The Intel Microprocessors

--from 8086 to Pentium Architecture, Programming and Interfacing

•Content•Arrangement •Reference book•Final score

1. Architecture

2. Programming

3. Interfacing

CPU

1. Architecture

2. Programming

Memory

Printer

I/O

3. Interfacing

1. Architecture

•1.1 The architecture of CPU

•1.2 Addressing modes

Internal Microprocessor Architecture AH (AX) AL

BH (BX) BL

CH (CX) CL

DH (DX) DL

SP

BP

DI

SI

EAX

EBX

ECX

EDX

ESP

EBP

EDI

ESI

Accumulator

Base index

Count

Data

Stack pointer

Base pointer

Destination index

Source index

DR

PR

IR

Internal Microprocessor Architecture

IP

FLAGS

EIP

EFLAGS

Instruction pointer

Flags

CS

DS

ES

SS

FS

GS

Code

Data

Extra

Stack

Special purpose registers

Segment registers

1. Architecture

2. Programming

3. Interfacing

2. Programming

• 2.1 Data movement instructions

• 2.2 Arithmetic and logic instructions

• 2.3 Program control instructions

program• .DATA • NUM DB 34H• TABLE DW 0012H,0033H,5687H• .CODE• .STARTUP• MOV BX,OFFSET TABLE• MOV AX,[BX+4]• MOV CX,88H• MUL CX• CMP AX,2000H• JAE NEXT• OUT AX,P8• .EXIT• END

Application languages/application program

High-level languages/compiler &interpretative program

Assembly language/ assembly program

Keyboard command and system primitive/ operating system

Machine instruction system/ CPU

1. Architecture

2. Programming

3. Interfacing

3. Interfacing

• 1 8088/8086 hardware specifications

• 2 Memory interface• 3 Basic I/O interface• 4 Interrupts• 5 Direct memory access and

DMA-controlled I/O

8088 hardware specifications

Memory interface

•Content•Arrangement •Reference book•Final score

request

•Familiar with•Addressing mode• programming with assembly language

• interfacing of microprocessor

What we can do after learning this

• Programming in assembly language in certain real-time system ,memory limited system or embedded system

• Design interfacing and writing drivers

•Content•Arrangement •Reference book•Final score

Reference Books

• 微型计算机原理及应用»周明德 编著 清华大学出版社

• IBM-PC 汇编语言程序设计»沈美明主编，清华大学出版社

• 汇编语言与微机原理教程»顾元刚主编，电子工业出版社

• The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers (Volumes I & II): Assembly Language, Design, and Interfacing (4th Edition)

» 清华大学出版社

Reference Lessons

• Operating system 操作系统• Computer architecture 计算机体系结

构

•Content•Arrangement •Reference book•Final score

•Final Exam: 70%•Middle Exam:20%•Homework & Attendance:10%

• This may be revised according to the needs.

Now let’s begin our exploration

in microprocessor.

Chapter 1 Introduction to The

Microprocessor and PC

Chapter 1:

1. What mankind has done before the microprocessor finally came out?

2. How many parts are there in the microprocessor ?

Chapter 1:Introduction to The Microprocessor and PC

• 1.1 A Historical Background• 1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

1.1 A Historical Background

1.1 A Historical Background

• A. The Mechanical Age– Abacus (Babylonians)– Analytical engine (Babbage, punched

cards, 1823,failure)

1.1 A Historical Background

• B. The Electrical Age– Motor-driven adding machines, based on mech

anical calculator (Hollerith, set up IBM-International Business Machines Corporation)

– First electronic calculating machine Z3 (German, Konrad Zuse,1942)

– The first general-purpose, programmable electronic computer ENIAC (University of Pennsylvania, 1946)

• ENIAC• Electronic Numerical Integrator And C

alculator [Computer] 电子数字积分计算机

ENIAC

ENIAC

ENIAC

Intel 4004

Intel 8088

Intel Petium

Intel Petium II

The Moore’s Law: the number of transistors integrated in a chip will double very 18 or 24 mouths

1.1 A Historical Background

• D. The Future of Microprocessors

– The process speed will get more faster

– The memory will get more large

– The bulk will get more smaller

– The width of data bus will increase

– Architecture will get more efficient

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

• Question: If we use a computer to figure out an arithmetic expression, how can it finish this work?

• 133*33+44*14

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

• 133*33+44*14– First input these numbers.– Do the calculating work.– Store The result – Output the result.

• Control this processing.

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

• 133*33+44*14Input device

memory

calculator

Outputdevice

controller

Control bus

data bus

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

Micro-processor

Memory

Interface

Externaldevices

Data bus

Address bus

Control bus

BUS definition p25

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

• Bus: P25– Address bus requests a memory

location from the memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices.

– Data bus transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space.

– Control bus contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.

1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor

1.2 PC Based on MicroprocessorA. Relationship Figure

microprocessor ALU controller

PC register internal memory I/O interface

PC system I/O Devices & external memorysystem softwareapplication softwarepower 、 panel 、 pc frame, etc