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1 ‐ Aim: To be able to describe and explain techniques used to predict or reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions in NAMED locations. ‐ Qu: Can we predict volcanoes ? 18/10/12 C/W ‐ Starter: Read and correct the following: We currently can stop volcanoes from happening and it is very easy to prevent a lava flow from destroying a town (it has never been done though). It is possible to stop a pyroclastic flow though, so efforts go instead in to prediction and education.

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Page 1: 18/10/12 - Beechen Cliff School Humanities Facultybeechencliffhumanities.weebly.com/.../1/5/...volcano_impact_reducti… · 18/10/12 C/W ‐ Starter: Read and correct the following:

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‐ Aim: To be able to describe and explain techniques used to predict or reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions in NAMED locations.

‐ Qu: Can we predict volcanoes ? 18/10/12C/W

‐ Starter: Read and correct the following:

We currently can stop volcanoes from happening and it is very easy to prevent a lava flow from destroying a town (it has never been done though). It is possible to stop a pyroclastic flow though, so efforts go instead in to prediction and education.

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In modern Volcanology it is no longer enough to say 'a volcano on this type of plate boundary will do this'. Different volcanoes act in different ways ­ just look at St Helens erupting laterally.

Volcano prediction now looks to say 'what will THIS particular volcano do'.

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Pre disaster planning• Prevention: action to prevent or reduce severity of hazard• Mitigation: action to reduce property damage   and minimise economic impacts.• Preparedness: Action to increase speed and   efficiency of response.

Post disaster response• Response: effectiveness depends on education,   training and experience of emergency services.• Recovery: action to assist communities to return   to pre­disaster conditions.• Redevelopment: action to manage economic losses.

Hazard management cycle

Physical adjustments include:• Building and construction techniques to withstand     hazards of a given strength.• Mapping and avoiding sites where hazards are likely   to occur.• Predicting where and when a hazard may occur.• Preventing or altering the characteristics of a   hazard.

Possible physical and social adjustments to hazards

Social adjustments include:• Land use zoning for hazard locations.• Establishing building standards.• Public awareness through education• Establish early warning systems• Evacuation and preparation plans in place• Spreading economic loss more fairly through    insurance, taxes and grants.• Prioritising communities most at risk from the threat   OR impacts of a hazard.

Prevention Preparedness Recovery Redevelopment PredictingMitigation Building

a) Figure out the missing words and replace them on the table above.b) Which of these planning, response and adjustments are likely to show greatest     disparities between MEDC and LEDC nations? Explain your answer.  (8)

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Pre disaster planning• Prevention: action to prevent or reduce severity of hazard• Mitigation: action to reduce property damage   and minimise economic impacts.• Preparedness: Action to increase speed and   efficiency of response.

Post disaster response• Response: effectiveness depends on education,   training and experience of emergency services.• Recovery: action to assist communities to return   to pre­disaster conditions.• Redevelopment: action to manage economic losses.

Hazard management cycle

Physical adjustments include:• Building and construction techniques to withstand     hazards of a given strength.• Mapping and avoiding sites where hazards are likely   to occur.• Predicting where and when a hazard may occur.• Preventing or altering the characteristics of a   hazard.

Possible physical and social adjustments to hazards

Social adjustments include:• Land use zoning for hazard locations.• Establishing building standards.• Public awareness through education• Establish early warning systems• Evacuation and preparation plans in place• Spreading economic loss more fairly through    insurance, taxes and grants.• Prioritising communities most at risk from the threat   OR impacts of a hazard.

Prevention Preparedness Recovery Redevelopment PredictingMitigation

a) Figure out the missing words and replace them on the table above.

b) Which of these planning, response and adjustments are likely to show greatest disparities between MEDC and LEDC nations? Explain your answer.  (8)

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How can volcanoes be monitored or predicted?‐ Task: On your own copy, match the pictures to the correct descriptions. ‐ (Extension: Without any of this technology what could be done to predict eruptions?)

Global Positional Systems ­ GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption.

Tilt Meters ­ Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption.

Gas emmissions ­ Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur.

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Infra­ red imaging ­ observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption.

Groundwater measurements ­ can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption.

Seismographs ­ Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way.

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Global Positional Systems ­ GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption.

Tilt Meters ­ Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption.

Gas emmissions ­ Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur.

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2

Infra­ red imaging ­ observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption.

Groundwater measurements ­ can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption.

Seismographs ­ Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way.

Global Positional Systems ­ GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption.

Tilt Meters ­ Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption.

Gas emmissions ­ Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur.

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2

Infra­ red imaging ­ observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption.

Groundwater measurements ­ can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption.

Seismographs ­ Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way.

Global Positional Systems ­ GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption.

Tilt Meters ­ Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption.

Gas emmissions ­ Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur.

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2

Infra­ red imaging ­ observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption.

Groundwater measurements ­ can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption.

Seismographs ­ Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way.

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Global Positional Systems ­ GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption.

Tilt Meters ­ Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption.

Gas emmissions ­ Levels of SO and CO can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur.

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2

Infra­ red imaging ­ observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption.

Groundwater measurements ­ can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption.

Seismographs ­ Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way.

Equipment used to monitor volcanoes

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2. Use ‐ AQA A2 book pg 14, ‐ Key Geog for GCSE pgs 70/71 ‐ OCR B textbook pg 121

1. Dvd 48: Volcano prediction 16 mins

Further Tasks

Take notes  ­ some of the techniques need careful spelling!!

3) Volcano prediction sheet, qu: 19, 20, 21, 22 EXT: qu 23.

Good but Basic ­ you need to show wider understanding.

The following slides are also a good resource but can be read and followed upin your time. Find the lesson on the website.

to make notes on the different ways volcanic hazards can be managed.

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"With reference to two volcanic events that you have studied from  contrasting areas of the world, compare the ways in which volcanoes  and their impacts have been managed."                            ﴾10 marks﴿

Exam = 2.5 hrs

Marks = 90 

Time per mark = 1.7 mins 

Maximum time you will spend on this question in class next week = 17 minutes (note ­ in the exam, this would include planning time)

June 2012 Paper

Homework

Plan an answer to this Q to be done under timed conditions next Monday.

note ­ as well as NDR and St Helens, you could bring in elements from the dvd you watched on volcano prediction too.

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Plenary: Is this taking things a step too far? Watch attached video.

VIDEO Scientist risks life to collect lava(2).avi

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The following 6 slides are further information for your own reading around the subject. Download the PDF from the school website, read and take relevent notes.

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http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/hydrologic/lahardetection.php

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QU: How can volcanic hazards be managed?AIM: To understand the merits of different adjustment and mitigation

techniques used to monitor and predict eruptions.

ST: There is an essay advice booklet available to you with past questions, written by your teachers, for your benefit. Do you have it? Have you read it? Take time then, if you will, to read some exam board feedback....

So when we tell you to read the question...

Several of you do this.. Who has been told this on essay feedback this year?

Know your facts and figures/examples inside out. HOW? Revise and do extra reading. ARE YOU?

?????? You haven't have you.

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Attachments

VIDEO Scientist risks life to collect lava﴾2﴿.avi