2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 2

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 3

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Gastric juices

Enteroendocrine glands secretes gastrin, which stimulates cells to produce

hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsinogen.

Parietal cells produce HCL, which converts pepsinogen into pepsin and

destroys bacteria and microorganisms that enter the stomach.

Body’s natural sterilizer Produces intrinsic factor which is essential for B12

absorption

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2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 6

Gastric juices

Chief type cells –Produce Pepsinogen which converts to pepsin–Pepsin breaks down protein into smaller pieces called protease and peptone

Mucus cells–Secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize the effects of HCL acid and other digestive juices

Renninfound in infants and children, not in adultsPrepares milk proteins for digestion by other enzymes

Processes of digestion and their relevance to health

Chemical – Change food by digestive juices into the end products of fat, carbohydrates, and protein

Physical – break food into smaller pieces

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2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 8

Processes of digestion and their relevance to health

• Absorption – nutrients enter the blood capillaries of the small intestine for use in the body

• Elimination – waste products of digestion

Fecal transplant Allows the bacteria from the

healthy stool to repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost healthy bacteria in their gut

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Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in human intestines Symptoms range from

persistent diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon to death

Humor

What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens?

On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day? 1-3 pts/day

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Act of Digestion Ingestion

Mastication

Digestion

Secretion

Absorption

Excretion

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Digestive System Disorders

Anorexia Decreased or

poor appetite

Symptoms

Anorexia nervosa refusal to eat not because

of lose of appetite Psychiatric disorder

Distorted body image Fear of wgt gain Amenorrhea Wgt loss of 25% of original

body wgt

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Caries Decay of tooth or bone The acids in plaque damage the

enamel covering your teeth, and create holes in the tooth

If symptoms occur, they may include: Tooth pain or achy feeling Visible pits or holes in the teeth

Prevention- use of flouride , brushing and flossing

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Cleft palate a fissure or opening—a gap

in the palate =may be either soft, hard or both

can be successfully treated with surgery

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Gallstones Can block the bile duct

causing pain in back between the shoulder blades and digestive disorders, can cause jaundice

Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed

Surgical removal of gallbladder = Cholecystectomy

Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder.

Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine

Common cause = Virus Symps – diarrhea and

vomiting for 24-36 hours

Complication = dehydration

abnormal structure and function of the liver

Chronic progressive disease of the liver

Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue

75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption

causes of cirrhosis

chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain medications)

viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper that accumulate in the liver as a result of genetic diseases)

autoimmune liver disease in which the body's immune system attacks the liver.

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Treatment of cirrhosis

preventing further damage to the liver treating the complications of cirrhosis preventing liver cancer or detecting it early liver transplantation.

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ConstipationWhen defecation delayed,

feces becomes dry and

hard

RX –diet with cereals,

fruits, vegetables,

(roughage) drinking plenty

of fluids, exercise, and

avoiding tension

Causes of Constipation not getting enough fiber/water in the body A disruption of regular diet or routine; traveling Inadequate activity or exercise or immobility Eating large amounts of dairy products Stress

Obstipation:

a condition of extreme and persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 21

Diarrhea Loose, watery, frequent

bowel movements that pass along colon too rapidly

Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food.

Can cause dehydration

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Disorder that affects the sphincter muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach

The sphincter is weak or relaxes inappropriately

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Hepatitis Acute Chronic A, B, C, D, E common symptoms:

Fever Nausea Anorexia jaundice

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Infectious hepatitis Cause – virus Spread through

contaminated food or H2O

Serum Hepatitis Caused by virus

found in blood Transmitted by blood

transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts)

Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated

Use standard precautions for prevention

Irritable bowel syndrome a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic

abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits

no known organic cause Treatments: attempt to relieve symptoms, including

dietary adjustments, medication and psychological interventions

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Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach

Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause

Lifestyle factors: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, drugs.

Sym. – burning pain, may be relieved by eating or taking antacids.

Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria

Rx – H2 blockers ( drugs) that block release of histamine

Peptic ulcers

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

Normally recurs in 50 to 80% of cases

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Relevance of nutrition to the

digestive system Healthy dietary habits help

maintain homeostasis of body systems

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Vitamins Fat Soluble- can be stored by the body

A D E K

Water soluable - can’t be stored, excess excreted by body B C

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