists
Print or Electronic
Electronic
Astronomers
Medical Faculty
Universities
80 %
20 %
75 %
25 %
63 %37 %
62.3%
20.8%
16.9%
MeansMeans ofof LearningLearning AboutAbout ArticlesArticles ReadRead
Medical Faculty
Browse
Search
Other 39%
21%37%
Astronomers
22%
29%49%
Universities
A few words about research methods…
What Conclusions Can You Draw?
§ Usage logs §What groups do
§ Interviews/surveys/ § Opinion, what individuals and journals groups say they do in general
and why§ Critical (last) incident §What individuals say they do
specifically and why§ Observational/ §What individuals do in a
Experimental controlled or natural settingand why
§ Citation Analysis §What authors cite
Learning About Users and Usage
Opinions, preferences (individual)
Usage logs Critical incident (readings), Experimental
Citations
“Convenience drives usage of e-journals…and it is a relative term among scholars.”
Stanford e-Just
“What is convenient for one scholar is not necessarily convenient for others. With their own idiosyncratic approaches to both print journals and online information, and with their own configuration of professional strengths, histories, and needs, scholars patch together systems that work for them in their context.”
Stanford e-Just