1585 Roanoke

• Raleigh sent 100 men

• 1586 British supply ship arrived colonists chose to abandon Roanoke – In 1587 Raleigh sent 94 more to Roanoke under the leadership of John White it included 17 women and 9 children Virginia Dare Born

• 1590 abandoned Roanoke “CROATOAN”

Fort Raleigh

1607 Jamestown Virginia

• 1607 100 men --Chesapeake Mosquito infested marsh land. In 9 months 38 were still alive

• Dec 1609 220 colonists in March 60

• 1607-1622 10,000 people only 20% survived--Malaria, brackish water, and salt poison killed ---tobacco saved the colony

Powhatan

Powhatan

• 24,000 Indians divided into 30 tribes controlled by Chief Powhatan.

• 1609 John Smith attempted to capture Powhatan /Pocahontas spares his life.

• Anglo/Powhatan -marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe

• 1685 Powhatan killed mostly by European disease.

Tobacco the savor of Jamestown

• John Rolfe in 1616 learned the value of Tobacco

• 200,000 pounds in 1624 to England and by 1638 3,000,000.

• There 41,000 Englishmen by 1669

Maryland

• The fourth English Colony 1634

• Designed to be a Catholic refuge Maryland prospered in tobacco and depended on indenture servitude for labor.

• most Catholics did not come and the bulk were radical Protestants from VA and England Puritans and Quakers

Carolina

• Carolina was created in 1670

• 8 Plantations owners from Barbados

• Supply for the West Indy Colonies – Food for Sugar

• 1712 the 8 nobles decided to divided Carolina into NC and SC

• rice and cattle and slave labor

Georgia

• last of the 13 colonies

• James Olgethrope

• get rid of the urban poverty in England.

• Savannah as the primary city

• 1750 slaves and representation govt. were allowed

• PLANTATION COLONY

The New England and Middle Colonies

• Where the Chesapeake was full of short lived, poor indentured servants, New England was settled by the “middle sorts” well off and who preserved their freedom by paying their own way across the Atlantic

• They were know as the Puritans. They wanted to purify the protestant faith in England if possible , in a New England if necessary

Why Puritans

• Elizabeth made Anglicanism the faith – controlled by the Crown

• Puritans wanted this to change and reform. Puritans came from South East England – the hard line ones were know as separatists.

• Appealed to the small property owner the shopkeeper and skilled artesian- the intelligent business middle class. Who did not want the crown to interfere.

Puritans

• Under Charles I Archbishop William Laud is appointed. Charles also dissolved parliament and ruled with the church – in 1620 the puritan separatists had enough.

• In 1608 a group of Puritans left England to Practice in Holland and by convincing English Businessmen got a royal charter to create a colony in New England.

1620

• In 1620 102 of them boarded Mayflower – they were called Pilgrims – They landed at Plymouth

• Mayflower compact early crude formation of government – colony was outside of the royal charter – formed a will of the majority style govt.

• William Bradford

The Bay Colony

• Great Migration

• 1630 John Winthrop increased The Massachusetts Bay colony by 1000 new immigrants

• “The City on the Hill”

• Anne Hutchinson ,Roger Williams

• CT and RI created in rebellion against MA

The Dutch

• 17th century the Netherlands emerged as an economical giant in 1670 the Netherlands had a larger Navy than the combined empires of England France and Spain. They had a decentralized republican government (A Dutch confederation) dominated by wealth merchants not landed aristocracy.

The Dutch In America

• religion tolerant • colonized most of the Caribbean • Henry Hudson • Dutch West Indies Company • 1625 they established New Amsterdam – on

Manhattan Island • Algonquians Wars complete destruction of

local indians

Dutch Business

• In 1638 the Swedes in competition with the Dutch would set up a fort for fur trade on the Delaware river Fort Christina – Both colonies failed to attract settlers life was to good in the Netherlands to leave (unlike in England – Netherlands had the highest standard of living in Europe).

English Vs. Dutch

• Navigation Acts are passed in 1651 • 1 only English ships can trade with English

colonies • 2 tobacco and sugar produced by English

colonies had to be first ship to England before it could be traded

• 3 All European goods going to the colonies had to pass through an English Port first

English Vs. Dutch

• Three wars with the Dutch end result in 1667-New Amsterdam became New York City and New Netherlands became New York the colony.

• stay and profit under the English crown. • Dutch gave us Easter Eggs – Santa Clause –

Christmas trees – waffles – sauerkraut – bowling – skating – and golf.

New Jersey

• 1664 the area between the Hudson and the Delaware River was granted to two English Noblemen by the Duke of York

• sold it to a Quake and a Scot who divided the land in 1682 – and English Quakers settled West Jersey and Scots settled East Jersey – in 1702 the Crown tired of the conflicts between the two reunited New Jersey.

Pennsylvania

• A West Jersey Quaker William Penn (Religious Society of Friends) had a desire to create a large colony for his faith “a holy experiment and example to the nation” and to collect a profit from running a colony with a liberal colonial government.

• King to pay him a debt owed his dead father – rather than money Penn took colonial land that would become Pennsylvania

American Life in the 17th Century

• Empire that sent the most people to settle the Americas lost the most in settling.

• Spain had long since been successful in settling the Americas

• French colonies in AL MS and Canada

• English colonies would come to dominate North America

Colonies developed differently

• New England appealed to well off colonists of the middle class few to no slaves or indentured servants in the North

• Middle colonies were full of a mixture of religions and displaced nationalist from Europe – The Quaker belief held strong in most of the middle colonies and flourished under the Dutch business in New York and New Jersey

Colonies

• southern colonies attracted a few wealthy who became massive plantation owners but mostly attracted poor white Europeans as indentured servants “the labor of the south” eventually this would lead to Slavery from the African continent

Early Colonial Women

• 6 to 1

• women did not stay single long

• free passage for women if they would marry a colonist

• pelican

• death at child birth was also common as well as disease and starvation.

Indentured Servants and Slaves

• Indians

• Chesapeake Bay 90,000 out of a population of 120,000 were white indentured servants

• African Slaves-- slaves cost to much -- Chesapeake 1650 African slaves only 2% -end of the 17th century African slaves were more economical than white Europeans

African Slaves

• The Atlantic slave trade - the triangle trade Sugar and Molasses to New England rum to Africa – Slaves to the Caribbean and the Atlantic coast.

• – 2%in 1650 – 13% 1700 – 40% 1750 population.

• colonial militia to crush slave revolts

Early Slave laws

• death of a slave by punishment was illegal

• Inter racial white to black marriages was outlawed white violators faced jail – fines – and loss of land – eventually race became the dividing device

• free blacks risked being brought back into slavery

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Indian corrupt trade with FFV and governor

• 1675 the governor of VA was Berkley – his cousin by marriage was Nathaniel Bacon

• Bacon was 29 a charismatic individual born of noble blood

• support of the poor farmer --lead several attacks against the Indians

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Berkley to warrant him for treason in 1676• Bacon created a small army by promising

freedom land and lower taxes to any servant• September Bacon’s men forced the

governor across the Chesapeake Bay and burned Jamestown

• died of dysentery and the rebellion became splintered and leaderless.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Dec with support from British- Berkley returned to the west side crushed the rebellion hanged 23 of the rebel leaders.

• Charles II more interested in profit from tobacco and realizing product was not being grown do to rebellion removed Berkley and sent the British army to restore order

• Sir Herbert Jeffreys replaced Berkley

Results of Bacons rebellion

• 1682 Jeffery’s and most of the soldiers died of disease

• elite planters re gain power over govt.

• poor white tax breaks and representation

• War was declared on the Indian

• the poor white became militia.

•  

Bacon’s RebellionVirginia 1676

Antagonists: Bacon and Gov. BerkeleyBackcountry Farmers v Eastern establishment

Issues: Indian Policy,Mercantile Laws (debt)Representation

Open RevoltJamestown burnedBacon’s death ends revolt

Results:Political ReformBerkeley’s retribution

Culpepper’s Revolt North Carolina, 1677-79

Protagonists: •John Culpepper•Governor Miller of Carolina (also the tax collector)

Issues:• marketing tobacco crops•Navigation Acts •New England influence•Local interests against proprietary interests

Events:•Culpepper and Rebels imprison government officials•Took control of public records and the courts

Results: Treason convictionlater pardoned

Leisler’s RebellionNew York City 1689

Early attempt to abolish autocratic rule

John Leisler led the militia revolt against government of Dominion of N.Eng. Set up assembly and became defacto governor of N.Y.

After Glorious RevolutionSupporters of Wm . and Mary against governor

Result:Rebellion broken and Leisler hung

Life in New England

• Healthy climate people lived into their 70’s

• came with their families (Puritans)

• Marriage was both romantic and economic – divorce was just about outlawed -Women obey and have children

• Puritan religion preached small towns religious control -1636 Harvard

Life in New England

• Witch trials of which 100’s were accused 20 were executed including 2 dogs – graves still exist in Salem – the trials where against the wealthy well off women of Salem. When the governor’s wife was accused the trials stopped.

• division farmers and business entrepreneurs

Commerce

• 1640’s brought civil war to England which gave New Englanders a chance to take over the fishing industry

• Gloucester and Marble Head• It was do to the New England shipping and

fish trade that the plantation and slave markets of the south and Caribbean were successful

Commerce

• 1680 New England controlled the trade of the West Indies over England itself. Boston ranked second to London in world Shipbuilding. Poor whites in New England soon found employment in the ship yards of which Boston had 15 this also created sawmill work – sail lofts – iron foundries – rope walks-barrel shops and the all important TAVERNS for the sailors.

On the Eve of revolution

• British Colonies had 4 30,000 plus cities Philadelphia (most liberal) Charleston (only Southern), New York (largest port) and Boston (largest ship builder).

• consisted of German (Deutch) Dutch , Scot/Irish Swiss, French, Jews, Huguenots, Swedes , Irish, Africans (mostly west Africans and very mixed) and Scots/Highland (most loyal to the crown)

Education on the verge of revolution

• New England it was for boys and was heavily religiously based

• Primary schools were developed in the Middle colonies

• Southern colonies schools were scarce farming and plantation society had the population spread out and local schools could not be developed most depended on hired tutors

Education/Politics

• 1669 and 1769 the colonies developed 9 major higher level of education institutes all of which are colleges today

• freedom of the press • Salutary neglect England ignored

governmental development in colonies • Self-government was first a habit and

them a right.

By 1775

• By 1775 – the Americans were a diverse people mostly having a common language – used to some type of control in government and laws – shared for the most part a common origin, a belief in toleration and acceptance, economic dependency, and a 3000 mile common separation from England the Atlantic – revolution was un avoidable