a new and simpler method for estimating the thermal insulation of a clothing ensemble

8/10/2019 A New and Simpler Method for Estimating the Thermal Insulation of a Clothing Ensemble

1/15

HI - 85- 09

No 4

A

New

Simpl er Method

f or Esti mati ng

the

Thermal

I nsul at i on of

a

Cl ot hi ng Ensembl e

B.w

esen,

Ph

.

ASHRAE

Member

ABSTRACT

The most common

method

for estimating

the

basic

thermal i nsulati on

( I

)

of a clothing ensemble

i s

the

use of

tables

wth basi c

thermal i nsulation

values

for

i ndividual garments (I l

.

Sprague

and Munson

(1974)

f ound

the

f ol l owng relati onship

between

the

thermal i nsul ation

of an

ensemble

and the

summation of val ues for

the

i ndividual

garments

(EI

El i

:

I cl = k Z

l i

+

k, ,

where k

was

a constant l ess

than one, and both

k and k2 were dependcent

on

sex

(l ema~e

or male

cl othi ngs) .

Thi s

equati on has si nce been

simpl i fi ed i n

ASHRAE Standard

55-81

f or

thermal

envi ronment

:

I

C1

=

0

.82

Zcl i '

Thi s

paper presents an

even

simpl er' method

I nstead

of

descri bi ng

the thermal i nsulation

of a si ng e garment

by means

of the

basi c

thermal i nsulation ( I

) , i t i s proposed

to use

the

effecti ve


(I cl u)

.

The

resul t

of

the

preseni

study

i s

then the

f ol l owng

rel ationship

I cl

=

EI cl u'

The basi c

thermal i nsulation of

a

clothi ng ensemble

i s

simply

estimated

as the sum

of the

ef f ecti ve i nsul ation

f or t he si ng e

garments

(EI cl u)

.

Another i mportant

advantage

of

using

the

proposed

method

i s

that

when expressi ng the

i nsulation of

a

single garment

by the

ef f ecti ve i nsul ation

i t i s

not

necedssary

to

performthe

di ffi cul t measurement of

the

i ncreased

clothing

area factor,

f l

.

The proposed

rel ationship i s based on

measurements

of

70 clothing

ensembl es i n

the

rangec0 .7-2 . 6 cl o

.

INTRODUCTION

The thermal

i nsul ation

of

the clothingworn

by people i s an essenti al

parameter when

predi cti ng

the

i nfl uence

of

the thermal envi ronment

on

human

bei ngs

.

I n col d, neutral , and

warmenvi ron-

ments,

the type of clothing

worn wl l

i nfl uence

the heat exchange

between the human body

and the environment

.

Thi s, i n turn,

i nf l uences the acceptabi l i ty

and stress

of

that environment

.

I n warm

envi ronments, cl othi ng

i s often used to

provide

protection

agai nst the physical

environment

(dust,

sparks, radi ti on) and

may,

i n some cases,

i ncrease str ess and

reduce

working

ti me

.

However, cl othi ng

may al so be used as protection

against

heat and

i ncrease

the

working

time I n a neutral

thermal envi ronment,

clothing has

a

signi fi cant

i nf l uence

on

the preferred

ambient

temperature For

exampl e, a chang8

i n thermal i nsu ati on

of ' u 0 . 2

cl o wl l

change

the

preferred

ambi ent

temperature

by x.1 . 5 C for a

seated

person

I n

col d

envi ronments cl othi ng

i s, i n most cases,

the onl y method for making

the working

condi ti ons

tol erable

The thermal

i nsulation of the

clothing ensembles must

be estimated when

evaluating

moderate

thermal

envi ronments

accordi ng

to ASHRAE

55-81

or I SO 7730

(1984)

(PMV-PPD

i ndex),

when Vvaluating

hot envi ronments according

to I SODS 7933 (1983)

(Requ red

Sweat

Rate I ndex)

or ET (Gagge

et a1 .1972), and

when evaluating cold

environments according

to the method

(I REQ Required

Cothing I nsu ati on)

suggested by

Holmer

(1984)

.

For thi s purpose, i t

i s

necessary

to provi de the user

of these or si ml ar

procedures

wth

methods f or

the estimation

of

the thermal

i nsulation

Barne

WOesen, Ph

.D., Laboratory

of

Heati ng and A r Condi ti oning,

Technical Uni versi ty

of

Denmark

478

ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the


2/15

The

thermal i nsulation

of , a

cl othi ng ensembl e i s normal l y

measured on a thermal

.

m

n ki n

(Seppanen et al

.

1972

;

McCull ough

et al

.

1983b

;

Oesen et al

. 1982) .

very

f ew

thermal

m

ni ki ns

are, however , avai l able

(Mecheel s and Umbach

1976

;

Gol dman

1974

;

Seppanen et al

.

1972

;

Oesen

et al

.

1982),

and the measurements have to be

performed i n

a

l aboratory.

For

practi cal

use, therefore simpl i fi ed methods that

can be

used i n

the

f i el d ar e necessary

.

The most wdel y used methods uti l i ze l ook-up

tables

of cl othi ng i nsulation

values

.

One ki nd

of table i ncl udes thermal i nsulati on

values

f or clothi ng ensembles

measured on a standi ng

thermal m

ni ki n

.

Another

type

of table i ncl udes

values

for

the

thermal

i nsulation of i ndi vi -

dual garments al so measured on a standi ng thermal mannequin

Based

on the

summation of

values

for

i ndividual garments

( Icl i ) ,

i t

i s

then

possible

to

esti mate

the

thermal

i nsulation

of

a

whole

ensemble

(I cl ) .

The

f ol l owng summation equations

have

been suggested i n l i terature

Icl -

0. 727

EIcl i

+

0.113

cl o

(men)

Sprague

and

Munson 1974 (1)

Icl

-

0.770

EIcl i

+

0

.05

cl o

(women)

Sprague and

Munson

1974 (2)

Icl =

0

.82

Ei cl i

ASHRAE 1981

(3)

The

data for

the above

equati ons

are

frommeasurements

on

dai l y wear ensembles wth a thermal

i nsul ati on i n the

range

0 . 2 to

1

. 0

clo-value

The

purpose of

thi s

study

was to veri fy

that these methods

al so can be used f or typi cal

work cl othi ng and f or ensembles

wth

thermal i nsulation

values up to 2. 6 cl o

.

A l the measurements

presented i n thi s

paper

were performed on

a standi ng thermal

m

ni ki n

which has been descri bed i n detai l s by

Oesen et al

. (1982) .

I n the

fol l owng

paragraphs,

the

measuri ng

method

and

experimental

faci l i ti es are described

.

Expressi ons

for

the Thermal Insulati on of Cothing

The thermal

insulati on of

a clothing ensemble

or

a si ng e

garment i s expressed i n thi s

paper by the cl o 2uni t

i ntroduced by

Gagge et al

. (1941) .

The cl o

i s

defi ned

i n SI

uni t

as

1

cl o =

0.155 m

K/W

The insulation of cl othi ng ensembl es has

been

expressed

i n

di fferent ways

i n

the

l i terature

The cl othing

insulation reported by Gol dman

(1974), Breckenri dge

and Gol dman (1977), Mecheels

and Umbach (1976

;

1979),

and

Holmer

and

El nas

(1981)

were

expressed by the

total

i nsu ati on,

I T

.

The resu ts reported by Nshi et al

.

(1975

;

1976)

were

given as effecti ve

cl othi ng

i nsu ati on,

Total

insul ation (I

) i s the

i nsulati on fromthe ski n surface to

the envi ronment,

i ncl udi ng

the

effect of the

i ncreased surface

area

(fcl )

and the resistance at

the

surf ace of the

clothed

body ( I a ) .

t

-

t

_ _ s o

(4)

I T 0.155 Q

where

IT =

total i nsul ati on,

cl o

Q = dry heat l oss per m2 skin area,

W

2 d

m

i s

=

mean skin temperature,

oC

to =operati ve temperature,

oC

Effecti ve

cl othi ng

insulation

(I

i s

the

i nsulati on

f rom

the ski n to the clothing

surf ace, excluding the ef fect of the

i ncreased surf ace area of the cl othed body

(fcl ) .

I 1

, whi l e

Seppanen et

al

.

(1972) and Sprague and

Munson

(1974) i n thei r

comprehensi ve

col o~hing

studi es used the basi c cl othi ng

i nsu ati on,

I

1 ~ .

Recent

publ i cati ons by

McCullough

et al

.

(1982

;

1983)

and

McCull ough and Won

(1983)

usecboth total and basi c

insulation

479



3/15

t - t

s

n

(5)

I cl e - I T

-

I a

0 .155

Q - I a

where

Icle

=

ef f ecti ve cl othi ng i nsu ati on,

cl o

I = resistance

at

.

the

surface of

the

cl othed body, cl o

a

Intrinsi c or basic

cl othi ng insulation

(I cl )

i s

the

i nsul ati on from

the

ski n to the

cl othi ng surf ace

:

t -

t

.

s o

(6)

I cl - I T -

Ia/fcl

0.155

Q

-

I a/f c1

where

I cl = i ntr i nsi c or

basi c cl othi ng i nsu ati on,

cl o -

f cl =cl othi ng area

factor

.

Cothing area

factor

(fcl )

i s

defi ned as

:

f cl =

Acl /Arl

(7)

where

Acl =

surf ace area of the cl othed

body

A

=

n

surf ace

area

of

the nude body

The fol l owng

equati on provides

the

rel ationship between

I cl ' Icle

and I T

:

I cl =

I cl e

+

I a(1

-

1/f cl )

=I T -

Ia/fcl

(8)

I n the

l i terature

(Fanger

1982

;

ASHRAE

1981) the

fol l owng relati onship

between

I cl

and

fcl

has been

suggested

f cl

=

1

+

0

. 2

I cl

(9)

Wen introducing

thi s i n

Equation

8

and

assumng

I a

= 0. 8

cl o,

the

fol l owng relati onship

i s found

1

+

0 . 2 1c1-

0 .16

Icle -

I cl

+ 0. 2 I cl

(10)

Thi s means that I

7 ~

always

i s smal l er than I

,

because the expressi on

between

parentheses

i s l ess than one

.

cFor I cl values

i n

the

rangec6 . 5 to 2. 0 cl o,

Equation 10,

may be

approximated

by

I cl e

=

0.87

I cl

Under the above

assumption

I cl e

i s

then

about

13 l ower than

I cl

.

The rel ationship

i s i mportant when compari ng

data from

di fferent

studi es

.

Co-values

for

cl othi ng ensembl es

cannot

.

be

compared

wthout

specifying whether

they

refer

to

the total ,

the

ef f ecti ve,

or the

basi c cl othi ng i nsulati on

The

drawback

of

I T i s

that i t i ncludes

i n t he

defi ni ti on

the

surf ace

resistance which i s i nfl uenced

by the ai r veloci ty and temperature

l evel

.

The same

cl othi ng

ensemblemay therefore have a

di fferent clo-value i n

di fferent

envi ronments

.

The drawback of I 1 i s that

i t i gnores

the

i ncreased

surface area

of

the

cl othed

body and i s

i nsuffi ci ent

V

o

provide a

compl ete

simulati on of the heat

transfer process

.

The

basic

i nsu ati on,

I cl , combi ned wth f cl

provides the requ red data

f or

thermal l y characte-

ri si ng

cl othi ng

I n the

present study, measurements

were performed enabl ing


to

be

expressed i n total

(I T

),

effecti ve (I cl ),

and

basic

(I cl ), thermal i nsul ati on The

same

expressi ons

and

methods were used

f or

t e i nsulation of a single garment

where

480



4/15

I

Ti

= total thermal

i nsul ati on of an i ndivi dual

garment

I cl u

-

effecti ve thermal

i nsul ation of an i ndiviual

garment

I cl i

=

basi c thermal

i nsulati on of an i ndi vi dual

garment

MEASUREMENT

The

thermal i nsulati on of the

garments and

ensembles

was measured on a

thermal

m

ni ki n,

which

was

developed f roma di spl ay

m

ni ki n

and consi sts

of a

fi berglass rei nforced

pol yester

shel l

.

The

m

ni ki n

has joi nt s i n the

shou ders,

hi ps,

and

knees

so i t can stand

up,

be

seated, wal k, or cycle on an

ergometer .

The body

i s

di vided

into 16 segments,

each of which

i s

suppl i ed wth

i ts own heating and control

system

To

simu ate

a human

bei ng,

the

control

of the

m

ni ki n i s

arranged

to maintai n

a surface

temperature equal to the

ski n temperature

of a person i n thermal

comort at the actual

acti vi ty .

Thi s

i s

done

by heati ng the

mni ki n

to a f i xed

i nternal

temperature

of 36.40C and providi ng

a thermal resi stance

(electri cal

+ shel l )

equal to 0

.348

cl o between the

i nside

and surf ace of

the

m

n ki n

.

Thi s

resistance

corresponds

approximately

to

the resi stance between

the

deep body

and

ski n of a human bei ng

duri ng

thermal comort

.

The tests reported here

were performed i n a climati c

chamber (Kj eru f -- J ensen

et al

.

1975)

i n

which

the

whole

f l oor

i s used

as an ai r

outl et

.

The ai r

change was

60 h-1 .

The

ai r

vel oci ty waz


5/15

The i ncreased

area

f actor, (fcl ),

was measured on approximately

50 i tems by photographic

techniques

.

For

the

other

garments,

f 7 ~

was evaluated by

means of the measured

values

or

values reported by

McCullough et al

.

T1983a

1983b)

.

The

relati onship

between the thermal

i nsul ation

of

a

garment

and

i ts

weight was

studi ed.

Figure

1

shows the

rel ati onship

between

I cl u

and weight

;

and

i n Table 1, the resu ts

of a l i near regression

are

shown between

both

I -wei ght

and I l -wei ght

.

The

resu ts

of the

measured insulation

values

of

cl othi ng

ensembl es

arel shown

i n

Appendix 2

.

The

thermal i nsu ati on

of approximately 70 cl othi ng

ensembl es

was

measured

usi ng

the method described

earl i er, but onl y some of

the

resu ts

are shown i n

Appendix

2

.

Fi rst , the total

thermal i nsulati on (I T)

was

measured

accordi ng

to Equati on

11, and then

the basi c

(I cl ) i nsulation

was

estimated according to Equation

6 .

The increased

area

factor

(fcl )

was

measured

on

approximately

20

ensembles usi ng

the

method

descri bed

earl i er .

For

the other

ensembl es,

f was

evaluated by means of

themeasured

values or values

reported by McCullough et al

.

(1983, and McCull ough

and

Jones

(1983a) .

The rel ationship

between

the

cl othi ng

area factor

(fcl )

and the

basi c thermal i nsulation

(I l ) was

studi ed.

The data

f rom the present study

are

shown i n

Figure

2, and

the

regression

analysis

i s

shown

i n Table

1 .

The relati onship

between

the basi c

thermal

i nsulation of

a

cl othing

ensemble and the total

weight

of

the ensemble

except shoes i s shown i n Figure

3,

and the regressi on

anal ysi s

i s

shown

i n

Table

1 .

The

rel ati onship

between

basi c

thermal

i nsu a-

t i on I cl

of

an

ensembl e and

the

summation of

the

i ndividual

effecti ve insulation

(EI cl u)

and

the summation of

the

indi vidual basi c

i nsul ati on

values (EI

are

shown i n Fi gures

4

and

5,

respecti vel y

.

The resu ts

of

a l i near regression between

1 1

and

EIcl u

or ZIcl

are

shown i n Table

1 .

Both regression through the

ori gi n

(0 .0) and wth

i ntercept

are shown

DSCUSSION

The most

i mportant

resu t of thi s study i s

the resul t

of

a l i near

regressi on between the

basi c

thermal i nsulation of a

cl othi ng

ensembl e,

I l ,

and

the summation of the

ef f ecti ve

thermal

i nsul ati on

for the

i ndi vi dual

garments,

( E l u)

.

FromTable

1 i t

can be seen that

the basi c

i nsu ati on, I

: ~,

of an

ensemble can be estimated by

j ust

adding together

the effecti ve

insulation (I l u) of each

garment .

Thi s

i s

a very

i mportant

resu t, because

by usi ng thi s

method,

the

t

ermal i nsu ati on of

garments

are based on

the

effecti ve value (Equati on

5)

.

Thus,

i t i s not necessary

to performthe very

ti me-consumng, and

i n some

cases not very

real i sti c,

measurement

of the

cl othi ng

area factor ( f

f or each

garment

.

Wen estimating

the

basic thermal i nsulation

f or a

single

garment

( Icl i ) ,

i t

i s necessary to

measure the

cl othi ng area factor

.

A shi r t by i t sel f wl l

hang loose

on

a thermal

ni ani ki n

and i n many

cases have

an

unreal i sti c

high f

El

-val ue, compared wth

the i nf l uence that a shi r t

tucked

i nto

a

pai r

of trousers

has on t e f 1-val ue

for a cl othi ng ensemble

For

the

human

heat

bal ance

equati on, knowedge of i ndi vi dual

i nsul ation

values

for

each

garment

.

i s not needed

The

values

for a

garment are

onl y

used

f or

i ndividual compari son

of

di fferent garments

and

for

predicti ng

the

thermal

i nsu ati on

of a

whole ensemble I t i s,

however ,

possible to

compare

thermal

i nsul ation of garments

based on

the

effecti ve

i nsu ati on, (I cl u) .

I n

practi ce,

i t

i s

al so much

easi er to

use a simple

summation

of

i nsul ation

values

f or

i ndi vi dual garments

(I

1-

ZIclu)

i nstead

of an equati on where

i t i s necessary to

mul ti pl y

the sum

of

the

i ndividual

values by

a constant (Icl = 0

.82

EI cl i )'

Another

advantage

i s

when

future

garments have to be marked

wth a value

f or

the

thermal

i nsul ation I f the garments

are marked

wth

the

ef f ecti ve thermal i nsulati on

val ue,

I cl

,

then i t wl l

be

easy

for the user

j ust

to add the values when

he/she

wants to

estimate Vhe

thermal i nsulation of

the whole ensembl e,

I

l

.

A

Nordi c

standard

commttee

i s

nowworking

on a standard

for measuring the

thermal i nsulation of cl othi ng

garments and ensembles

.

The

aim

of thi s standard i s al so

to establ i sh a procedure

f or describing the thermal

properti es

(i nsu ati on,

evaporati ve

resi stance,

ai rt i ghtness) of garments

and

how thi s shou d be

i ndi cated

on the

garments

.

I n the

future,

i t

wl l then

be

possible

to see the

garments

l abel l ed wth

the

thermal

properti es along wth the si ze,

washing

i nstr ucti ons,

and

type

of f abr i cs .

Thi s

simple

relati onship

cou d be

expected

when l ooki ng at Equation

10

.

Here i t i s seen

that

I c1_e i s

about 13 l ower than I l

.

Wen

adding

I cl u

for

the single

garments,

thi s should

then

automati cal l y

resul t

i n a 13 Tower sum than

when addi ng I values

.

Wen comparing

relationships

I cl =

0.82 EIcl i

(ASHRAE

1981)

and the present resul t

I c ?~ =

EIclu,

then i t

seems l i ke

I

7~ ~

values

are

about

180 l ower than Icl i val ues

.

Thi s

i s not i n

agreement

wth

the expectedcN

fromEquation 10

.

I n thi s

equati on,

however,

i t

was

assumed that the

i ncrease

i n f was

0

. 2/cl o,

whi le

the

present

resul ts i ndi cate a

relati onship of 0

.26/cl o,

which

can

explai n the di fference

482



6/15

FromFigure 4, i t can be seen that at l ow I

values

(

0. 5

The present study resul ted i n a

relati onship f =

1

+

0.26 I (Tabl e 1) based on

19

cl othi ng

ensembles

i n t he

range of 0. 7

to

2. 4

cl o

.

The

relationship

hasla standard deviation of 0.11,

which i n

practi ce may

not

be

an acceptable predicti on of

the cl othi ng

area

factor

.

A si ml ar

relati onship has been studi ed by

McCul l outh and Jones (1983a) and Sprague

and

Munson

(reported

by

McCull ough

and

Jones 1983a)

.

The

accuracy of predi cti on

based on thei r resu ts was

better

but

i s

based

on

a

narrower

and

l ower

range

of

values

.

A l three studi es

show

however, that

the i ncrease i n fcl per cl o i s greater than the

0

. 2/cl o

or

0. 1/cl o

suggested

by Fanger

(1982) .

The regressi ons

i n Table

1

show a 24-36

i ncrease

i n

fcl

per cl o

.

The

present

study

showed

that I was

i ndependent

of the ambi ent

temperature Thi s may

be due to the constructi on

of the cl i mati c

chamber

.

As the whole floor i s used as an ai r

outl et, there i s a sl ow ai r-f l ow f rom fl oor to cei l i ng

i n

the

same di rection

as the natural

convection

Thi s may resul t i n

a

stabl e boundary l ayer

around

the body at

l ow

ai r

veloci ti es

0 .05

ms),

which i s

not

being changed

by an

i ncreased

At between body and chamber

.

I n other

cl i mati c chambers, the

temperature di fferencemght influence I

, so

i t i s i mportant

to perform

thi s

test

wth a nude

m

n ki n

before

runni ng tests wth cl othi ng

.

Thi s, of course,

has

to be performed onl y once

.

483



7/15

The present data on garment

and

ensembl e clo-values

add

newi nformati on to the l i terature

due to the many

types

of

work cl othi ng and the

higher

i nsul ati on val ues, which have been

i ncluded .

CONCLUSIONS

A very simpl e

rel ati on between the

thermal

i nsul ati on of a

clothi ng

ensembl e (Icl ) and the

thermal

i nsul ati on of

the i ndi vi dual garments

(Icl u)

has been establ i shed

I cl

-

Z

I cl u

where

the thermal i nsulation

of a clothing ensembl e i s

expressed i n basi c insulati on

a r i d

the

thermal

i nsulation

of

a garment i n

ef f ecti ve i nsulati on

Thi s method

al so

faci l i tates the

measurement

of thermal i nsulati on of

i ndi vi dual garments,

I cl u,

because measurement

of

the cl othi ng area f actor, fcl ,

i s avoided

Thi s

rel ation i s

based on measurement

wth 70 cl othi ng ensembl es

i n

the

range

0. 7

to

2

. 6

cl o

.

REFERENCES

ASHRAE.

1981a ASHRAE

handbook--1981

fundamentals . Atl anta Ameri can

Society

of Heati ng,

Refr i gerati ng, and

Ar-Condi ti oning Eng neers, I nc .

ASHRAE

1981b

.

ASHRAE

Standard

55-81 .

Thermal

envi ronmental condi ti ons

f or

human occupancy

.

Atl anta

Ameri can Soci ety of

Heati ng,

Refr i gerati ng, and Ar-Condi ti oning

Eng neers, I nc

.

Breckenri dge, J . R

.

and

Gol dman, R. F

.

1977 Ef f ect of

cl othi ng

on bodi l y

resistance

agai nst

meteorologi cal

sti mu i ,

i n Progress

i n

Human Bometeorology

,

ed

.

J . F

.Tromp,

(Amsterdam

Swei ts

Zei tl i nger),

pp

.194-208

.

Fanger, P . O

.

1982

.

Thermal comort

.

Mal abar,

Flori da Robert E

.

Kri eger

.

Gagge, A. P

. ;

Burton, A.C

;

and Bazett, H. D

1941 .

A

practi cal

system

of

uni ts for the descrip-

ti on of heat exchange of

man wth hi s environment . Sci ence

94,

pp.531-544

.

Gagge,

A. P

. ;

N shi , Y

. ;

and Gonzal ez,

R

. R . 1972 . Standard

effecti ve temperature A single

temperature

i ndex

of

temperature

sensation

and

thermal comort

.

Proceedings

of

CB

London,

13-15 Sep

.

Gol dman, R. F

. 1974 . Cothing

desi gn

for comort and work performance

i n extreme thermal

envi ronment . Transacti ons

of the NewYork Adacem

of

Sci ences , 36,

pp.531-544

.

Holmer ,

I .

and El nas, S

. 1981

.

Physi ol og cal evaluation

of the resistance to

evaporati ve

heat transfer

by cl othing. Ergonomcs

,

24,

pp. 63-74

.

Holmer,

I .

1984 . Required

clothi ng i nsul ati on

IREQas an anal yti cal i ndex of

col d stress .

ASHRAE

Transacti ons , Part 1

.

I SO

1983

.

I SODS 7933

.

Hot envi ronments

- anal yti cal determnation

of thermal

stress

.

International

Standard Ogani zati on,

Geneva

ISO

1984 .

ISO

7730 . Moderate

thermal envi ronments -

Determnati on of the

PMV

and PPD

i ndi ces

and

speci f i cati on

of

the condi ti ons for thermal

comort

.

Internati onal Standard Ogani sati on

Geneva .

Kerul f-J ensen,

P

. ;

Fanger , P . O ; N shi , Y

. ;

and Gagge, A

. P . 1975

Anew

type test chamber

i n

Copenhagen

and New

Haven

f or

common i nvesti gations

of

man s thermal comort and

physi o-

l og cal reacti ons

.

ASHRAE J ournal

,

J an. , pp.65-68

.

McCul l ough,

E

.A ; Arpin,

E

;

J ones,

B

W; Konz, S.A ;

and

Robl es,

F.H

1982.

Heat

transfer

characteri sti cs

of

cl othi ng worn

i n

hot

i ndustri al envi ronments .

ASHRAE Transacti ons ,

Part 1 .

McCul l ough, E

.A

and

Won,

DP

.

1983 .

Insul ati on characteri sti cs

of wnter and summer i ndoor

clothi ng

. ASHRAE

Transacti ons ,

Vol

. 89 .

484



8/15

McCullough, E

.A

;

J ones,

B

.W

;

and Zbi kowski , P . J

.

1983

.

The

effect of garment desi gn on

the

thermal

insulati on

values

of

clothing.

ASHRAE

Transacti ons

,

Vol

.

89

.

McCul l ough,

E

.A

and

J ones,

B

W

1983a

.

Measuri ng and estimati ng the

cl othi ng area

factor .

Techni cal

Report 83--02

.

Insti tute

for Envi ronmental

Research, Kansas

State

Uni versi ty,

Manhattan, Kansas .

McCul l ough, E

.A

and J ones,

B.W

1983b

The effect of garment

desi gn and fabri c thi ckness

and

weight

on the thermal i nsul ati on values of

cl othi ng.

Fi nal report .

Insti tute for

Envi ronmental

Research, Kansas

State

Uni versi ty,

Manhattan,

Kansas

.

Mecheel s,

J

.

and Umbach, K

. -H 1976 .

Thermophysi ologi sche Eigenschaften von

K ei dungssystemen

.

Mei l l i and

texti l beri chte ,

57, pp .1029-1030

.

Mecheel s,

J

.

and

Umbach, K

. -H

1979

.

Bekleidungsphysiologi sche Untersuchungen von

Overal l s .

Untersuchung 79,

W

8820

Hohenstein

Nshi ,

Y

. ;

Gonzal ez,

R.R

;

and Gagge, A. P

.

1975

.

Drectmeasurement

of cl othi ng

heat

transfer

properties

duri ng

sensibl e

and

i nsensi bl e heat exchange wth the

thermal environment .

ASHRAE

Transactions

,

Vol

. 81,

Part

2,

pp.183-199

.

N shi , Y

. ; Gonzal ez,

R

.R

;

Nevi ns,

R . G ;

and Gagge, A

P

1976

.

Fi el dmeasurement of cl othi ng

thermal i nsulati on. ASHRAE

Transacti ons

,

Vol

. 82,

Part 2, pp

. 248-259

.

Oesen, B

W ;

S iwnska, E

Madsen,

T

.L . ; and Fanger, P.O 1982.

Effect of body posture

and acti vi ty

on

the thermal i nsul ati on

of

clothi ng

.

Measurements

by

a

movabl e

thermal

mani kin. ASHRAE

Transacti ons , Vol .

88,

Part 2 .

Oesen, B.W and

Madsen, T . L

.

1983

.

Measurements of

the

thermal i nsulation of clothings

by

a

movabl e

thermal mani ki n.

Presented at the International Conference

Bophysical

and

Physiologi cal Evaluati on

of Protecti ve Cothing

L Insti tut Texti l e de France,

Lyon,

France, J ul y

.

Seppanen, 0 ; McNal l ,

P

.E . ;

Munson, D

M ;

Sprague, C

H 1972 .

Thermal

i nsul ati on val ues

for

typi cal clothi ng ensembles

.

ASHRAE Transacti ons ,

Vol

.

78, Part

1, pp.120-130 .

Sprague, C

H

and Munson,

DM

1974

.

A

composi te

ensemble method for

estimati ng thermal

i nsulation

values

of clothing. ASHRAE Transacti ons

,

Vol

.

80, Part 1, pp.120-129

.

485



9/15

Z

0

t

0

0

0

z

d

6

9

0

S

0

s

9

S

0

E

0

L

s

U

O

L

8

0

S

0

Z

t

y

B

a

u

s

o

H

y

9

E

0

Z

0

9

'

s

a

a

o

j

a

S

E

0

Z

0

l

9

t

y

u

a

N

s

3

4

8

0

9

0

L

O

L

l

e

a

q

u

a

N

S

o

y

L

0

0

l

0

E

O

Z

l

e

e

y

6

e

s

~

~

o

4

Z

Z

W

B

0

Z

O

4

l

a

s

0

y

L

'

0

S

V

S

D

S

H

S

H

Z

0

0

0

O

B

i

v

w

n

w

3

O

E

O

O

O

9

0

9

E

i

u

w

n

w

'

y

Z

6

0

4

0

O

E

l

u

w

n

w

a

L

L

O

O

L

S

8

E

l

u

w

n

w

m

O

O

O

0

Z

0

O

C

7

w

n

w

a

>

o

6

6

0

8

O

Z

4

4

7

w

n

w

'

a

9

i

e

L

w

e

L

M

0

O

0

Z

E

L

l

u

w

n

w

O

9

0

0

6

0

O

4

y

6

N

x

'

u

w

n

w

a

o

S

L

O

0

L

O

Z

Z

L

P

a

a

7

C

Z

0

0

0

4

Z

Z

a

s

n

D

l

e

a

y

Z

L

0

E

0

L

Z

l

e

a

s

s

m

6

w

a

L

0

0

6

0

L

4

Z

l

e

a

d

y

p

s

m

m

w

1

m

O

S

1

N

W

1

V

n

H

H

`

9

E

S

Z

L

l

e

a

I

A

o

S

L

0

h

E

O

4

u

y

w

n

w

p

a

L

4

0

0

0

S

9

t

l

e

l

u

w

n

w

0

S

V

V

H

m

4

0

S

0

S

S

S

l

u

w

n

w

'

s

e

S

8

0

t

0

0

S

l

u

w

n

w

s

e

4

0

0

Z

0

Z

4

S

i

u

w

n

w

s

e

w

c

o

i

l

,

1

0

O

0

Z

E

l

u

w

n

w

s

a

O

L

O

Z

0

0

0

t

4

Z

S

c

e

'

s

s

0

S

H

3

V

n

m

H

H

9

9

0

O

Z

l

u

w

n

w

9

B

0

t

E

0

0

9

l

a

>

a

o

O

d

e

1

9

0

L

0

O

9

s

a

a

o

O

d

e

9

9

0

Z

0

0

9

l

e

p

w

V

a

3

S

1

0

E

0

O

9

s

a

p

w

e

a

e

4

5

0

Z

0

O

9

1

o

i

l

a

l

a

o

d

e

L

O

0

6

0

O

l

u

w

n

w

a

Z

1

0

E

0

0

9

s

a

a

a

o

d

e

L

1

0

Z

0

0

L

l

u

w

n

w

s

U

a

O

O

Z

0

6

0

0

E

t

e

L

m

l

v

w

n

w

e

e

6

4

0

1

0

0

E

w

w

n

w

e

e

8

1

0

9

0

0

9

y

e

a

M

m

a

e

1

1

0

O

O

l

1

O

u

m

9

9

0

S

O

O

4

t

a

u

m

3

S

L

O

0

9

0

O

y

B

a

m

a

e

4

L

O

0

6

0

9

L

9

y

6

a

a

m

C

O

1

0

9

0

Z

l

9

9

e

s

a

Z

E

0

e

0

Z

0

E

q

6

a

1

D

L

6

0

6

0

S

0

9

a

s

a

O

S

H

n

-

H

M

S

1

F

H

S

1

M

O

w

0

M

1

u

a

n

1

W

8

I

1

o

a

I

u

w

W

I

'

O

*

q

o

I

'

O

o

I

u

u

w

E

I

'

O

L

O

0

4

0

0

9

E

a

e

w

e

>

o

H

M

1

9

0

9

0

S

L

y

6

e

m

a

A

w

~

~

M

S

C

O

0

4

0

L

S

)

o

w

~

~

M

l

y

O

a

a

4

E

O

0

L

0

O

W

0

8

l

a

N

o

m

0

0

9

0

Z

6

8

l

a

o

M

t

9

0

0

9

0

0

0

9

j

l

a

~

s

n

o

o

O

M

W

1

1

N

0

0

0

0

K

C

a

p

o

d

e

w

t

Z

6

0

t

S

0

O

E

N

o

M

O

9

0

6

0

0

0

N

o

M

1

0

Z

0

0

6

E

i

o

Z

S

V

9

0

0

O

B

Z

_

a

y

1

L

E

0

B

0

O

6

L

s

e

a

4

9

0

4

0

S

0

1

S

e

E

L

0

O

0

9

0

Z

a

e

~

S

Z

0

0

9

0

0

6

Z

a

y

~

l

6

S

H

H

9

0

B

O

Z

J

e

o

1

4

a

s

6

E

E

O

0

L

0

0

0

Z

J

e

4

a

s

6

U

s

D

t

S

0

6

0

O

6

Z

]

a

J

e

o

3

0

U

S

H

H

L

0

0

L

L

0

9

9

E

s

w

e

U

q

L

6

0

S

0

0

S

E

s

w

e

4

s

S

0

9

Z

4

s

w

g

6

4

Z

s

z

o

o

s

t

o

s

s

s

e

U

y

L

4

0

0

6

0

9

Z

l

4

1

9

6

0

Z

O

O

O

E

s

w

e

u

1

4

E

9

0

0

0

0

0

Z

U

1

L

6

0

S

0

t

Z

s

w

e

1

4

6

6

0

9

0

0

O

1

s

y

e

O

1

0

E

9

0

4

0

1

t

S

Z

s

a

g

9

S1

H

H

M

N

t

0

0

C

0

S

9

9

s

u

s

u

9

4

0

Z

0

O

S

9

s

6

s

u

9

9

0

4

0

L

L

L

s

g

4

O

O

0

E

0

S

4

9

s

6

s

u

E

9

0

0

O

L

E

9

s

6

u

o

9

0

0

0

0

E

0

9

s

6

s

u

9

Z

0

0

8

0

9

0

s

1

4

s

u

S

9

0

4

0

0

0

Z

s

N

C

Z

W

8

0

Z

Z

9

S

b

S

u

Z

9

0

E

0

9

Z

Z

S

a

O

6

O

Z

0

8

L

9

S

O

D

s

u

0

6

0

9

0

L

L

4

S

a

l

6

L

s

v

6

9

0

_

4

0

O

t

9

E

s

o

s

1

S

N

H

m

N

M

O

w

0

6

I

1

0

m

'

O

0

u

d

u

w

m

'

O

u

n

e

w

0

I

u

W

o

~

a

s

u

a

4

w

p

a

n

3

m

S

o

a

O

a

a

w

a

T

o

(

n

u

n

u

9

4

sa

e

4

u

T

Q

a

t

X

G

N

0

ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the internet.


10/15

L

9

9

b

z

6

L

1

1

s

4

a

q

n

u

u

g

s

a

n

z

s

,

a

=

9

9

z

s

i

r

.

r

r

~

e

n

u

f

b

t

4

H

Y

,

s

a

L

a

O

s

a

9

5

b

z

6

z

5

b

z

6

L

f

f

a

s

s

o

z

a

4

3

s

c

q

r

z

a

m

8

L

9

5

6

1

1

~

9

s

t

,

z

i

_

~

~

Y

I

r

r

x

u

}

O

S

P

s

'

a

am

ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Courtesy copy for SSPC 55 Committee to exclusively use for standards development. May not be distributed, reproduced nor placed on the internet.


11/15

APPENDX 2

Thermal

i nsulati on

values

(basi c

i nsu ati on, I

)

f or

cl othi ng

ensembles

.

The numbers after eachcl

i ndi vi dual

garment

refer to

Appendix 1 .

Com

Wight

t

. ,

No Cl othing ensemble

bi na-

t i o n

g

C O m2CW

WORK

CLOTHNG

Underpants 23

434

Trousers 91, Shi rt 70

1105 1, 24 0, 75

0,116

Socks 254 Shoes

255

Underpants 23

429 Shi r t 70, Trousers 91, J acket

151

434 1803

1,29 087 0135

Socks254 Shoes 255

Underpants 23, under shi r t

31

435

Shi r t

70,

trousers 91

429

J acket

151 31

1939

1, 29 0, 98

0,152

Socks

254,

shoes 244

Underpants

23,

423

Shi r t

71, Trousers 92,

j acket

152 1708

1, 36 0, 79

0,122

Socks254

shoes

255

Underpants

23

425

Shi r t

71

Coveral l

113

1633 1,36 0,81 0,126

Socks

254,

shoes

255

Underpants

23

426

Shi r t

71,

Trousers

93

J acket 152

1858

1,30

0, 87

0,135

Socks

254,

shoes 255

Underpants

23

427

Shi r t

70,

' Trousers

91

4

Smock

150

150

1783

1,38

0, 86

U133

Socks

254,

shoes 255

Underpants 23

424

Shi r t

71,

trousers 92

Smock

154

1645 1,4U 0,91 0,141

Socks

254,

shoes

255

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

420

Shi rt 70,

trousers

91

Coveral l 112

2573 1,31

1, 18

0,183

Socks

254,

shoes 255

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

428

Shi r t 71,

trousers 92

Coveral l 113

25~

1,31

1, 05

U163

Socks 254,

shoes 255

Underpants

23

421

Shi rt 70,

trousers

94

J acket

151, coveral l

112

3333

1, 40 1, 33

0,206

Socks 254,

shoes

255

Underpants

20

422

Shi rt 71,

trousers 93

J acket 152,

coveral l

113

2992

1,40 1,25 I 0,194

Socks

254,

shoes

255

Underpants

23

471

Coveral l 255

1031

1, 25 0, 72 0,112

Socks 254

shoes

255

Undersh rt

33, underpants 26

470

Coveral l

120

1344 1,25 0, 84 0,130

Socks 254

shoes

255

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

480 Coveral l 120

1210 1,30 0, 82

0,127

Socks

254 shoes

255

Undersh rt

47,

underpants 48

481

Coveral l 120

1300 1,30 0, 84 0,130

Socks 254 shoes 255 _

Underpants

23,

undersh rt 31

483

Shi rt

73

Coveral l 12U

1430 1,30 0, 94 0,146

Socks 254,

shoes

255

Underpants 44

43U

Shi rt 73, s ki r t 61

J acket

167

976

1,28 U79 0,122

Socks 258,

shoes

255

Underpants

44

4

Shi rt 73, trousers

101

J acket

167

I 1088 1,26

0, 90

0,140

Socks 254,

shoes

255

488



12/15

Com Wight 4 . ,

I

. ,

No

Cl othi ng ensemble bi na-

t i o n 9 C O m2CW

COLDPROTECTIVECLOTHNG

Undersh rt

42,

Underpants 43

400 Coveral l

115 1286 1, 18

1,11

0,172

Socks 254

shoes

255

Undersh rt 42, Underpants 43

401 I nsuated trousers 201, i nsuated

jacket 225 1363

1, 27 1, 20

1,186

Socks

254

Shoes

255 _

Unders hi r t 42, Underpants 43

402

I nsuated

trousers

201,

i nsuated jacket

226

1205

1, 22 0, 85

0,132

Socks 254 shoes 255

Undersh rt

42,

Underpants 43

404

Coveral l

210

Overtrousers

182, overjacket

183

2564

1, 40 0, 88

0,291

Socks

256,

shoes

257

Undersh rt

42,

underpants 43

405

I nsuated trousers

201,

i nsuated trousers 225

2641 1 42 2, 13

0,330

Overtrousers 182,

overjacket

183

Socks

256,

shoes

257

Undersh rt

42,

underpants

43,

406

I nsuated trousers

201, i nsul ated

j acket 225

2490 1, 42 2,41 0,374

Overtrousers

182,

overjacket 183

Socks

254,

shoes 255

Undersh rt

42,

underpants 43

407 I nsuated

trousers 200,

i nsuatedjacket

221

2449 1, 22 1, 40 0,217

Socks254 shoes 255

Undersh rt

42,

underpants 43

408

I nsuated

trousers

200,

i nsuatedjacket

222

2445

1, 22 1, 38

0,214

Socks254 shoes

255

Undersh rt

42,

underpants

43

409

I nsuated

trousers 200,

i nsuatedjacket

222

2631

1

42

2

22

0,344

Overtrousers 182, overjacket 183

Socks

256,

shoes 257

Undersh rt

42,

underpants

43

410

I nsuated trousers 200, i nsuated

jacket

221

2884 1 42 2, 17

0,336

Overtrousers 182,

overjacket 183

Socks 256,

shoes

257

Undersh rt 42,

underpants

43

411

I nsuated trousers 201, i nsuated

jacket 225

2566

1

42 2, 16

0,335

Overtrousers 182, overjacket

183

Socks 256,

shoes

255

Underpants

23,

under shi r t

31

436

Shi rt

70, trousers 91,

J acket

151

2618

1, 36 1, 53 0,237

I nsuated trousers

228,

i nsuated trousers 203

Socks

256,

shoes 257

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

438

Shi rt 70, trousers 91,

2326

1, 30 1, 18

0,183

J acket 151,

thermo-j

228

Socks 256,

Underpants

23, undersh rt 31

439

Shi rt 70, trousers 91,

j acket

151

438

2618 1,35 1,46

0,226

Insuated

trousers

203,

i nsuated jacket 228

203

Socks

256,

shoes

255

Undersh rt

47, underpants 48

481

482

I nsuated trousers

204,


204

1970 1, 32 1, 43

0,222

Coveral l

120

229

Socks

254,

shoes

255

Underpants

23, undersh rt 31

441

Shi rt 70,

trousers 91

-435

2404 1, 36 1, 23 0, 191

J acket

151, i nsuated

jacket

255

225

Socks

256,

shoes

255

Underpants

23, undersh rt 31

Shi rt

70,

trousers

91

441

442 J acket 151, i nsul ated

j acket

225

2

2726

1,35

1,54 0,239

I nsuated

trousers 201

Socks

256 shoes

255

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

Shi rt

70

472 I nsuated jacket 228, i nsuated trousers 203

3257 1,45 2, 26 0,350

Overtrousers

190, overj acket

198

Socks 254 shoes 255

l oves 251 hat

259

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

Shi rt 70

473 I nsuated jacket 228,

i nsuated trousers 203 3697

1, 48 2, 30 0,357

Overtrousers 190, overj acket 188

Socks 254

shoes

255 l oves 251 hat 259

489



13/15

Com

Wight I

. , 1 . ,

No Cl othing ensemb e

bi na-

t i o n g C O MZCW

COLDPROTECTI VE CLOTHNGcont

.

Undersh rt

47,

underpants 48

481

491

Coveral l

120

Overjacket

188

188

251

2920

1, 43 1, 63 0,253

Socks

254,

shoes

255, hat 259,

goves

251

259

Undersh rt

47, underpants 48

492

Coveral l 120, overj acket

188,

overtrousers

190 491

3720

1

49

2

34

0

363

Goves

251, hat

259

190

Socks

259,

shoes

255

Undersh rt

47, underpants 48

493

I nsuated trousers

204,


4390 1 48

2

55

0

395

Overtrousers

190,

overj acket 188

Socks

254,

shoes

255, hat 259,

goves

251

Underpants

23, undersh rt 31

Shi rt 70

474

I nsuatedjacket

228,

i nsuated

trousers 203 3697

1, 49 2, 48 0,384

Overtrousers 190,

overj acket 198

Socks 254 shoes 255 l oves

251 hat

259

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

475

Shi rt 70, trousers

91,

J acket

151

4405 1 49

2 15

0333

Overtrousers

190,

overj acket 189

Socks 254,

shoes

255, goves

251, hat

259

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

476

Shi rt

70, trousers

91,

J acket

151

4T

251

4405

1 48

0

315

Overj acket

188, overtrousers 190

Socks 254,

shoes

255, goves 251,

hat

259

259

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

477

Shi rt 70,

trousers

91, j acket 151

4223 1 45 1

87

U

290

Overj acket 188, overtrousers

190

Socks

254,

shoes

255

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

484

Coveral l 120

I nsuated

trousers 204, i nsuated j acket 229

480

204 1780 1, 35 1, 42 0,220

Socks 254,

shoes

255

229

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

479

Shi rt 70, trousers 91, j acket 151

435

Overj acket 198,

overtrousers 190

1 3U

3783

1, 42 1, 86 0,288

Socks

254,

shoes

151

198

Underpants 23,

undersh rt

31

478

Shi rt 70, trousers

91,

j acket

151

479

Overj acket 198, overtrouse 190

259 3965 1,45 2,02 I

0

313

Socks 254,

shoes

151,

hat

259, goves

251

HEAT

PROTECTI VE

CLOTHNG

Underpants 23, Undersh rt 31

Coveral l 255

480

488

Overtrouse 194, Overj acket 195

194 2710 1, 45 1, 48 0,229

Socks

254,

Shoes

255

195

Underpants

23,

Undersh rt

31

480

489

Coveral l 120

191

4630

1, 50 1, 55 U24U

Overtrouse 191, overjacket 193 193

Shoes 255, Socks 254

CHEMCAL PROTECTIVECLOTHNG

Undersh rt

47,

underpants 48

490 coveral l 120,

coverall 121 421

2640 1, 45 1,42

0,220

Socks 254

shoes

255

RAN

PROTECTIVE

CLOTHNG

Undersh rt

47,

underpants

48

487

I nsuated

trousers 204,


Overtrouse

196,

overjacket 197

1830

1, 45 1,57

0,243

Socks 254,

shoes 255

Underpants

23,

undersh rt

31

486

I nsuated

trousers 204,


Overj acket 197, overtrouse

196

1740

1, 38

1,51

0,234

Socks

254,

Shoes

255

Underpants

23,

under shi r t

31

485

Coveral l 120

Overj acket 197, overtrouse

196

480

196 1960

1, 45

~

1, 29

022

Socks 254, shoes 255

197

-

490



14/15

TABLE 1 .

Resul ts

of

a

l i near

regressi on

between

clothing

area

. factor and

thermal

i nsu ati on,

between

thermal

i nsu ati on

and wei ght,

and between basi c

thermal

i nsu ati on

and

summation of

i nsu ati on

f or garments .

Data Source

Regression

Equati on

Num

R2 Stand . f

-range

I l -range Wight-range

ber Dev

cl c

cl o k

4

Present study

0 .48

Wight

(kg)

I

192 81 0 .14 0

.00-1

.32

0 .02-2 .2

cu

Present study

=

0

.59

Wight

(kg)

I

192

83

0

.16

0

.01-1

. 41 0

.02-2

.2

cl i

McCul l ough et al

.

-

0 .4541

.00

Wight (kg) 80 0 . 1 -0

.63

0. 1 -1 .3

1983

cl i

Present study

=

1 + 0 .26 I 19 90 0 .11 1

.19-1

.49 0 . 7

-2

. 411

McCul l ough et al

.

=

1 + 0 .34 I 21 45 0

. 046

1

.15-1

.37 0

.47-0

.96

1983

c1

1

Sprague & Munson

=

1

+0

.29

I 31 0 . 039

1

. 05-1

.26

0 .21-1

.06

1974

c11

Present study =

0 .57

Wight

(kg) 70 94 0 .38 0 . 7 -2

.06 0. 8 - 4. 5

1

McCul l ough et al

.

I =0

.19

Wight

(kg)

+

0

.28

21

24

0 .47-0

.96 1 .6 -3

. 2

1983

c1

Present study i =1 . 01

E

69 99 0 .17 0 . 7 -2.6l

cl u

Present study

I

=

0 .82

EI

69

99

0 .16 0 . 7 -2.61

cl i

Present study

+

0 . 25=0

.85

EI

69 93

0 .14 0 . 7 -2.6

1

cl u

Present study

+

0

.17

I

= 0 .73

EI

69 92 0

.15

0 . 7 -2.6

c1

cl i

ASHRAE 55-81*

I cl =

0 .82

EIcl i

0

.21-1

.00

Sprague & Munson

+

0 .113 (Men)=0

.727

EI

0 .04 0.48-1 .06

1974

c1

cl i

+ 0 .05 (Wmen

-

0 .770

EI

0

.05 0

. 21-0 .97

cl cl i

*Based

on

the data fromSprague & Munson

1974

o 14

U

H

1 . 2

5 2

1 . 0

f W~

H

C

0 8

0

. 6

E+

W

O

4

( s ,H

f X4 El

Wa

0 2

2

0

H

0

Icl u

-

0

.48-wei ght

e

0

o

o

0

0

2 04

0

6

0

8

1

. 0

1

. 2

1 . 4

1 . 6 1 . 8 2. 0 kg

WGHT

OF

GARMENT

Figure 1

.

Wight of

garment versus effecti ve thermal i nsulati on,

rclu

491



15/15

U

W

oz

0

H

w

H

x

O

a

U

V

O

H

- - - - Icl =0 .57 weight ,

2

4

r

2

0

W

z

i s

xW .

~. 2 . . '

H

Uo

0

8

(A

H

0

4

D

W

z

0

H 0 QS 1. 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 3 0

3 5

4

0 kg

BASICTHERMAL INSULATIONOF ENSEMBLE,

I

C1

WIGHT

OF ENSEMBLE EXCEPT

SHOES

Fi gure 2

. Basic

thermal i nsul ati on

of

Figure

3

.

Wight

of ensembles

except

shoes

ensembles, I C7

,

versus

cl othi ng

versus

basic

thermal

i nsul ation,

area factor

c1

I

c1

U

w

w

N

w

w

EG

0

H

NH

F

a

z

H

ao

IC

0.82

EIC

I i

c

0 .73 EI

0

.17, 73

EI -C

1+0,17

l i +

0

n

n5 to 15 2n 25 do

CO

U

H5

W

paq 20

y

15

E k

.

0

1

. 0

U)

O

t t I

r F . C l

0

V)

HO

cl

-

1 .00

Iclu

- - - I

C1

=0

.85

I I C1U*0

.25

0 O

5 1 0 1. 5 20 25 de

SUM OF BASCTHERMAL

SUM

OF

EFFECTIVE THERMAL

INSULATON

OF GARMENT

EI ci i

INSULATION

OF

GARMENT,

EIcl u

Fgure4. Summonof

efectivetherm Fgure5 Summonof basictherm

i nsul ati on of

garments, i cl ,

i nsul ati on of

garments,

I cl i ,

versus

thermal

i nsul ati on

V versus the

basi c thermal

ensembles,

I cl

i nsul ati on of ensembles,

I cl


a new and simpler method for estimating the thermal insulation of a clothing ensemble

Documents