About OMICS Group

OMICS Group International is an amalgamation of Open Access publications and worldwide international science conferences and events. Established in the year 2007 with the sole aim of making the information on Sciences and technology ‘Open Access’, OMICS Group publishes 400 online open access scholarly journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering, Management and Technology journals. OMICS Group has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on Science & technology to the doorsteps of ordinary men and women. Research Scholars, Students, Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research centers and the industry are main stakeholders that benefitted greatly from this knowledge dissemination. OMICS Group also organizes 300 International conferences annually across the globe, where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions.

About OMICS Group Conferences

OMICS Group International is a pioneer and leading science

event organizer, which publishes around 400 open access

journals and conducts over 300 Medical, Clinical, Engineering,

Life Sciences, Pharma scientific conferences all over the globe

annually with the support of more than 1000 scientific

associations and 30,000 editorial board members and 3.5

million followers to its credit.

OMICS Group has organized 500 conferences, workshops and

national symposiums across the major cities including San

Francisco, Las Vegas, San Antonio, Omaha, Orlando, Raleigh,

Santa Clara, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, United Kingdom,

Valencia, Dubai, Beijing, Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Mumbai.

Bio-Fuels Combustion Research

An Integrative Approach

with a Focus on

The Research Program at the

School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

The University of Oklahoma

Presented by

S. R. Gollahalli Professor and Lesch Centennial Chair

Why Alternative Fuels?

• Global Climate

Change

• Energy Independence

• Oil is a Limited

Resource

Where We Need Alternatives?

• Transportation Sector

– Largest Consumer of Petroleum

– Fastest Growth in Consumption of Petroleum

Biofuels: Best Option Currently

• Little Modification

– Vehicle

– Current Storage

– Infrastructure

• Renewable

• Carbon Neutral

• Low Cost

• Fuels obtained from non-fossil sources.

• Fastest growing alternative energy source in the US* and Europe**

• First generation – Sugars and

vegetable oils

• Second generation – Non-food

(biomass)

• Third-generation – Algae *The National Biodiesel

Board

**European Biodiesel Board

Current techniques

Black Box approach

– require large amounts of fuel and time

– require various testing methods to measure outputs

Input:

• Liquid or Gas Fuel

Engine/

Combustor

Test

Output: • Pollutant

Emissions

• Particulate Matter

• Cetane Number

• Octane Number,

• BHP, etc.

Laboratories

Combustion and Flame Dynamics Lab

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Aero-Propulsion Lab

Fire Research Lab

Focus

To Understand Fundamental

Thermochemical Processes in Bio-

fuel Combustion relative to

Petroleum fuel-Combustion in

Different Combustors

An Integrative Technical

Approach Level A: Laminar flame studies-Chemistry Effects only

Level B: Spray and Turbulent Flames-Controlled understanding of Fluid Mechanics as well Atomization and Phase change effects in addition to Chemistry Effects

Level C: Engine Studies-Practical (Design-Operating Conditions-separately and combined)-Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines

Technical Approach (Cont'

• Level D: Novel Burner Development

(Porous Media Burners)

• Level E: Fire-Safety and Handling

(Pool Fires)

A. Laminar Flame Studies Method for the Rapid Characterization of Combustion

Properties of Liquid Fuels Using a Tubular Burner

Why do we need to develop the technique?

New fuels created in a lab are supplied in small amounts and cannot be run in an engine

Several variables are involved in the internal combustion engine. We want to study the properties attributable to fuel chemical structure.

Experimental Set-up

Heated Lines

CH4

High

Temp

Mixture

Burner

K Type

Thermocouple Flow meter

K Type Thermocouple

K Type Thermocouple

Flow meter

Liquid Test

Fuel

Injection

Air

Flame Images

Methane Pentane*

*0.82 cm3/min liquid fuel flowrate

0

13 mm

CME*

Radiation

• Radiative Heat Fraction

fuelfuel

rad

mLHV

LqF

24''

q’’rad = Radiative heat flux incident on radiometer

L = Radiometer distance from flame

LHVfuel = Lower Heating Value of fuel

mfuel = Mass of fuel injected

Radiation Results

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Toluen

e

Die

sel

CM

E B

100

Ker

osen

e

Met

hanol

Pen

tane

Hex

ane

Hep

tane

Dod

ecan

e

Ra

dia

tiv

e F

rac

tio

n o

f H

ea

t R

ele

as

e

0.82 cc/min

1.60 cc/min

Emissions

xi = molar concentration of species

xCO2 = molar concentration of carbon dioxide

xCO = molar concentration of carbon monoxide

X = number of carbon atoms

MWi = molecular weight of species

MWf = molecular weight of liquid fuel

f

i

COCO

ii

MW

MWX

xx

xEI

2

NO Emissions Results

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Die

sel

CM

E B

100

Met

hanol

Pen

tane

Hex

ane

Hep

tane

Dod

ecan

e

EI N

O (

g/k

g fu

el b

urn

t)

0.82 cc/min

1.60 cc/min

CO Emissions

Laser Diagnostics Setup (OH)

Results – Visible Flame

OH Concentration

LOW

HIGH

CH Radicals

Φ = 3 Φ = 7 The maximum intensity detected was used to normalize

all other detected values.

B. Spray Studies

• Atomization

• Combustion

Experimental Apparatus

• Steel combustion chamber

with windows

– 0.76 x 0.76 x 1.2 (m)

• High temperature air heater

supplies co-flow of air

– Simulates temperature at

the end of compression

stroke in a diesel engine

Instrumentation • Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer

• Measurements of axial velocity and droplet diameter

are made non- intrusively using Doppler effect.

Spray Flames - SMD Radial Profiles

2 cm

3 cm

Radial Location (cm)

SM

D(m

icro

n)

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

No. 2 Diesel Fuel

CME

Radial Location (cm)

SM

D(m

icro

n)

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

No. 2 Diesel Fuel

CME

0.5 cm

1 cm

Radial Location (cm)

SM

D(m

icro

n)

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

No. 2 Diesel Fuel

CME

Radial Location (cm)

SM

D(m

icro

n)

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

No. 2 Diesel Fuel

CME

In-Flame Species Concentration

Profiles

CME Spray Flame

C1. Diesel Engine Studies

• Performance

• Emissions

Apparatus

Single Cylinder Diesel Engine – 17 in3 displacement

– 3000 rpm, 5 hp, air-cooled, direct injection

Raw Vegetable Oils

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 1 2 3 4

HP

BS

FC

(lb

/hp

-hr)

Diesel Baseline

Canola- Diesel

Peanut- Diesel

Raw Vegetable Oils

0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

0 1 2 3 4

HP

NO

x g

/ kg

Fu

el

Effect of Injection Timing on Pressure-Crank

Angle Diagram (CME B100)

C2. Gas Turbine Engine Aero-Propulsion Lab

• Turbine Technologies -SR-30 Gas Turbine • 30 kW

• Single-stage centrifugal turbine compressor (pressure ratio 2.5), single-stage axial flow turbine, annular combustor

• Heavy fuels (jet fuels, kerosene, diesel, biodiesel)

• 6.8 inch diameter, 10.8 inches long

• Air mass flow rate: 1.1 lbm/s

• Maximum thrust: 40 lbf

• Mid-thrust TSFC: 1.2 lbm/hr lbf (mid-thrust)

• Maximum 87,000 RPM

• Maximum turbine inlet temperature of 870°C

• Maximum exhaust gas temperature of 720°C

• Operate at an ambient air temperature between 0°C and 41°C (32°F-106°F).

• Pressures and temperatures at different engine locations, fuel flow rate, thrust, RPM, and oil, fuel, and air supply pressures recorded

Experimental Results

Experimental Results

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31

EI N

O (

g/k

N t

hru

st)

Equivalence Ratio

Jet A

B50 CME

B100 CME

√ Applications have been

realized and are been

developed

√ Household and air

heating systems

√ Gas turbine combustion

chambers

√ Steam generators

D. Novel Burners

Porous Media Media Burners

Test section

Ф1.27 cm

Ф0.64 cm

1012

11

1

2

4

5

3

9

6

1 – Fuel inlet2 – Air inlet3 – Air co-flow Inlet

4 – Settling chamber with marbles

5 – Screen6 – Set screw7 – Injector chamber

8 – Injector 9 – Porous medium housing

10 – Insulation11 – Evaporation PM 12 – Combustion PM

13 – Fiber glass insulation14 – Flame chamber

15 – K-type thermocouple

7 cm

26 cm

24 cm

4.6 cm

20 cm

87

13

14

440 F

15

FLAME LIFT-OFF AND EXTINCTION LIMITS

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

SME CME JET-A

Equ

ival

en

ce R

atio

, ф

Fuel

Lift-off limit

Extinction limit

Lift-off Extinction

√ Incomplete fuel vaporization

√ Higher heat feedback for biodiesel

√ Periasamy and Gollahalli (2007)

RADIATION FRACTION

Equivalence Ratio

Rad

iatio

nF

ractio

n,F

0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 10

0.2

0.4

0.6

CME

SME

JET A

(kg/s)

LHV (J/kg)

l (m)

R (W/m2)

√ Brzustowski (1975)

√ Love et al. (2009)

EMISSION INDEX OF NO

Equivalence Ratio

EIN

O[g

/Kg

Fu

el]

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

SMECMEJET- A

F

NO

COCO

NONO

MW

MWxEI

2

X= Mol fraction of pollutant

x= # of carbon atoms

MW= Molecular weight

√Turns, 2000

√Love et al (2009)

√ jugjai and pjothiya (2006)

√ N2O intermediate mechanism

Infrared images

√ Sme

√ jet-a

E. Biofuel Fire Research

• Handling, Transportation, and Safety of

Biofuels not Understood

• Existing Literature limited to Petroleum

Pool Fires.

• Flash and Fire Points data are scanty.

• Flammability, Ignition, and Extinction are

Characteristics not known.

Flame Appearance (CME

Blends)

Cup Diameter of 4.24 cm

Cup Diameter of 5.72 cm

B0 B25 B50 B75 B10

0

B0 B25 B50 B75 B10

0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

5.72 4.24

Em

issio

n I

nd

ex

(

g-C

O/k

g-f

ue

l)

Cup Diameter (cm)

Canola Methyl Ester

Diesel

B25

B50

B75

CME

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

5.72 4.24

Em

issio

n I

nd

ex

(g-C

O/k

g-f

ue

l)

Cup Diameter (cm)

Soy Methyl Ester

Diesel

B25

B50

B75

SME

0

1

2

3

4

5

5.72 4.24

Em

issio

n I

nd

ex

(

g-N

O/k

g-f

ue

l)

Cup Diameter (cm)

Canola Methyl Ester

Diesel

B25

B50

B75

CME

0

1

2

3

4

5

5.72 4.24

Em

issio

n I

nd

ex

(

g-N

O/k

g-f

ue

l)

Cup Diameter (cm)

Soy Methyl Ester

Diesel

B25

B50

B75

SME

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