a tour of the cell h2

8/8/2019 A Tour of the Cell H2

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A Tour of the Cell

The Cell

Membranes: Structure/Function

Diffusion and Osmosis

Manufacture and Breakdown

Energy, Support, and Movement

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The Cell

A. Cell Theory

B. Classes of Cells

C. Overview of the Cell

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A. Cell Theory

1 . A ll living things are made ofcells

2 . Cells are the basic unit ofstructure and function of allliving things

3 . A ll cells come from pre-existing cells_

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B. Classes of Cells

1 . Prokaryotic (no nucleus)a. bacteria and archaea

b. smaller and simpler

c. 1-10 micrometers

2 . Eukaryotic (true nucleus)a. protists, fungi, plants, and

animals

b. larger and more complex

c.

10

-100

micrometers_


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C. Overview of the Cell

1 . Cell parts are called organelles(mini organs)

2 . General Functions

a. Manufacture

b.Breakdown

c. Energy processing

d. Support and Movement_ Click


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F ACTORY THE CELL

Analogy F unction Part #

a. General F unction: Manufacture

Main office Control center of the cell Nucleus 1Cookbook Carries information that determines traits DNA 2

Hallways Moves materials throughout the cell Rough & Smooth ER 3

Stove Where proteins are made (product) Ribosomes 4

Packaging room Packages and stores some chemicals Golgi body 5

Stove maker Helps to make ribosomes Nucleolus 6

b. General F unction: BreakdownRecycling bin Destroys worn out parts and bacteria Lysosome 7

Storage room Stores food, water, and minerals Vacuole 8

c. General F unction: Energy ProcessingBoiler room Converts sugar fuel to a usable form Mitochondrion 9

Solar panels Converts solar energy to produce sugar Chloroplast (plants) 10

d. General F unction: Support and MovementTent walls Controls what moves into and out of the cell Cell Membrane 11

Tent poles Help support and shape Cytoskeleton 12

Air Contains cell parts Cytoplasm 13Brick wall Protects and supports some cells Cell Wall (plants) 14

Moving truck Move cell through surroundings Cilia &F

lagella 15

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THE END


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Membranes: Structure/ F unction

A. Membrane Structure

B. Types of Transport

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A. Membrane Structure

1 . The cell membrane separatesthe interior of a cell fromits surroundings

a. the membrane acts like alayer of skin

2 . Each membrane is composedof proteins & phospholipids(animals contain cholesterol)

a. forms a phospholipidbilayer that is fluid-like

b. proteins scatteredthroughout floatlike icebergs

c. carbohydrates are alsopresent_

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3 . Membranes are selectivelypermeable (control whatpasses across)

a. small/uncharged moleculescan pass (O 2, CO2, H2O)

b. large/charged moleculescannot pass (proteins,sugars and ions)

4 . Other functions include:

a. enzyme activity

b. cell to cell recognition

c. cell signaling

d. transport of materials_


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B. Types of Transport

1 . Passive transport- diffusionacross a membrane

a. diffusion betweenphospholipids

b. facilitated diffusionthrough proteinchannels_ Click


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2 . A ctive transport- the use ofenergy to move moleculesacross the membrane

a. pumps in the oppositedirection of diffusion

b. sodium-potassium pump_ Click


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3 . Bulk transport- the use ofmembrane vesicles to movelarge particles across themembrane

a. exocytosis- spills contents

outside of the cellb. endocytosis- takes

materials into the cell1 . phagocytosis solid

2. pinocytosis - liquid_

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THE END


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Diffusion and Osmosis

A. Diffusion

B. Osmosis


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A. Diffusion

1 . Particles move from areas ofhigh concentration to areasof low concentration bydiffusion

2 . Equilibrium is reached when

particles are evenly spreadout_

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1 . The diffusion of water iscalled osmosis

a. hypertonic- high solute(low water)

b. hypotonic- low solute(high water)

c. isotonic- equal solute andwater_

B. Osmosis

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2 . Osmosis effects the waterbalance of cells

a. animal- prefer isotonic

b. plants- prefer hypotonicenvironments (turgorpressure)

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THE END


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Manufacture and Breakdown

A. The Nucleus

B. Endoplasmic ReticulumC. Golgi Body

D. Vacuoles and Lysosomes

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A. The Nucleus

1 . Nucleus- control centera. surrounded by a nuclear

envelope

b. contains DN A (chromatin)which directs the cellsactivities

c. shaped by nuclear matrix

2 . Nucleolus - makes ribosomes_

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B. Endoplasmic Reticulum

1 . Endoplasmic reticulum-network of passageways

a. rough ER (dotted withribosomes) producesproteins for export

b. smooth ER builds lipidsand detoxifies cell

2 . Ribosomes assemble proteins_

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C. Golgi Body

1 . Golgi body packages productsin membrane-bound vesicles

a. modifies, stores, andtransports_

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D. Vacuoles and Lysosomes

1 . Vacuole- large membrane-bound sacs that store:

a. undigested food & water

b. color pigments & poisons

2 . Lysosome- a vacuole thatcontains digestive enzymes

a. breaks down nutrients,bacteria, and oldorganelles

b. aids in body development_

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THE END


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Energy, Support, and Movement

A. Chloroplasts

B. MitochondriaC. Cytoskeleton

D. Cilia and Flagella

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A. Chloroplast

1 . Chloroplasts convert energyfrom the sun into sugars

a. site of photosynthesis

b. found in plants and algae_

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B. Mitochondria

1 . The mitochondria releasesenergy from sugar

a. site of cellular respiration

b. found in plant A ND animalcells

c. called the powerhouse

d. Cristae folds in innermembrane increasingsurface area_ Click


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2 . Endosymbiont Theory

a. engulfing of prokaryotes

b. mitochondria andchloroplasts have theirown DNA _


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C. Cytoskeleton

1 . The cytoskeleton is a networkof fibers extendingthroughout the cytoplasm

a. microtubules give shape,rigidity, & organization

b. microfilaments enablemovement & shapechange

2 . Centrosome - (microtubules)

a. aids in mitosis

b. contains 2 centrioles inanimals

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D. Cilia and F lagella

1 . Some cells have projectionsthat enable the cell to move

a. cilia- short and numerous,move back-and-forth

b. flagella- long thin whip-

like, move with a S-shaped movement_

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E. Cell Wall

1. Found in Plant cells, but notanimal

2 . Contains pores to allowmaterials to pass

3 . A djacent primary cell walls

glued together by middlelamella

4 . (Different cell walls found inbacteria, archaea, fungi &some algae)

a tour of the cell h2

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