3. non revenue water.pdf

Non Revenue Water (NRW)

26 September 2014

Ismu Rini Dwi Ari

http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130129/news-current-affairs/article/bwssb-plug-illegal-

connection

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gallery/global-water-

volume.html

Spheres representing all of

Earth's water, Earth's liquid

fresh water, and water in lakes

and rivers

The largest sphere represents

all of Earth's water, and its

diameter is about 860 miles

(the distance from Salt Lake

City, Utah, to Topeka, Kansas).

It would have a volume of

about 332,500,000 cubic miles

(mi3) (1,386,000,000 cubic

kilometers (km3)).

The sphere includes all the

water in the oceans, ice caps,

lakes, and rivers, as well as

groundwater, atmospheric

water, and even the water in

you, your dog, and your

tomato plant.

Introduction

It is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the customer.

Such losses may be caused through leaking and burst

pipes, illegal connections and metering inaccuracies.

The imperative to effectively manage NRW is further heightened due to a rapidly growing and urbanised

global population and the impacts of climate

change which together put greater demand on

scarce water resources.

Furthermore, reducing levels of NRW can contribute

to attaining MDG target 7 to reduce the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water.

http://www.iwahq.org/1ny/themes/managing-utilities/utility-efficiency/non-revenue-water.html

Whilst the problem is global in scale, solutions need to be

tailored to local circumstances due to variation in the cause

of water loss and the mechanisms available to manage

them.

Such differences in the causality include, for instance, a

greater proportion of water loss being of a commercial

nature (customer meter under registration, data-handling

errors, theft of water etc) in developing countries in

comparison to developed countries where physical losses are

by far the highest loss factor.

On the solution side, the right mix of technological,

institutional and financial mechanisms need to be adapted

to meet local circumstances.

http://www.iwahq.org/1ny/themes/managing-utilities/utility-efficiency/non-revenue-water.html

Introduction

Components

Source: MCINTOSH 2003 Asian Water Supply Chap 9 Non Revenue Water.pdf

A makeshift tap attached to an illegal water connection in

Tambaram, Chennai.

http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/illegal-water-connections-to-be-regularised/article396592.ece

Fresh water from a Dhaka Wasa pump station is delivered to slum

dwellers beside the rail lines in Namapara in Shyampur in the capital

through at least 500 illegal connections. Inset, a man adds another

illegal connection to the tally. Locals claimed that legitimate

connection holders have to stay up at night to collect water but the

slum dwellers get Wasa water 24/7. Photo: Anisur Rahman

http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/easy-illegally/

Water leakage is a problem in the UK with just over 3 billion litres of

water leaking every year. To put that in perspective, this could be

the equivalent of 14 million baths tubs full of water.

http://www.processindustryforum.com/hottopics/water-leakage-in-the-united-kingdom#sthash.m82YoEFE.dpuf

Unbilled Authorized Consumption

water used for fire fighting, or

free water distributes at standpipes, or

provided to religious institutions

Unauthorized consumption means illegal use;

sole illegal connections,

illegal connections to properties that also have legal

connections, or

illegal connections for the purpose of selling water

Metering inaccuracies

malfunctioning water meters,

estimated water consumption (when meters are not working), &

misreading water meters

Components


Consequences

The issues related to high NRW

Consumers paying for inefficiencies of

water utilities,

A precious and scarce resource being

wasted, and

Unnecessary investments in production

Poor governance

Low Service Coverage


NRW in Asian cities = 50-65% due to apparent losses.


Managing Apparent Losses (the IWA management strategy)

http://www.miya-water.com/facts-and-definitions/industry-methodology

Managing Real Losses

http://www.miya-water.com/facts-and-definitions/industry-methodology

The Benefits of Reducing NRW

Need for less water to be produced, treated, and pumped,

translating into postponement of the expansion of capacity –

producing less water also translates immediately into cost

savings on O & M, due to savings in energy and treatment

costs;

Reduction in apparent losses, which will result in more water

being billed and more revenue for utilities – it has also been

shown that water metering and adequate rates reduce

wasteful consumption, which will likely decrease total

consumption;

Adequate understanding of consumption patterns, which will

allow utilities to optimize distribution systems;

Better knowledge of real consumption, which will improve

demand projections; and

Reduced sewage flows and pollution


These benefits depend on adequate pricing of water resources and services.

Subsidies for water extraction, discharge of

wastewater, capital investment, and operation of

water supply systems lower the cost of water as perceived by utilities and thus remove an incentive to

reduce physical losses.

Low water rates for consumers do not encourage

utilities to meter their water consumption and detect and deter unauthorized water use.

Moreover, low rates fail to provide consumers with

incentive to deal with leaks and wastage beyond

their meters.

Reducing NRW


Case Study Singapore (pop. 2.8

million) – Public Utilities Board


Caretaker Approach to OM &

Reducing NRW

Rationale

Legal & technical approaches to combating NRW

have met with limited success.

Generally, utility staff will only appear when called out

in an emergency or a crisis situation, rather than show

a daily presence in a given locality.

The proposed caretaker approach would add a

social dimension to addressing the problem.

It is based on managing water supplies at the lowest

practicable level and on maintaining a good utility and consumer interface.

It is particularly suitable for those developing countries

without shortages of relatively cheap man power.


Definition

The caretaker approach is essentially one in which

the whole of a distribution system is divided into

zones, each containing about 500 connections.

A caretaker is appointed to be responsible for all

water supply activities within a given zone.

The concept is not new. In fact, it is employed in

Tokyo and is, to some extent, also used effectively

by one of the concessionaires in Manila.

An SSWP in Manila uses this approach to manage

its system by assigning one aguador to every

connections.

Caretaker Approach to OM

& Reducing NRW


Institutional Framework

A caretaker who lives in the locally is given responsibility

for a water distribution zone.

The caretaker will report to an O & M supervisor located

at a nearby maintenance depot.

The caretaker’s area of responsibility is small enough

that it can be walked in its entirely once per week.

This individual will lease an office from a resident in his or

her zone of responsibility and have access to a telephone at that point (or will use a mobile phone).

The O & M supervisor (an engineer) will be responsible

for 10 caretakers and not more than 5,000 connections.


& Reducing NRW


The Caretaker Duties

The caretaker is expected to develop a

friendly relationship with the people living in

the zone of responsibility.


& Reducing NRW


The caretaker will do

Keep a daily diary of all activities in the

zone.

Inspect plumbing all house holds and

assist with repairs, where feasible.

Be responsible for mapping the

distribution system, including all

connections.

Disseminate to consumers notices of

interruption for supply for maintenance

purposes and information concerning

water tariffs, water consumption and

conservation, demand management,

hygiene education, and utility

performance.

Be responsible for accurately metering

all consumer connections and

arranging for meter replacement when

necessary

Analyze billing record and collections

monthly, investigate high and low

consumption and tardy payments, and

report total consumption each month.

Report alternative sources of water used

by both utility customers and

noncustomers.

Report leaks to be repaired and record

the dates the repairs were effected.

Report hours of service and pressure to

the zone (day and night)

Report maintenance or new work

requested and complemented.

Report numbers of persons in each

household in the zone each year.

Record and follow up on consumer

complaints.

Read district flow meters and pressure

gauges daily.

Inspect the entire zone on foot weekly.


O & M Supervisor Duties

It is expected to support the caretaker in the

following manner:

Provide timely support and quality control on

maintenance and repairs.

Visit and talk with each caretaker daily.

Review caretaker diaries weekly and provide comments

and guidance.

Inspect with each caretaker his or her zone monthly.

Encourage competition and incentives among caretakers for good performance.

Comment on all caretaker reports before submitting them

to the head office.


NRW in a Nutshell

Problems Solutions

NRW includes water not billed as a result of

leakage, illegal use, inadequate measurement, and free (authorized) use.

Governance and tariffs must be tackled

first.

NRW averages 30% of production in Asian cities, but ranges from 4% to 65%.

Leak detection equipment comes last, not first.

High NRW is connected to low piped water coverage.

Repair visible leaks.

There is a need to determine whether physical losses (leakage) are maintained to mask the illegal use and sale of water.

Make utility staff responsible for small zones (caretakers).

Illegal safe of water from utilities can generate revenue equal to legal sales.

Meter all production and consumption property.

Consumers pay for utility inefficiencies. Add district metering.

A precious and scarce resource is being wasted. Provide incentives for utility staff performance.

Unnecessary investments in production are

made. Explore links to water vendors.


Studi Kasus

PTLMH “Sumber Maron” I Desa Karangsuko

Kec. Pagelaran Kabupaten Malang

Caretaker – Pimpinan Yayasan

Studi Kasus: PDAM Kab. Malang

No URAIAN SATUAN 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 Tarif Dasar Air Rata-Rata

Rp/M3 1000 1500 1500 1500 1500

2

Jumlah Pelanggan

Non Niaga SR 66944 68099 70871 72324 79663

Niaga SR 1460 1508 1726 1744 2092

Industri Kecil SR 48 49 47 48 44 Industri Besar SR 3 3 3 3 6 Kran Umum SR 206 179 180 183 169

Sosial Khusus SR 1501 1519 1593 1629 1820

Pemda SR 203 210 246 243 283 ABRI SR 91 87 89 89 93

3 Jumlah Desa Terlayani

Desa 285 285 289 289 289

4 Jumlah Pengaduan Pelanggan

Kali 7619 3054 6535 2751 2004

5 Rata-Rata Konsumsi Air Minum

M3/Pelanggan/Bulan

19,82 19,24 18,94 18,8 19,37

6 Tingkat Kebocoran Prosen 35,4 37,5 33,3 32,51 30,12

7 Cakupan Pelayanan

Prosen 26,76 28 28,9 29,4 32.00

Sumber : Profil PDAM Kabupaten Malang 2012

Integrated Water and Land Use Planning

By Paula Hunter

MWH New Zealand, PO Box 12

941, Penrose, Auckland 1642

[email protected]

om

Terima Kasih

http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mc-complains-to-police-against-18-for-

illegal-water-connections/1124685/

3. non revenue water.pdf

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