aaf ingles aula01 toddmarshall matprof1

7/25/2019 AAF Ingles Aula01 ToddMarshall MatProf1

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Material 01Ingls

Prof Todd Marshall

Curso: Fiscal

www.lfg.com.br/ www.cursoparaconcursos.com.br

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Livros paraEstudar

Understanding and Using English Grammar,Betty Azar, Longman Advanced Language Practice, Michael Vince,Macmillan Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, Oxford

Useful Sitesfor Vocabulary

www.thesaurus.com

www.wikipedia.comwww.thefreedictionary.comOnline/Hard Copy Dictionaries:

- Macmillan- Longman

Useful sitesfor reading texts

The EconomistBusiness Week

NewsweekTime

The Washington Post

The New York Timeswww.nytimes.com The Wall Street Journalwww.wsj.com The Timeswwwthetimes.co.uk

www.economist.comwww.businessweek.comwww.newsweek.comwww.time.com

www.washingtonpost.com

Main Principles to be Studied

Main Ideas Directly Stated Information Inference Questions

Main Principles to be Studied


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Thesis Statement strategy Verb Tenses

Directly Stated Information

Vocabulary Synonyms Modal Verb usage

Inference Questions

True / False questions Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

Main Ideas Main ideas of texts can be found by simply

reading the first sentence of each paragraph anddetermining what the common subject of thesentences is.

Read the first sentence of each passage andchoose which option you feel best describes themain ideas of the following passages.Then read the entire passage and see if you

would change your mind.

Main Ideas

PASSAGE 1:The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World War IIin 1941 is one of uninterrupted growth. Motels (the term comes froma combination of the words motor and hotels) spread from the Westand the Midwest all the way to Maine and Florida. They clusteredalong transcontinental highways such as U.S. Routes 40 and 66 andalong the north-south routes running up and down the east and westcoasts There were 16,000 motels by 1930 and 24,000 by 1940. The

motel industry was one of the few industries that was not hurt by theDepression of the 1930s. In fact, their cheap rates attracted travelerswho had very little money.

What does the passage mainly discuss?a) How the Depression hurt U.S. motelsb) The origin of the word motelsc) Two decades of growth for the motel industry

Main Ideas

PASSAGE 1:The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World War IIin 1941 is one of uninterrupted growth. Motels (the term comes from


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a combination of the words motor and hotels) spread from the Westand the Midwest all the way to Maine and Florida. They clusteredalong transcontinental highways such as U.S. Routes 40 and 66 andalong the north-south routes running up and down the east and westcoasts There were 16,000 motels by 1930 and 24,000 by 1940. Themotel industry was one of the few industries that was not hurt by theDepression of the 1930s. In fact, their cheap rates attracted travelerswho had very little money.

What does the passage mainly discuss?a) How the Depression hurt U.S. motelsb) The origin of the word motelsc) Two decades of growth for the motel industry

Main IdeasPASSAGE 2:An old but still useful proverb states: Beware of oak, it draws thestroke. This saying is particularly handy during thunderstorm season.In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attractmore lightning than do trees with shallow, drier roots. Oaks arearound 50 times more likely to be struck than beeches. Spruces arenearly as safe as beeches. Pine are not as safe as these two but arestill much safer than oaks.

What is the authors main point?

a) Old proverbs often contain important truths.b) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning thanthose with deep roots.c) The deeper a trees roots, the safer it is during a thunderstorm

Main Ideas

PASSAGE 2:An old but still useful proverb states: Beware of oak, it draws thestroke. This saying is particularly handy during thunderstorm season.In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attractmore lightning than do trees with shallow, drier roots. Oaks are

around 50 times more likely to be struck than beeches. Spruces arenearly as safe as beeches. Pine are not as safe as these two but arestill much safer than oaks.

What is the authors main point?a) Old proverbs often contain important truths.b) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning thanthose with deep roots.c) The deeper a trees roots, the safer it is during a thunderstorm

Main Ideas

PASSAGE 3:Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea for a


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new type of toy. After the Montgolfier brothers flew the first balloon,toy balloons became popular playthings. In the nineteenth century,soon after railroads and steamboats. The same held true forautomobiles and airplanes in the early twentieth century. Toy rocketsand missiles became popular at the beginning of the space age, andby the 1930s, there were many different versions of space shuttletoys.

The main idea of the passage is that:a) Inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms oftransportation.b) Toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early1900s.c) Toy design has often followed developments in transportation.

Main Ideas

PASSAGE 3:Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea for anew type of toy. After the Montgolfier brothers flew the first balloon,toy balloons became popular playthings. In the nineteenth century,soon after railroads and steamboats. The same held true forautomobiles and airplanes in the early twentieth century. Toy rocketsand missiles became popular at the beginning of the space age, andby the 1930s, there were many different versions of space shuttletoys.

The main idea of the passage is that:a) Inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms oftransportation.b) Toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early1900s.c) Toy design has often followed developments in transportation.

Main Ideas

High level of protectionism (2002)

As a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentinamaintains relatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay butapplies a high tariff on all goods and services coming into Argentina fromcountries outside MERCOSUR.

Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worldscountries, Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5percent last year. As a result, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year.

26- In the main, the text deals witha) Argentinas wages and prices.b) Argentinas trade policy.c) Paraguays high fiscal deficit.d) Brazils financial institutions.


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e) Brazils regulation score.

Main Ideas

High level of protectionism (2002)

As a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentinamaintains relatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay butapplies a high tariff on all goods and services coming into Argentina fromcountries outside MERCOSUR.

Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worldscountries, Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5percent last year. As a result, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year.

26- In the main, the text deals witha) Argentinas wages and prices.b) Argentinas trade policy.c) Paraguays high fiscal deficit.d) Brazils financial institutions.e) Brazils regulation score.

Main Ideas

Verb Tenses

Main ideas also depend heavily on the verb tensesbeing used within the text.

Check the verb tense of the answer and compare itto the verb tense used in the text;If the verb tenses are different, the answer willalways be wrong.

Verb Tenses

Past x Past Perfect x Present Perfect

Present Tense

Verb Tenses


Where is the past tense located on this time line?

Present Tense

Verb Tenses



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Where is the past tense located on this time line?

Present Tense

The government distributed all its funding last month.

Verb Tenses


Where is the past perfect tense located on this timeline?

Present Tense

The government distributed all its funding last month.

Verb Tenses


Where is the past perfect tense located on this timeline?

Present Tense

The government distributed all its funding last month.The government had distributed all its funding before itreceived our NGOs proposal.

Verb Tenses


Where is the present perfect located on this time line?

Present Tense

Verb Tenses


Where is the present perfect tense located on this time line?

Present Tense

The government has already distributed all of its funding.

Verb Tenses



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Compare the Present Perfect Simple to the Present PerfectContinuous. Where is it located on this time line?

Present Tense

Present perfect Continuous

The government has already distributed all of its funding.The government has been distributing all of its funding.

Verb tenses

Analyze the four sentences and identify the key wordsthat tell what tense must be used:

The government distributed all its funding last month.The government had distributed all its funding before itreceived our NGOs proposal.The government has already distributed all of its funding.The government has been distributing all of its funding forone year.

Verb tenses

Analyze the four sentences and identify the key wordsthat tell what tense must be used:

The government distributed all its funding last month.The government had distributed all its funding before itreceived our NGOs proposal.The government has already distributed all of its funding.The government has been distributing all of its funding forone year.

Verb tenses

Fill in the Key Words:

PresentPerfect (9)

AlreadyFor (qty of time)

Before

Verb tenses

Key Words:

PresentPerfect (9)


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AlreadyFor (qty of time)Since (specific time)EverStillNeverYetJustOver/During

BeforeBy the time

In British English:AfterWhen

In American English theseuse simple past on bothsides

Verb Tenses

Venice A Cultural Disneyland?The population of Venice is declining rapidly. In 1950,

there were 130,000 inhabitants. Since then, Venetianshave been leaving/have left their island in ever-increasing numbers and the population has decreasedto 72,000. One of the reasons is the price of propertywhich has been rising/has risen in recent yearsbecause wealthy foreigners have been buying flats andhouses. Many Venetians have been forced to leaveand find cheaper flats on the mainland. Recently, theauthorities have been trying to solve the problem.

Verb Tenses

Venice A Cultural Disneyland?Consequently, new flats were built and money (was) spent onimproving living conditions in some areas. Another problem isthe ever-growing number of tourists. On a bank holiday inMay 1987, a record 66,000 tourists arrived in a single day.Since then that record has been broken many times, and onmany holiday weekends in recent years, the number has risento 100,000. Since the maximum number of tourists that Venicecan absorb is 35,000, it is obvious that the quality of life inVenice over the last decade has been damaged. If the declinein population and the high tourist numbers continue, Venicewill become nothing more than a cultural Disneyland.

Verb tenses


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Future x Future Perfect

Predict what the future will be like.What do you think will change?

in the short term:All virtual information will be placed in clouds on the internet.

in the long term:Computer halograms will replace video conferencing.

What will have changed in our society by the year 2050?One unified system will have begun to govern the entire world.

What is the difference in the verb tenses?

Verb tenses

Future x Future Perfect

Predict what the future will be like.

in the short term:All virtual information will be placed in clouds on the internet in thenear future.

in the long term:Computer hallograms will replace video conferencing in the distantfuture.

What will have changed in our society by the year 2050?One unified system will have begun to govern the entire world by2050.

What is the difference in the verb tenses?

Verb Tenses

Future Tense:

Happens at a given time in the future

Future Perfect:

Happens before a given time in the future

TomorrowDay after tomorrowNextIn / On / At


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Future Perfect

BeforeBy

Verb Tenses

Other expressions that canindicate the future tense, usingthe verb to be:

- is bound to- is likely to- is about to

- is due to- is expected to - is soon to

Verb Tenses

The Workplace of the Future

Ask any IT telecommunications firm what the office of the future (1)will be like and you (2) are likely to get a realistic but fairly short-sightedanswer, mainly because they need to sell the products at their disposal now.However, ask a crystal gazing professor and he or she (3) will have a widergrasp of the concept.

Professor Jeremy Myerson, who runs a Tomorrows office course atthe de Montfort University predicts: Thanks to modern technology, we (4)will have gone back to a more natural pre-industrial, pre-modern way of lifeby the mid-21st century. The modern office is inflexible, structured andencased by technology. But as communication equipment shrinks,everything we need to send or receive can be carried around in somethingas small as a Palmtop. Open-plan, desktop and computer-linked systems (5)will become/will have become things of the past. And going to work inthese weird buildings that we call offices (6) will be as quaint as chuckingsewage into the street.

Verb Tenses

The Workplace of the Future

One leading IT services provider believes that we (7) willbecome less and less dependant on the office concept itself.Technology (8) will dispose of cables and offices. Like ourancestors, we (9) will make all those important businesstransactions in coffee shops. Twenty years on, we (10) will notneed vast numbers of people working in large offices, so wecan move back to the coffee table to do our business. Whatwe all need to ask ourselves though is: (11) Will we be able towork office-less? (12) Will we want to take on the sociologicalimplications, whatever they might be?


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Verb Tenses

Present x Future What do you do on Saturdays?

I teach English on Saturdays.

What are you doing on Saturday?

I am teaching English this Saturday.

What is the difference in these twosentences?

Verb TensesPresent x Future What do you do on Saturdays?

I teach English on Saturdays.(every Saturday)


I am teaching English this Saturday.(only this Saturday)

Verb Tenses


I teach English on Saturdays.


I am teaching English this Saturday.

What are you going to do on Saturday?

I am going to teach English this Saturday.

What is the difference in the future forms of thesethree sentences?

Verb Tenses


I teach English on Saturdays.(Habit / Routine / Do all the time)


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I am teaching English this Saturday.( Absolutely sure this will happen)


I am going to teach English this Saturday.(Plan or Intention / Not 100% sure it will happen)

Verb Tenses

Present x Future



What do you think you will do on Saturday?

I think I will take a trip to the beach.

What is the difference between going to andwill?

Verb Tenses

Present x Future



(Plan or Intention / Not 100% sure it will happen)

What do you think you will do on Saturday?

I think I will take a trip to the beach.

(Immediate decision / Not sure it will happen)

Verb Tenses

Present x Future

What is the difference between the followingtwo sentences?

I think he will study this weekend.

He will study this weekend.


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Verb Tenses

Present x Future

What is the difference between the followingtwo sentences?

I think he will study this weekend.

(Immediate decision / Not sure it will happen)

He will study this weekend.

(Command / No option / Modal Verb Use)Verb Tenses

All Tenses

Present Tense

Future TenseFuture Perfect

Present perfect Continuous

Verb Tenses

Read the text below in order to answer questions 24 to 26. (2002)High level of protectionismAs a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentinamaintainsrelatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariffon allgoods and services coming into Argentina from countries outside MERCOSUR. Thisyear, thecommon external tariff rate for MERCOSUR is 13.5 percent.

Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds countries,Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year. Asaresult, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year. In an effort to stimulate theeconomy,MERCOSUR has allowed Argentina to raise tariffs on consumer goods, in some casesup to 35percent, while eliminating tariffs on capital goods. Argentina maintains some non-tariffbarriers, such as quotas on automobiles. According to the U.S. Department of State,Customsprocedures are opaque and time consuming, thus raising the cost for importers.24- According to the text, Argentinaa) intends to become a member of the MERCOSUR.


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b) has exempted Brazil from paying tariffs on its goods.c) might soon implement some aggressive market reforms.d) has been given a lower score in relation to its trade policy.e) has kept low trade barriers with the American countries.

Verb Tenses

Read the text below in order to answer questions 24 to 26. (2002)High level of protectionismAs a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentinamaintainsrelatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariffon allgoods and services coming into Argentina from countries outside MERCOSUR. This

year, thecommon external tariff rate for MERCOSUR is 13.5 percent.

Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds countries,Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year. Asaresult, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year. In an effort to stimulate theeconomy,MERCOSUR has allowed Argentina to raise tariffs on consumer goods, in some casesup to 35percent, while eliminating tariffs on capital goods. Argentina maintains some non-tariffbarriers, such as quotas on automobiles. According to the U.S. Department of State,

Customsprocedures are opaque and time consuming, thus raising the cost for importers.

24- According to the text, Argentinaa) intends to become a member of the MERCOSUR.b) has exempted Brazil from paying tariffs on its goods.c) might soon implement some aggressive market reforms.d) has been given a lower score in relation to its trade policy.e) has kept low trade barriers with the American countries.

Verb Tenses

Read the text below in order to answer questions 24 to 26. (2002)

High level of protectionismAs a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentinamaintainsrelatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariffon allgoods and services coming into Argentina from countries outside MERCOSUR. Thisyear, thecommon external tariff rate for MERCOSUR is 13.5 percent.

Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds countries,Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year. Asa


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result, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year. In an effort to stimulate theeconomy,MERCOSUR has allowed Argentina to raise tariffs on consumer goods, in some casesup to 35percent, while eliminating tariffs on capital goods. Argentina maintains some non-tariffbarriers, such as quotas on automobiles. According to the U.S. Department of State,Customsprocedures are opaque and time consuming, thus raising the cost for importers.25- Argentinas customs procedures are considered by theU.S. Department of State asa) sluggish and transparent.b) transparent, but obsolete.c) obscure and sluggish.d) innovative, but time-consuming.

e) both well-defined and efficient.Verb Tenses

Read the text below in order to answer questions 24 to 26. (2002)

High level of protectionismAs a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentinamaintainsrelatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariffon allgoods and services coming into Argentina from countries outside MERCOSUR. This

year, thecommon external tariff rate for MERCOSUR is 13.5 percent.

Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds countries,Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year. Asaresult, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year. In an effort to stimulate theeconomy,MERCOSUR has allowed Argentina to raise tariffs on consumer goods, in some casesup to 35percent, while eliminating tariffs on capital goods. Argentina maintains some non-tariffbarriers, such as quotas on automobiles. According to the U.S. Department of State,

Customsprocedures are opaque and time consuming, thus raising the cost for importers.25- Argentinas customs procedures are considered by theU.S. Department of State asa) sluggish and transparent.b) transparent, but obsolete.c) obscure and sluggish.d) innovative, but time-consuming.e) both well-defined and efficient.

Verb Tenses

The future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)


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Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining effectsofinternational competition are focusing attention on the need to create and keep goodjobs, thosefears will eventually give way to worries about the growing shortage of young workers.Oneunavoidable solution: putting older people back to work, whether they like it or not.Indeed,cutting-edge European economies like those of Finland and Denmark have alreadyraised theirretirement ages, reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others areundersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and the Organizationfor

Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recently warned their membersthat theirfuture prosperity depends on a growing contribution from the elderly.This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years has notgoneunremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hit with massiveprotestsagainst pension reforms that would, among other things, have raised the retirement age.

23- According to the text,a) efforts to raise the retirement age have been largely supported.b) there has been a decline in qualified older workers.

c) there has been a shift in a long-held belief concerning retirement.d) ageism in the workplace is a danger to corporate productivity.e) staff-aging issues may soon need to be addressed.

Verb Tenses

The future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)

Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining effectsofinternational competition are focusing attention on the need to create and keep good

jobs,those fears will eventually give way to worries about the growing shortage of youngworkers.One unavoidable solution: putting older people back to work, whether they like it or not.Indeed, cutting-edge European economies like those of Finland and Denmark havealreadyraised their retirement ages, reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement.Others are under severe pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission andtheOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recently warnedtheirmembers that their future prosperity depends on a growing contribution from the elderly.This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years has notgone


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unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hit with massiveprotestsagainst pension reforms that would, among other things, have raised the retirement age.

23- According to the text,a) efforts to raise the retirement age have been largely supported.b) there has been a decline in qualified older workers.c) there has been a shift in a long-held belief concerning retirement.d) ageism in the workplace is a danger to corporate productivity.e) staff-aging issues may soon need to be addressed.

Verb Tenses

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2002)

Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23.Election fears harm Brazilian economyBrazils presidential election does not take place until October, but investors are alreadyvoting with theirfeet at the prospect of victory for the leftwing opposition candidate, Luiz Incio Lula daSilva.The presidential contender from the Workers Party, better known simply as Lula, holdsa commanding leadover Jos Serra, the ruling Social Democratic party candidate. The possibility that Lula,a formermetalworker, will become leader of Latin Americas most important economy has got themarkets which

consider him a leftwing firebrand rattled.Stocks have tumbled and the currency, the real, has slumped in recent weeks. Lastweek, credit ratingagencies which access the ability of borrowers to repay their debt downgradedBrazilian debt. Investorsfear that if Brazil goes off the rails, the rest of Latin America will descend into chaos asthe economiccontagion spreads. Although Argentinians are suffering terribly from economic turmoiland a once-proudcountry is reverting to a barter economy, Argentinas problems have not spread to therest of the continentso far.

21- According to the text, Lulas possible victory in Brazils upcomingpresidential electiona) would avoid economic turmoil.b) might relieve the economic pressure.c) would hardly impact the national economy.d) already worries the markets.e) would underpin the national growth.

Verb Tenses

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2002)Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23.Election fears harm Brazilian economy


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Brazils presidential election does not take place until October, but investors are alreadyvoting with theirfeet at the prospect of victory for the leftwing opposition candidate, Luiz Incio Lula daSilva.The presidential contender from the Workers Party, better known simply as Lula, holdsa commanding leadover Jos Serra, the ruling Social Democratic party candidate. The possibility that Lula,a formermetalworker, will become leader of Latin Americas most important economy has got themarkets whichconsider him a leftwing firebrand rattled.Stocks have tumbled and the currency, the real, has slumped in recent weeks. Lastweek, credit ratingagencies which access the ability of borrowers to repay their debt downgraded

Brazilian debt. Investorsfear that if Brazil goes off the rails, the rest of Latin America will descend into chaos asthe economiccontagion spreads. Although Argentinians are suffering terribly from economic turmoiland a once-proudcountry is reverting to a barter economy, Argentinas problems have not spread to therest of the continentso far.

21- According to the text, Lulas possible victory in Brazils upcomingpresidential electiona) would avoid economic turmoil.

b) might relieve the economic pressure.c) would hardly impact the national economy.d) already worries the markets.e) would underpin the national growth.

Verb Tenses

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2002)Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23.

Election fears harm Brazilian economyBrazils presidential election does not take place until October, but investors are already

voting with theirfeet at the prospect of victory for the leftwing opposition candidate, Luiz Incio Lula daSilva.The presidential contender from the Workers Party, better known simply as Lula, holdsa commanding leadover Jos Serra, the ruling Social Democratic party candidate. The possibility that Lula,a formermetalworker, will become leader of Latin Americas most important economy has got themarkets whichconsider him a leftwing firebrand rattled.Stocks have tumbled and the currency, the real, has slumped in recent weeks. Lastweek, credit ratingagencies which access the ability of borrowers to repay their debt downgradedBrazilian debt. Investors


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fear that if Brazil goes off the rails, the rest of Latin America will descend into chaos asthe economiccontagion spreads. Although Argentinians are suffering terribly from economic turmoiland a once-proudcountry is reverting to a barter economy, Argentinas problems have not spread to therest of the continentso far.

22- The author says that the Brazilian currency has slumped in recent weeks, whichmeans ita) has suddenly fallen.b) has rallied.c) has not been hit.d) could have been depreciated.

e) has reached its highest quotation.End ofClass 1

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