7. sports injuries

8/13/2019 7. Sports Injuries

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Boardworks Ltd 20061 of 33

Sports Injuries


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KS4 Physical

Education


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Learning objectives

What we will learn in this presentation:

Lea

rningo

bjective

s

How to classify injuries as chronic or acute

How to classify injuries as soft tissue or hard tissue

Different types of skin damagecuts, grazes,

blisters and chafing

The causes and treatment of strains, sprains,

dislocations and torn cartilage

How to identify and treat fractures

The treatment of injuriesR.I.C.E.The causes and treatment of unconsciousness

D.R.A.B.C., resuscitation and the recovery position

The causes and treatment of concussion,

dehydration and hypothermia. Boardworks Ltd 20062 of 33


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Injuries


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Chronic injuries

Chronic injuries are caused by continuous

stresson a body part over a long time.

Here are some common chronic injuries:

Injuries can be classed as chronic or acute.

First, we will consider chronic injuries.

Chronic injuries can be caused by training

too hard, not allowing time for recovery,

poor footwear and bad technique.

tennis elbow

golfers elbow

shin splints.


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Chronic injuries: tennis and golf elbow

Overuseinjuries can occur due to repeated powerful

muscle movements.

These injuries should be treated by

applying an icepack and resting for

several weeks.Physiotherapy treatment may be

needed and possibly cortisone

(steroid) injections to relieve the pain.

Golf and tennis put a lot of strain on

the elbow.

In golfand tennis elbow, the tendons

that attach muscles to the elbow jointbecome inflamed, sore and painful.


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Chronic injuries: shin splints

Shin splintsare pains in the

lower leg, caused by continuousstress over a long period of time.

Either the tendons around the

tibia become inflamed, or stress

fractures develop these arecracks along the length of the

bone.

Shin splints should be treated

with ice and plenty of rest.Cushioned footwear and special

insoles can help to prevent the

injury returning.


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Acute injuries

Acute injuries occur when there is sudden stresson the body.

There are three main causes:

1. Collisionswith

opponents or obstacles.

3. Fallingfrom a

height or at speed.

2. Being struck

by an object.

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Ltd


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Acute injuries


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Hard and soft tissue injuries

Injuries can also be classified as soft tissueor

hard tissueinjuries.

Hard tissue injuries

are bone injuries.

Soft tissue injuriesinvolve damage to

skin, muscles, tendons,

ligaments or cartilage.



Soft tissue injuries

Soft tissue injuries can be openor closed.

An open injurymeans that the skin has been brokenblood usually escapes.

Open injuries include cuts,

grazes, blisters and chafing.

A closed injuryoccurs

beneath the skin

there is no external

bleeding.

Closed injuries include

bruising, pulls, strains

and sprains.

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Open injuries: cuts and grazes

Cutsrequire

immediate attention tostop bleeding and

allow the blood to clot.

After the cut is

cleaned, plasters anddressings can be used

to control bleeding and

protect the wound.

Grazesor abrasionswhere skin is scraped off the

body, need to be cleaned carefully. Grazes that

result from falls can often contain dirt and grit.

Deep cuts may need stitches to hold the skin together.

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Open skin damageblisters and chafing

Blistersare caused by the skin

rubbing on other surfaces.They most commonly occur on the

feet, due to ill-fitting shoes, and on

the hands, due to excessive wear and

tear (e.g. from rowing and archery).

Chafingis caused by ill-fitting clothing or material. Long-

distance runners are particularly prone to chafing in areas

like the armpits, where clothing may rub.

A bubble of liquid forms just under

the skin to protect the area while new

skin is grown underneath. Never burst the bubble, as the

blister may then become infected.



Closed injuries

Bruisesoccur when small

blood vessels are damaged byan impact or sudden wrenching

movement.

This causes bleeding beneath

the skin, leading to swelling anddiscolouration.

Strained(pulled) muscles result from muscles being

suddenly and forcefully overstretched.

This tears the muscle fibres, usually where they attach to thetendon. The muscle is painful and its strength is reduced.

Bruises and strains should be treated

with ice to reduce the swelling.



Sprained/ twisted ankle

Sprainsare different to strains

they involve ligaments rather thanmuscles and tendons.

Sprains occur when ligaments at

joints get stretched and torn. A

sharp twist of the foot can give youa sprained or twisted ankle. Severe

sprains result in torn ligaments.

Sprains are more serious than strains, and result in

considerable pain and loss of function at the joint.The symptoms are similar to a fracture or dislocation.

Sprains should be treated with ice and rest.



Dislocation

A dislocationoccurs when a bone is pulled or

twisted out of place at a joint.

When the shoulderis dislocated,

the humerus is pulled out of the

socket on the scapula.

The injured person is usually

unable to move their arm, and the

shoulder loses its rounded shape.

Dislocations are very painful. They require hospitaltreatmentto move the bone back into position.

The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a

long time to recover.



Cartilage tear of the knee

Cartilageaids friction free

movement at the knee joint andprovides some shock absorption.

Cartilage can tear if the knee is

twistedexcessively. This is a

common football injury, causedwhen players change direction

quickly.

A cartilage tear is a serious

injury. The knee will be painful,

may lock and will swell.

cartilage

An icepack can reduce swelling, but surgeryis

sometimes needed to repair the damaged cartilage.



Soft tissue injuries



Hard tissue injuries

Hard tissue injuries are bone fracturesthe bone

either cracks or breaks.Fractures lead to:

Shin splints are a form of fracture

caused by repeated stress.

bruising and swelling

pain due to nerve damagethe limb or area of the body

where the break is becomes

immobile

if it is a bad fracture, the areawill look obviously deformed.



Fractures

A simple or closed

fracture means that the

bone is cracked but theskin is not broken.

A compound or open

fracture means that the

skin is brokenand thebone is sticking out.

Fractures can be open (simple) or closed (compound).

Open fractures are more serious.

They usually involve blood loss.



Fractures

Fractures are usually caused by violent

impacts. They are most common in contactsports like rugby, and sports where there is

a risk of falling from height or at speed, for

example, horse riding, skiing and climbing.

Fractures are difficult to prevent as theyare caused by sudden and unexpected

events or accidents. Using correct technique and playing

by the rules can reduce the risks to some extent.

Fractures should be treated by immobilizingthe injuredarea with a splint or sling and controlling any bleeding with

a dressing. The casualty should not be moved until the

ambulance arrives, unless absolutely necessary.



R.I.C.E.

Whenever there is any injury to bones, joints, ligaments

muscles or tendons, blood vesselswill be damaged.Broken blood vessels mean that blood leaks into tissues

around the injury. This will lead to swelling, bruisingand pain.

To combat the effects of this,

you should follow the R.I.C.Emethod of treatment:

R Rest

E Elevation

C CompressionI Ice



R.I.C.E.



Unconsciousness

Unconsciousnesscan be caused by a number of things.

1. Faintingcommon fainting is a temporary abnormality inblood flow to the brain. It can be caused by stress, heat or

physical exertion.

2. Head injuryany blow to the head can cause

unconsciousness, whether it damages the skull or not.3. Heart attackor strokethis can interrupt blood flow to

the brain.

4. Asphyxiabreathing is obstructed, for example if the

person has inhaled water.

5. Shockcaused by blood loss, infection or heart problems.

Unconsciousness can also be a sign of a wide

range of illnesses, for example, diabetes.



D.R.A.B.C.



Resuscitation

If an unconscious casualty is not breathing, rescue breaths

(or mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) can be used.

If a casualty has no pulse, chest compressionscan be used.

This involves the rescuer repeatedly

blowing air into the mouth of the casualty

to inflate and deflate their lungs. This

allows some oxygen into the body.

The rescuer pushes down firmly and

repeatedly on the casualtys chest,

mimicking the action of the heart andcirculating some blood around the body.

Used together, these two techniques are known

as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR.



The recovery position

An unconscious casualty who is breathing and

has no life-threatening conditions should be

placed in therecovery position.This keeps the airway open and prevents them

swallowing their own tongue or choking on vomit.



Concussion

Concussionis a common

cause of unconsciousnesswhile playing sport.

Concussion occurs when an

individual has received a blow

to the head, causing an injury

to the brain. This could be

caused by falling or being hit

by something or someone.

A person may be concussed without losing consciousness.

The signs can include disorientation, loss of vision,

vomiting, paleness, a racing pulse and shallow breathing.

Concussion should be treated at hospital.

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Dehydration

When we exercise, especially in

hot conditions, the body loseswateras a result of sweating.

If the performer does not re-hydrate

by drinking lots of water, they may

suffer from dehydration.

The body also loses important

electrolytessalts which conduct

nerve impulses and maintain cell

metabolism.

This results in the performer feeling

very tired, nauseous and faint.

The performer should stop exercising

and re-hydrate somewhere cool.

H h i


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Hypothermia

Normal body temperature is 37C.

If a performers body temperaturefalls below 35C, they begin to

suffer from hypothermia.

People who take part in activities

in mountainous areas or on waterare particularly at risk.

Common symptoms of

hypothermia are shivering,

paleness, loss of dexterity anderratic behaviour.

A hypothermic person should be warmed-up gradually.

They need warm, dry clothing, warm

drinks and high energy foods.

C d t t t


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Causes and treatments

Q i


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Quiz

E t l ti


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Exam-style questions

1. Explain what is meant by:

a) a soft tissueinjuryb) a chronicinjury.

2. Fran turns her ankle over during her ballet lesson. Her

ankle is painful and her teacher says she may have

damaged some ligaments.

a) What injury does Frans teacher suspect?

b) Describe how the injury should be treated.

3. A hockey player is hit on the head by the ball. Theyappear to be unconscious. Describe how you would

treat the casualty.

C b ll th k d ?


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Can you remember all these keywords?

Chronic injury

Acute injuryContinuous stress

Overuse injury

Soft tissue injury

Hard tissue injury

Open injury

Closed injury

Cuts

Grazes and abrasions

Blisters and chafing

Bruising

Strains / pulled muscleSprain

Dislocation

Fracturesimple / closed

Fracturecompound /

open

R.I.C.E.

D.R.A.B.C.Concussion

Dehydration

Hypothermia

7. sports injuries

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