Problemas ambientais urbanos

3ª aula Maria do Rosário Partidário

MEC, 4º ano, 2º sem, 2008-09 Desafios Ambientais e de

Sustentabilidade em Engenharia

Inputs Outputs

Energy

Food

Water

Raw materials Manufactured goods

Money

Information

Solid wastes

Waste heat

Air pollutants

Water pollutants

Greenhouse gases

Manufactured goods

Noise

Wealth

Ideas

CITIES ENVIRONMENT

Principais problemas das cidades (5º Programa Acção da UE):

•  pressão pelo desenvolvimento urbano, •  construção espaços urbanos, •  construção estradas, •  tendências económicas, •  padrões de consumo, •  gestão de resíduos.

Partidário, 2002, Contribuição para uma política de sustentabilidade urbana, S&T, nº33

Estratégia para as cidades (6º Programa Acção da UE, 2006):

• Gestão ambiental integrada, • Planos de transporte urbano, • Intercâmbio de melhores práticas, • Interface com as autoridades locais, • Formação e sinergias com outras políticas como:

• as alterações climáticas, • a natureza e biodiversidade, • ambiente e a qualidade de vida, e • a utilização sustentável dos recursos naturais

em suma, com os grandes eixos da Estratégia Europeia de Desenvolvimento Sustentável

A transversalidade do ambiente urbano

O âmbito das questões ambientais em áreas urbanas é múltiplo e interdependente.

As principais componentes ambientais urbanas incluem variáveis físicas e ecológicas, sociais, culturais, económicas, de saúde e segurança:

•  qualidade física (ar, água, solo, ruído), •  recursos naturais(água, ar, solo, energia, espaços naturais), •  paisagem e espaços verdes, •  comunidade, •  património cultural, •  edificado, •  mobilidade, •  actividades económicas, •  saúde, •  riscos.

Partidário, 2002, Contribuição para uma política de sustentabilidade urbana, S&T, nº33

ADMINISTRAÇÃO / GOVERNO

TRANSPORTES

HABITAÇÃO

RECREIO E LAZER

COMÉRCIO SERVIÇOS

INDUSTRIA

EMPREGO

A multiplicidade de relações no sistema urbano

Partidário, 2002, Contribuição para uma política de sustentabilidade urbana, S&T, nº33

Europeʼs cities should be sustainable and offer a high quality of life so that

- people want to live and - work in them and - businesses want to invest there

EU (2006) Strategy to improve the environment in Europeʼs cities

Make Europe a more attractive place to work and invest (Lisbon strategy, 2005)

  Climate change - help adaptation to climate change (environmental risks, sustainable urban transport plans, sustainable construction, energy policy)

  Nature and Biodiversity (sustainable urban design, promotion of urban biodiversity, soil protection)

  Health and Quality of Life (health, air quality, noise, transports)

  Sustainable use of natural resources (prevention and recycling of waste)

EU sustainable development priorities - urban EU inter-related policies through

integrated urban management plans

  high levels of traffic and congestion,

  poor air quality,   high levels of ambient noise   poor-quality built environment,   derelict land,   greenhouse gas emissions,   generation of waste,   waste water,   risks

Cities environmental challenges that can cause environmental damage and affect human health

 physical quality (air, water, soil, noise),

 natural resources (water, air, soil, light, energy, natural spaces),

  landscape and green spaces,

 community,  cultural heritage,  sustainable construction,  mobility,  economic activities,  health.

Cities environmental values

Air Quality Biodiversity Energy, Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Food and Agriculture Hazardous Materials Economy and Economic Development Environmental Justice Human Health Parks, Open Spaces and Streetscapes Solid Waste Transportation Water and Wastewater Municipal Expenditures Public Information and Education Risk Management (Activities of High Environmental Risk)

http://www.sustainable-city.org/

Cities Alliance How can the environment be integrated in

city planning? Washington DC, 28th November, 2006

ICLEI, More Urban, Less Poor, More liveable

Jeremy Harris (former mayor of Honolulu)

Toward a Sustainable Urban Paradigm; Cities – The Problem or The Solution?

Environment as an asset for cities Services that the natural environmental

provides to urban centres ICLEI, More Urban, Less Poor, More liveable

•  Parks and greenbelts produce oxygen and clean the air,

•  Rainfall provides clean drinking water and irrigation for crops,

•  Forests serve as watersheds and tourist destinations, and

•  Wetlands filter and process waste and provide a nursery for fisheries.

The health-environment-poverty nexus

Toward a Sustainable Urban Paradigm Cities – The Problem or The Solution by Mayor Jeremy Harris

The Current Path – Unsustainable Urbanization Consumption and Waste - The Poverty/Environmental Decay Nexus

The New Urban Paradigm - includes •  the environment as an asset •  the new sustainable urban accounting •  sustainable city development strategies •  urban resource recovery & reuse •  sustainable economic development, land use planning, transportation •  sustainable energy policy - economics of energy efficiency •  renewable energy – urban stability & self sufficiency •  reinventing city governance •  structure and authority, capacity building •  partnerships, leadership

Urban Audit programa de monitorização da União Europeia que reúne 250 indicadores de qualidade de vida em 258 cidades europeias (Regional Policy – Inforegio, www.urbanaudit.org).

Percepção da qualidade de vida em cidades europeias (Fonte: InfoRegio, 2004, Urban Audit Perception survey, Local perceptions of quality of life in 31 european cities (www.urbanaudit.org))

Masdar programme http://www.masdaruae.com/text/v-files.aspx

Links com interesse

Cities Alliance (http://www.citiesalliance.org/activities-output/topics/cds/cds.html)

Regional Policy – Inforegio, www.urbanaudit.org

UE 6º Programa Acção (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/urban/pdf/com_2005_0718_pt.pdf).

ICLEI (http://www.iclei.org/)

Portugal (www.cidadessustentaveis.info/)