abstract book 5-9th august 2013-1

2nd NATIONAL BIOSAFETY CONFERENCE

5- 9th AUGUST, 2013

KENYATTA INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE(KICC), NAIROBI, KENYA

THEME: BIOSAFETY ADVOCACY FOR THE REALIZATION OF VISION 2030

PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS BOOK

Organised by

NATIONAL BIOSAFETY AUTHORITYChampioning for a Biosafe Nation

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2nd NATIONAL BIOSAFETY CONFERENCE

5- 9th AUGUST, 2013

KENYATTA INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE(KICC), NAIROBI, KENYA

THEME: BIOSAFETY ADVOCACY FOR THE REALIZATION OF VISION 2030

PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS BOOK

National Biosafety National Commission Program for Biosafety African AgriculturalAuthority for Science, Technology Systems Technology Foundation

and Innovation

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TABLE OF CONTENTSNational Steering And Scientific Programmes Committee ..................................................................................... 6

Message From The Cabinet Secretary................................................................................................................... 9

Ministry For Education, Science And Technology .................................................................................................. 9

Message From The Principal Secretary ............................................................................................................... 12

Message From The Chief Executive Officer, NBA................................................................................................. 13

Pre-Conference Courses Program....................................................................................................................... 15

Conference Program.......................................................................................................................................... 17

PRE- CONFERENCE COURSES .............................................................................................................................. 24

1. Biotechnology And Biosafety Regulatory Framework In Kenya ........................................................................ 24

2. Introduction To Emergency Response System, PPE And Occupational Health And Safety .............................. 24

3. Biosafety Levels ................................................................................................................................................. 25

4. Detection Methods For Genetically Modified Organisms................................................................................. 25

5. Decontamination And Waste Handling ............................................................................................................. 26

6. Standards For Food And Feed Safety ................................................................................................................ 26

7. Food And Feed Safety Assessment (Risk Analysis) ............................................................................................ 26

8. Transport Of Dangerous Goods Training........................................................................................................... 27

9. Environmental Risk Assessment Of Gm Crops: Case Studies On Non-Target Organisms ................................. 27

10. Developing Institutional Research Compliance Committees ............................................................................ 28

11. Bioethics, Biosecurity And Dual-Use Research Of Concern............................................................................... 28

12. Design, Construction And Management Of High Bio-Containment Facilities ................................................... 29

13. Design And Maintenance Of Isolation Facilities ................................................................................................29

14. Biosafety Cabinets, Fume Hoods & Clean Benches........................................................................................... 30

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS .................................................................................................................................. 31

1. Biosafety Regulartory Framework In Kenya ...................................................................................................... 31

2. Risk Assessment Of Gm Crops: Determining The Likelihood Of Harm.............................................................. 31

3. National Performance Trials Of New Varieties: Implications On Gmo Commercialization............................... 32

OPENING REMARKS BY H.E. HON. WILLIAM RUTO, DEPUTY PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF KENYA...............................7

CLOSING REMARKS..............................................................................................................................................10

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4. Safety Of Genetically Modified Crops: Echoes From The Seralini Publication In 2012..................................... 33

5. Challenges Encountered In Setting Up A Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory In Emerging Economies: The KenyanPerspective ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

8. Reflections On Lone Work With Hazardous Biological Materials And Dual Use............................................... 36

9. Structure And Role Of Institutional Biosafety Committees In Contained Use Applications ............................. 36

10. Biochemical Benefits Of Tea Outweigh Minor Bio-Safety Issues Associated With Its Intake ........................... 37

11. Osrap2.6 Transcription Factor Contributes To Rice Innate Immunity Through Its Interaction With ReceptorFor Activated Kinase-C 1 (Rack1) In Compatible Interactions Targeting The Rice Blast Fungus......................... 38

12. Genotype Independent Embryogenic Callus Induction And Regeneration Frequency Of Ph4 And Dk 8031Hybrid Maize Adapted To Coastal Ecosystem Of Kenya ........................................................................................ 39

13. Yeast Extract Peptone (Yep) Media Promotes Agrobacterium Infectivity In Recalcitrant Tropical Maize InbredLines ......................................................................................................................................................................... 39

14. Importance Of Accreditation In Biosafety ......................................................................................................... 41

15. Quality Assurance For Occupational Health And Safety Administration (Osha) In Morgue: The Impact Of SopDomestication On Implementation And Practice Of Universal Safety Precautions In Kenya.................................. 42

16. Role Of The Media And Communication Networks In Sharing Knowledge On Biotechnology And Biosafety.. 43

17. Myths And Miscommunication; A Challenge In Commercialization ................................................................. 43

18. Of Gmos: A Case Study In Kakamega County .................................................................................................... 43

19. The Ethical Dimension Of Genetically Modified Foods/Organisms (Gmo’s) ..................................................... 44

20. Socio-Economic Considerations Towards Commercialization Of Bt Cotton In Kenya....................................... 44

21. Global And Regional Trends In Commercialization Of Biotech/Gm Crops: 1996-2012..................................... 45

22. Progress In Confined Field Trial Of Africa Biofortified Sorghum In Kenya And Nigeria..................................... 46

23. Biosafety Considerations In The Development Of Drought Tolerant And Insect Protected Maize In Kenya ... 46

24. Biosafety And Bioethics At The International Maize And Wheat Improvement Center (Cimmyt) ................... 47

25. Baseline Studies On Insect Resistance Management Strategy For Bt-Cotton In Kenya.................................... 48

26. Introgression Of Nutritional Traits And Evaluation Of Performance Of Improved Sorghum Expressing TheEnhanced Nutrition .................................................................................................................................................. 48

27. Development Of Transgenic Virus Resistant Cassava Under The Virca Project ................................................ 49

6. Application Of Slipta In Enhancing Biosafety In Global Diseases Detection Division Laboratories Of Cdc Kenya...................................................................................................................................................... ..........347. Poor Chemicals Management: A Potential Health Hazard Among Kenya’s Small Medium Enterprises (Smes).................................................................................................................................................................35

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28. Genetic Transformation Of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) With Chitinase And Chitosanase GenesFor Anthracnose Tolerance...................................................................................................................................... 49

29. Expression Of Drought Induced Genes Enhances Grain Productivity Under Water Limited Environment ...... 50

30. Genetic Transformation Of Bananas For Resistance To Xanthomonas Wilt Disease........................................ 50

31. African Trypanosomiasis Resistance In Cattle By A Transgenic Approach ........................................................ 51

POSTERS AND EXHIBITIONS ............................................................................................................................... 52

Molecular Analysis For Gene Expression Of Beta Carotene Genes In Transgenic Cassava........................................ 52

Latex Agglutination Test Kit For Rapid Diagnosis Of Contagious Caprine-Pleuropneumonia.................................... 52

Gmos: Efficacy, Safety And Profit ............................................................................................................................... 53

Mitigating Health Concerns And Rights Of Consumers In Relation To Gmo Foods ................................................... 53

Biosafety Recognition Awards 2013 ................................................................................................................... 54

2012 Biosafety Recognition Awardees: ...................................................................................................................... 55

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NATIONAL STEERING AND SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES COMMITTEE

NAME INSTITUTION

1. Dr. Willy Tonui National Biosafety Authority, NBA (Chairman)2. Prof. Dorington Ogoyi National Biosafety Authority, NBA (Secretary)3. Mr. Julius Itunga National Biosafety Authority (NBA)4. Mr. David Wafula Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS-Kenya)5. Prof. Theophilus Mutui National Biosafety Authority (NBA)6. Ms. Anne Kamau National Biosafety Authority (NBA)7. Ms. Mariam Ali Mahamud National Biosafety Authority (NBA)8. Mr. Martin Mwirigi Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)9. Ms. Damaris Matoke Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)10. Ms. Rose Nyanga Ministry of Education, Science and Technology11. Ms. Jane Otadoh Ministry of Agriculture12. Ms. Asha B. Mohamed NACOSTI13. Dr. Daniel Kimani Centre for Disease Control (CDC- Kenya)14. Ms. Brenda Obura Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation15. Dr. Ayub Macharia National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)16. Ms. Ephy Khaemba International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)17. Mr. Hillary Sang National Biosafety Authority (NBA)18. Mr. Josphat Muchiri National Biosafety Authority (NBA)19. Mr. Argut Kipturgo Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology20. Dr. Nicholas Mwikwabe Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)21. Dr. Daniel Kimani Centre for Disease Control (CDC- Kenya)22. Mr. Oliver Pyoko National Biosafety Authority (NBA)23. Mr. Sammy Inyasi National Biosafety Authority (NBA)24. Ms. Carole Apunda National Biosafety Authority (NBA)

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MESSAGE FROM THE DEPUTY PRESIDENTREPUBLIC OF KENYA

On behalf of the Government of Kenya, I would like to thank theorganizers of this conference, the second of its kind in Kenya. Inparticular, I would like to thank the National Biosafety Authority (NBA)and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation(NACOSTI) for the roles they have played in implementing theBiosafety Act and the biotechnology policy in Kenya.

The focus of this conference is the important subject of Biosafety. As acountry, Kenya has opted to embrace modern biotechnology. This wasessential for the purposes of, among others, maximizing productivityin agriculture and industry, protecting the environment, conservingbiodiversity, bio-prospecting and generally improving the quality of

human welfare. To achieve this, Kenya is required to effectively implement internationally recognizedlegal and regulatory framework to ensure biosafety. The necessary capacity must also be put in placeto ensure that appropriate safety measures are taken into account at all stages of biotechnology-related product development, commercialization and trade. I am therefore, encouraged and pleased tonote that you are gathered here this week to share experiences and suggestions for a strongframework in the field of biosafety in Kenya.

We do realize that in our country, many academies and universities do not train on topics related toBiosafety. I am glad to note that you have just concluded a two-day pre-conference course programme.Looking at your programme, I am pleased to note that the pre-conference courses included topics onBiohazard waste management, risk assessment concepts and methodologies, emergency responses,engineering design and maintenance and infectious substance shipping and transport. These coursesare needed by most facilities and laboratories in Kenya, and I wish to congratulate NBA on successfulcompletion of the pre-conference courses.

The African region is regularly plagued by a number of life-threatening infections such as typhoid, drug-resistant tuberculosis among others. It is important to note that a lot still needs to be done towardsbuilding the necessary human resources capacities to effectively and safely handle such pathogens. Iam therefore, encouraged and pleased that this conference will explore the risks of biologicalexposures in various occupational settings in Kenya, provide participants with information in handlingand mitigating the effects of highly pathogenic and life-threatening biological agents.

Looking at the programme, I am also impressed to see that we have a whole session on safety andhealth concerns on GMOs. During this session, a panel of experts will discuss public concerns on GMOs.I hope this forum will help many participants to generally understand the concerns of the variousstakeholders and will help NBA to address these issues. Other than this forum we would like ourscientists to constantly assure the public on the safety of GM products. We also welcome the public atlarge to bring forth their concerns and ensure that they justify them so that we work together as anation to define the way forward on GMOs in Kenya.

I am equally encouraged that Laboratory biosecurity and responsible conduct of sciences (or dual useissues) are discussed during the conference. Strengthening biosecurity issues and developing

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biosecurity standards in our laboratories in Kenya, regionally and internationally is an urgentrequirement. Successful implementation of Biosecurity will improve the security of infectious materialsat facilities and during transit within Kenya and elsewhere, be they GM or non-GM derived. Suchsecurity will help protect against the theft or diversion of pathogens, which could be used bybioterrorists or biological weapons proliferators. In addition, Biosecurity standards will help create anational reporting and registration system for facilities that store, use, and/or transport pathogens.

The National Biosafety Authority is making great strides in their role of ensuring and assuring safety inapplication of Biotechnology in the country. This year, the NBA has declared 2013 as the “Year ofBiosafety Advocacy”. As part of Biosafety Advocacy activities, NBA intends to sponsor awarenessseminars and workshops throughout Kenya, support development and implementation of guidelines infacilities undertaking research, testing or commercialization of GMOs and training for InstitutionalBiosafety Committees (IBCs). The expected outcome is to raise awareness and increase generalunderstanding of what Biosafety is throughout Kenya.

It really pleases me to note that within a period of three years of existence NBA has published fourBiosafety Regulations namely: the Contained Use, Environmental Release, Import, Export and Transit,and Labeling Regulations. The Authority has also established a National Biosafety Clearing House andapproved over ten GMO activities for various uses including confined field trials, contained use, importand transit. I urge them to keep up the good work so that they may realize their vision of being aWorld-Class Biosafety Agency. I wish to express my deep gratitude to Ministry of Education, Scienceand Technology for the role they have played towards enhancing biosafety, not only in the country, butalso globally.

In conclusion, I would also like to thank the Board of Management and all the staff of the Authority forthe good work that they are doing and also urge them to work extra hard because they are thebackbone of biosafety in Kenya. I am also pleased to note the involvement of stakeholders in all majoractivities of NBA, and to commend such an undertaking. I believe that it is this kind of teamwork thatwill yield excellent results. My thanks also go to the participants from all over Kenya and beyond forattending this conference.

H.E. HON. WILLIAM RUTO, EGH, EBSDEPUTY PRESIDENT, REPUBLIC OF KENYA

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MESSAGE FROM THE CABINET SECRETARYMINISTRY FOR EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

On behalf of the Ministry for Education, Science and Technology and theNational Biosafety Authority, I welcome you to the 2nd Annual BiosafetyConference.

The focus of this conference is the important subject of Biosafety. As acountry, Kenya has opted to embrace modern biotechnology. I amencouraged and pleased to note that you are gathered here this week toshare experiences and suggestions for a strong framework in the field ofbiosafety in Kenya.

By organizing this conference we hope not only to create awareness but also educate the public onissues of biosafety and the role of National Biosafety Authority. Only a well-informed and educatedpublic can understand and contribute towards our endeavor to create scientific and knowledge savvysociety. As articulated in the constitution, information is a human right and therefore Kenyans deserveto know more about modern biotechnology and its attendant products, genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs).

I would like to thank the Board of Management and all the Staff of the Authority for the good workthat they are doing and also urge them to work extra hard because they are the backbone of biologicalsafety in Kenya.

Many thanks also go to all the participants in this conference. I am also impressed by the involvementof Stakeholders in all major activities of NBA, and to commend such an undertaking. I am confidentthat the interaction and teamwork between stakeholders and NBA will yield excellent results in future.

I wish you all a pleasant week, productive discussions and look forward to the results of theconference.

PROF. JACOB KAIMENYI, EBSCABINET SECRETARY FOR EDUCATION,SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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MESSAGE FROM THE CABINET SECRETARYMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES

I am encouraged and pleased that you have been gathered here thisweek to share experiences and suggestions for a strong framework inthe field of biosafety in Kenya. This conference would not have comeat a better time when capacity to ensure that appropriate safetymeasures are taken into account in all stages of biotechnology-relatedproduct development, commercialization and trade is needed. Iappreciate that these issues are addressed in your conferenceprogramme.

Let me also encourage colleges, universities and institutions todevelop training programmes that train students on topics related toBiosafety. In this regard, I am pleased to note that the National

Biosafety Authority is coming up with a curriculum and guidelines to guide Institutions and universitieson training staff and students. Courses that include Biohazard waste Management, Risk AssessmentConcepts and Methodologies, Emergency responses, Engineering Design and Maintenance andInfectious Substance Shipping and Transport are required by most facilities and laboratories in Kenya. Iam equally impressed that these courses were included as pre-conference courses during thisconference.

Looking at the programme, I can see a whole session on GMO concerns. During this session, expertsand other stakeholders will discuss public concerns about GMOs. I hope you will agree with me thatthis forum will shed light on many issues that the various stakeholders have. I am therefore confidentthat the information shared will help NBA to address these issues in future. However, we still continueto encourage the public to continue to bring forth their concerns and ensure that they justify them sothat we work together as a nation to define the way forward in Kenya. As we are all aware, theprevious cabinet banned importation of genetically modified organisms until such a time that we haveenough information guaranteeing their safety to human health. The challenge to us now is whether wealready have the information or not. I hope by the end of this conference you will have come up withrecommendations based on scientifically verifiable evidence that may inform the review of the ban.

As the Ministry concerned with agricultural research in Kenya, I would like to encourage our scientiststo continue with the good work that they are doing as they continue to confirm to us the safety ofgenetically engineered products.

The National Biosafety Authority has demonstrated through this conference that they are open topromoting an atmosphere of open dialogue in their role of ensuring and assuring safety in applicationof Biotechnology in the country. I urge them to continue on with the same effort, to realize their visionof being a ‘World Class Biosafety Agency’.

As I conclude, I would also like to congratulate the Board of Management and all the staff of theAuthority for hosting this second conference. I am happy to note that this event will be conductedannually and would like to express my support and that of the Ministry of Agriculture in planning futureconferences.

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I have observed with a lot of encouragement that a lot of networking and collaboration has takenplace during this conference. In this regard I wish to encourage more involvement of stakeholders in allmajor activities of NBA. It is through the involvement and teamwork of all stakeholders that we willcontinue to make good gains in promoting good science and regulatory framework in Kenya.

MR. FELIX KOSGEYCABINET SECRETARYMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES

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MESSAGE FROM THE PRINCIPAL SECRETARY

The National Biosafety Authority (NBA) is a state corporation under the MinistryEducation, Science and Technology. NBA is mandated to ensure and assuresafety of human and animal health and provide adequate protection of theenvironment from harmful effects that may result from genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs).

The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology was established to promoteEducation, Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) as the foundation to

which the economic, social, and political pillars are anchored for national development.

Our vision is to have a national culture that prides in and actively promotes science, technology andinnovation and quality higher education, for prosperity and global competitiveness. The integration ofST&I in national productive processes is therefore central to the achievement of the country’s dreamsas outlined in Vision 2030.

Welcome to the second conference on Biosafety in Kenya. I wish to congratulate the NationalBiosafety Authority for hosting this important conference. Biosafety is a new discipline that is takingshape worldwide and we do encourage our institutions to work towards developing a culture in thisvital area. As the concerned parent Ministry, we do encourage all the stakeholders and institutions tobe proactive and be involved in promoting our national regulatory and administrative networks inBiosafety.

It is my hope that the conference will stimulate and inspire innovative thinking in biosafety as an ST&Itool for national development.

PROF. COLLETTE SUDA, PhD, EBSPRINCIPAL SECRETARYMINISTRY FOR EDUCATION, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

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MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, NBA

It gives me great pleasure to be part of this Second Annual National BiosafetyConference. On behalf of the 2nd Annual National Biosafety Conference SteeringCommittee, staff of the National Biosafety Authority and the biosafetyprofessionals worldwide, I wish to welcome you and really acknowledge yourparticipation.

Our mandate at the Authority is to exercise supervision and control over thedevelopment, transfer, handling and use of genetically modified organisms(GMOs) so as to ensure and assure safety of human and animal health andprovide adequate protection of the environment. This is achieved through

promotion of biological safety practices, responsible research and conduct of sciences into the nationalproduction systems for sustainable development and the achievement of the objectives of the KenyaVision 2030.

This conference provides a unique opportunity for all of us in Kenya to take stock of the achievementsthat we have made in implementing our regulatory framework and executing our mandate. At the endof this conference I hope that we shall have identified local, practical and sustainable solutions that willenable us to close key gaps and commit ourselves to action.

This conference brings together diverse stakeholders in the various fields of policy, biotechnology,biosafety and biosecurity, research, agriculture, public and animal health, environment, engineering,industry, academia and the media fraternity under one Conference umbrella “Biosafety Advocacy forrealization of Vision 2030”.

The conference is characterized by two-day pre-conference courses and another two for the mainconference. The pre-conference will feature a number of courses designed to address regulatoryaspects of biosafety. May I take this opportunity to thank all our trainers and facilitators, drawn fromour local institutions, for accepting to support our pre-conference courses.

Some of the topics that will be discussed during the conference include: strengthening laboratorybiosecurity and responsible conduct of sciences or dual use research of concern. The climax of theconference is a plenary session on concerns of GMOs where animate debate is expected fromparliamentarians and other stakeholders. We wish to thank all our speakers and delegates who havecommitted their time and resources towards the success of this conference.

The Conference will culminate in Biosafety Recognition Awards 2013 ceremony. The NBA has created aBiosafety Recognition Award Program to identify and celebrate extraordinary individuals who havemade significant contributions to help others in the field of Biosafety in Kenya and beyond. ThisProgram honours exceptional and inspiring individuals who have made a difference in promotingBiosafety, serve as role models and contribute to food security, the fight against infectious diseases,environmental, animal and public health protection.

The year has been designated globally as the “Year of Biosafety Advocacy” by the Authority. As part ofour Biosafety Advocacy activities, NBA intends to sponsor awareness seminars and workshopsthroughout Kenya; Support development and implementation of guidelines in facilities undertakingresearch, testing or commercialization of GMOs and Training for Institutional Biosafety Committees(IBCs).

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Our success to host this conference was greatly aided by financial support we received from theMinistry of Education, Science and Technology and Program for Biosafety Systems. I wish to thankthem most sincerely.

Sincerely,

Willy Kiprotich Tonui, PhD, RBPChief Executive Officer,National Biosafety Authority

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Pre-Conference Courses Program August 5 - 6, 2013

Date Time Room Pre-Conference Course Course Presenter/s

Mon

day

5thA

ugus

t 20

13

08:00 - 08:30 Registration NBA Secretariat

08:30 - 13:00 Aberdares Biotechnology and BiosafetyRegulatory Framework in Kenya

Prof. Edward Nguu

Prof. D. Ogoyi

14:00 - 17:30 Aberdares Emergency Responses Systems,Personal Protective Equipment andOccupational Health & Safety

Dr. Kiiyukia Ciira

Mr. Charles M. Mburu

08:30 -13:00 Lenana Biosafety Levels.

Detection and Surveillance of GMOs

Mr. Abed Kagundu

Mr. George Ngundo

14:00 - 17:30 Lenana Decontamination and Waste handling Ms. Damaris Matoke

Ms. Milka Mwangi

08:30- 13:00 Taifa Food and Feed Safety Assessment andStandards

Margaret Aleke

Prof. Theophilus Mutui

14:00 - 17:30 Taifa Transport of Biological Materials Juma Bonventure

Nicholas Mwikwabe

Tues

day

6thA

ugus

t 201

2

08:00 - 08:30 Registration NBA Secretariat

08:30 - 13:00 Aberdares Environmental Risk Assessment of GMCrops:

Case studies on non-target Organisms

Dr. M. Wach

Mr. Josphat Muchiri

Ms. Julia Njagi

Mr. Thomas Bwana

14:00 - 17:30 Aberdares Developing Institutional ResearchCompliance Committees

Ms. Ephy Khaemba

Ms. Sylvia Wanjiru

08:30 -13:00 Lenana Transport of Biological Materials Dr. Juma Bonventure

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(continuation) Dr. Nicholas Mwikwabe

14:00 - 17:30 Lenana Bioethics, Biosecurity and Dual UseResearch of concern

Ms. Cecilia Rumberia Mr.Albert Bunyasi

08:30- 13:00 Taifa Design, Construction & Maintenanceof High Bio-containment Facilities.

Design & Maintenance of IsolationFacilities

Dr. David Mburu

Eng. Josphat Wamburu

14:00- 17:30 Taifa Biosafety Cabinets, Fume Hoods &Clean Benches

Mr. Gabriel Okondo

Ms. Beth Njaramba

Feedback forms should be filled after every course

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Conference ProgramWednesday August 7, 2013

Venue: Lenana Hall

SESSION 1: REGISTRATION AND CONFERENCE OPENING CEREMONY

Time Topic Presenter/s Moderator/ Session Chair

08:00 – 08:30 Registration NBA Secretariat Hillary Sang

08:30 – 10.00 Welcome remarks and

Conference opening

Dr Willy K. Tonui,

NBA CEO

Conference KeynoteAddress:

“An overview onimplementation of biosafetysystems in Africa”

Ms. Rachel Shibalira,Biosafety Legal Consultant

Prof. Collette Suda, PrincipalSecretary, State Departmentof Science and Technology

Prof. Jacob Kaimenyi,Cabinet Secretary, Ministryof Education, Science andTechnology

Chief Guest: H.E. Hon.William Samoei arap Ruto,EGH, EBS Deputy PresidentRepublic of Kenya

Dr Willy K. Tonui,

NBA CEO

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10.00- 10.30: GROUP PHOTO AND TEA BREAK

SESSION 2: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETY REGULATION

10:30 – 11:00 Keynote Address:

Science Technology and Innovationfor sustainable development

Prof .Abdulrazak Shaukat,(CEO, NACOSTI)

Prof. Geoffrey Wahungu,

Director General, NEMA

11:00 - 11:20 Biosafety Regulatory Framework inKenya

Prof. D. O. Ogoyi

(NBA)

11:20 – 11:40 Risk Assessment of GM Crops:Determining the Likelihood of Harm

Dr. Michael Wach,

(CERA, USA)

11:40- 12:00 National Performance Trials of NewVarieties: Implications on GMOCommercialization.

Dr. James Onsando

(KEPHIS)

12:00 - 12:20 Confinement facility forexperimental animals towardsdevelopment of GMO animals

Dr. Peter Ithondeka

(DVS)

12.20- 12.40 Safety of Genetically ModifiedCrops: Echoes from the SeraliniPublication in 2012.

Mr. Kennedy Oyugi

(ABSF)

12.40- 13:00 Questions & Answers

13:20- 2:00 LUNCH BREAK

SESSION 3: DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

14:00- 14:30 Keynote address: Improvinginfectious disease surveillance andresponse: an integrated strategyfrom the African region

Kevin De Cock

Head, Global DiseaseDetection Division

(CDC-Kenya)

Pius Makhonge, Director,DOSH

14:30- 14:50 Challenges encountered in settingup a biosafety level 3 laboratory inemerging economies: the Kenyanperspective

Dr. David Mburu

(University of Nairobi)

14:50-15:10 Application of SLIPTA in enhancingbiosafety in Global DiseasesDetection Division laboratories ofCDC Kenya

Abigail Kosgey

(CDC-Kenya)

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15:10 - 15:30 TEA BREAK

SESSION 4: BIORISK MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OFBIOLOGICAL EXPOSURES IN THE WORKPLACE

15:30- 16:00 Keynote address: Main StreamingBiorisk Management andPrevention of Biological exposuresat Work Place

Mr. Daniel Wako,

(CDC-Kenya)

16:00- 16:20 Poor Chemicals Management: APotential Health Hazard AmongKenya’s Small Medium Enterprises(SMEs)

Dr. Ali Adan Ali

(National Museums ofKenya)

16:20-16:40 Reflections on Lone Work WithHazardous Biological Materials andDual Use

Andrew O. Muruka,

(Kemri-Wellcome TrustResearch Programme)

16:40- 17:00 Questions & Answers

END DAY 1 PROGRAM

Thursday August 8, 2013SESSION 5: CAPACITY BUILDING IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETYIN KENYA


08:30-08:50 Capacity building in Biotechnologyand Biosafety in KenyanUniversities

Prof. J. O. Ochanda


Dr. Joseph Mureithi

(KARI)

8.50- 09:10 Structure and role of InstitutionalBiosafety Committees in Containeduse applications

Prof. Theophilus Mutui(NBA)

09:10- 09:30 Biochemical Benefits of Teaoutweigh minor biosafety issuesassociated with its intake.

Dr. Alfred Orina Isaac,(Technical University ofKenya).

09:30- 9.50 OsRap2.6 transcription factorcontributes to rice innate immunitythrough its interaction withReceptor for Activated Kinase-C 1(RACK1) in compatible interactionstargeting the rice blast fungus.

Dr. Mwathi Jane Wamaitha(KARI)

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9.50-10.10 Genotype independentembryogenic callus induction andregeneration frequency of PH4 andDK8031 Hybrid Maize adapted tocoastal ecosystem of Kenya

Laban Mwadime

10.10-10.30 Yeast Extract Peptone (YEP) mediapromotes Agrobacterium infectivityin recalcitrant tropical maize inbredlines

Dr. Sylvester E. Anami

(JKUAT)


10.50- 11:00: TEA BREAK

SESSION 6: QUALITY AND ACCREDITATION SYSTEMS IN LABORATORIES ANDINDUSTRIAL SETTING


11:00- 11:30 Keynote Address: Overview onLaboratory Biorisk Standards

Dr. Juma Bonventure

(WRP, Kenya)

Dr. George Ombakho,

MoEST

11:30- 11:50 Environmental impact assessmentof laboratory facility in Kenya

Prof. Geoffrey Wahungu(NEMA)

11:50-12:10 Importance of Accreditation inBiosafety

Mr. Sammy K. Milgo, KenyaAccreditation Service(KENAS)

12:10- 12:30 Quality assurance for OccupationalHealth and safety administration(OSHA) in morgue

Abed Okoth-Okelloh

(Maseno University)


13:00- 14:00 LUNCH BREAKSESSION 7: ROLE OF THE MEDIA, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMICCONSIDERATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY14.00 -14.30 Key note address: Role of the

Media and communicationnetworks in sharing knowledge onbiotechnology and biosfety

Dr. Margaret Karembu

(ISAAA Africenter)

Mr. Otula Owuor (ScienceAfrica)

14.30 - 14.50 Myths and Miscommunication; Achallenge in commercialization ofGMOs: A case Study in KakamegaCounty

Edwin Madegwa

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14.50 - 15.10 Role of Public participation in policyformulation

Dr. Ann Kingiri (ACTS)

15.10 - 15.30 Ethical Dimensions of GeneticallyModified Organisms

Ms. Virginia Gichuru

(Strathmore University)

15.30 - 15.50 TEA BREAK

15.50 - 16.10 Challenges of reporting newagricultural technology e.g.biotechnology

Mr Gatonye Gatura

(Standard Group)

16.10-16.30 Need for scientists, regulators andjournalists to work together for abiosafe nation

Mr Aghan Daniel

(African Seed TradeAssociation)

16.30- 16.50 Socioeconomic considerations inBiotechnology

Dr. Lydia Miriti

(KARI Thika)

16.50- 17.10 Stewardship in Biotechnology andBiosafety

Dr. Simon Gichuki

(KARI)

17.10- 17.30 Questions & Answers

END DAY 2 PROGRAM

FRIDAY, 9TH AUGUST, 2013SESSION 8: STATUS OF GMOs RESEARCH IN KENYA: COMPLIANCE WITH BIOSAFETYREQUIREMENTS

08:30-09:00 Keynote address: Global Status ofBiotechnology and Biotech crops

Dr. Margaret Karembu,

(ISAAA Africenter)

Dr. Francis Nangayo(AATF)

09:00- 09:20 Progress in Confined Field Trial ofAfrica Bio-fortified Sorghum inKenya and Nigeria

Dr. Silas D. Obukosia

(A-Harvest)

09:20- 09:40 Biosafety considerations in theDevelopment of Drought tolerantand Insect Protected Maize inKenya

Mr. Murega Mwimali,(WEMA Project)

09:40- 10:00 Biosafety and Bioethics at theInternational Maize and WheatImprovement Centre

Dr. Stephen Mugo

(CIMMYT)

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10:00- 10:20 Baseline Studies for InsectResistance Management Strategyfor Bt-Cotton in Kenya

Dr. Charles N. Waturu

(KARI Thika)


10.40- 11:00: TEA BREAK

11:00 – 11:20 Introgression of nutritional traitsand evaluation of performance ofimproved sorghum expressing theenhanced nutrition

Dr. Esther Kimani

(A-Harvest)

Dr. Kiiyukia Ciira (JKUAT)

11:20 – 11:40 Development of transgenic virusresistant cassava under the VIRCAproject

Dr. Douglas W. Miano


11:40 – 12:00 Genetic transformation of sorgum(Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) withchitinase and chitosanase genesfor anthracnose tolerance

Dr. Linus K. Ayoo

(KIRDI)

12:00 – 12:20 Expression of drought inducedgenes enhances grain productivityunder water limited environment

Dr. Stephen Runo (KU)

12:20 – 12:40 Genetic Transformation of Bananasfor resistance to XanthomonasWilt Disease

Dr. Leena Tripathi (ILRI)

12:40 - 13:00 African Trypanosomiasisresistance in cattle by atransgenic approach

Dr. Mingyan Yu (ILRI)


13:20 – 14:00 LUNCH BREAK

SESSION 9: CONCERNS ON GMOsTopic Presenter/s Session Chair

15:00-17:00 Health concerns of GMOs Panel Discussions:Hon. James Nyikal

Prof. Abdulrazak Shaukat,

CEO, NACOSTI

Dr. Kepha Ombacho, Chief

Public Health Officer

Dr. Willy Tonui, CEO, NBA

Dr. Solomon Mpoke, KEMRI

Dr. Simon Mwangi (KMA)

Hon. Wilbur Otichilo

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Conference feedback All participants to fill aquestionnaire

Prof. Dorington Ogoyi

(NBA)Closing Remarks Mr. Felix Kosgey, Cabinet

Secretary - Ministry ofAgriculture, Livestock andFisheries

16:00- 17:30 SESSION 10: CONFERENCE DINNER AND AWARD CEREMONY TO BE HELD ATTHE KICC, LENANA HALL RESTURANT

16.00-16.30: Lecture in Honour of the Late Prof Jesse Machuka (KU) Dr. Richard Oduor(KU)

Outstanding Presenters Awards Biosafety Recognition Awards Schools Biosafety Champions

Awards

Prof. Jacob Kaimenyi,Cabinet Secretary, Ministryof Education, Science andTechnology.

Dr Willy K. Tonui,

CEO NBA

Vote of Thanks Mr. Julius K. Itunga, Director,Finance and Administration -NBA

END OF PROGRAM

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PRE- CONFERENCE COURSES

1. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN KENYA

Prof. Nguu and Prof. Ogoyi

Objectives To equip participants with basic facts on biotechnology development and its potential

applications. To highlight key biosafety concerns on GM development and applications To enlighten participants on current status regulatory framework in Kenya

Contents

The development of modern biotechnology Key concerns on use of modern biotechnology Biosafety Law: Alignments to International Conventions Operationalization of Biosafety Regulatory Framework in Kenya: Where are we?

2. INTRODUCTION TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM, PPE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANDSAFETY

Dr. Kiiyukia and Mr. Charles M. Mburu

Objective:

To summarize the general elements of a health and safety program including emergencypreparedness and use of PPE in workplaces.

Emergency preparedness to deal with biohazards, fire and other related accidents. To develop programs to deal with their workplace safety specific needs.

a) Occupational health and safety:

Identify and characterize workplace hazards Assess risks associated with biohazards Evaluate precautions and preparedness of GMO Identify correct processes and procedures of controlling those hazards associated with

GMFs. Investigation and inspection techniques of accidents and near misses Reduce incidents, accident and injury reporting procedures Planning and budget process elements that affect the OSH program.

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Program overview to control and manage hazardous materials.

b) Emergency preparedness To identify and describe ethical standards for the profession of emergency management of

biohazards. To define and critique definitions of bio-disaster To discuss about the biohazards emergency preparedness To discuss the fire hazards emergency preparedness To discuss and debate hazard-specific and all-hazard emergency approaches to disaster. To describe and critique the comprehensive emergency management approach. To assess the future of emergency management policy and programs of biohazards

c) The personal protective equipment

Explain the importance of wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Types of PPE Identify PPE Responsibilities: management to select PPE appropriately to task and to require

its use, Employees to use selected PPE consistently and correctly Identify some of the uses and limitations of protection provided by specific types of PPE Focusing on common examples of eye/face, head, body, foot, and hand protection Explain the importance of assuring good fit and how to inspect, clean, and maintain PPE Appropriate PPE for handling the bio-hazardous materials

3. BIOSAFETY LEVELS

Mr. Abed Kagundu

Objectives: To carry out a comprehensive analysis of a proposed GM activity to ascertain its safety to

human health and the environment.

Content: Determine the nature of the DNA sequences to be transferred, donor organism of the insert,

pathogenicity of the GMO and potential hazards. Risk assessment determines the containment level/Biosafety level Classification of the contained-use levels

4. DETECTION METHODS FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Mr. George Ngundo

Objectives:

The aim of GMO testing is to mitigate the risk of unapproved GM seeds being

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released in the Kenyan environment.

Content: Sampling methods and sample preparation: Grinding and DNA Extraction Lateral strip test Qualitative and Quantitative PCR tests Interpreting and Reporting Test Results

5. DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE HANDLING

Ms. Damaris Matoke Muhia and Ms. Milka Mwangi

Objectives: To train participants on key waste management processes To explain on the importance of environmental management To enlighten participants on waste regulations in Kenya

Content: Waste definitions and characteristics Train on various waste categories and management processes Guidelines for hazardous waste disinfection, decontamination and disposal Create awareness on biological waste management regulations in Kenya Risks associated with irresponsible waste handling Environmental Management Coordination Act; EMCA 1999

6. STANDARDS FOR FOOD AND FEED SAFETY

Ms. Margaret Aleke

Objective: Create awareness on food/feed safety standards

Content: Create awareness of standards for food and feed derived from recombinant-DNA Create awareness on methods for analysis of foods derived from recombinant DNA

7. FOOD AND FEED SAFETY ASSESSMENT (RISK ANALYSIS)

Dr. Allan Liavoga

Objective: Create understanding of food and feed safety assessment

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Content: Explain risk analysis in food and feed Define food and feed safety; and food safety assessment Explain the different approaches for food and feed safety assessment in conventional foods

and feed derived from recombinant DNA materials.

8. TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS TRAINING

Dr. Juma Bonventure and Dr. Nicholas Mwikwabe

ObjectivesThe objective of the training is to equip the trainees with the requirements of shipping of dangerousgoods as spelled out by the UN, IATA and ICAO as a requirement. The training will be hands own andwill be divided into 6 modules. It will be organized into lectures, exercises and assessments. There willbe a pre and post-assessment and the successful candidates will be awarded a two years certificatefor packaging documenting and shipping dangerous goods as per the internal regulations referredabove.

Content• Module I: Terms Used for Shipping• Module II: Classification of Infectious Substances• Module III: Packaging of Infectious Substances• Module IV: Labeling and Marking Packages• Module V: Shipping Documentation• Module VI: Shipping with dry ice• Module VII: FAQ and tools• Final Assessment• Certificate of Successful Completion

TUESDAY, 6TH AUGUST 2013

9. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GM CROPS: CASE STUDIES ON NON-TARGETORGANISMS

Dr. Michael Wach, Mr. Josphat Muchiri, Ms. Julia Njagi and Mr. Thomas Bwana

Objectives To provide participants with an understanding of the principles of environmental risk

assessment of GM crops. To highlight the use of laboratory and field tests in the assessment of risks to non-target

organisms (NTOs). To use case studies to provide hands-on experience in the risk assessment of insect-resistant

crops.

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Contents Key Considerations in the Environmental Risk Assessment of GM Crops Assessment of Impacts to Herbivorous Insects Assessment of Impacts to Beneficial Insects Use of Field Observations in NTO Risk Assessment Small group exercise--Insect-resistant Crop Case Studies

10. DEVELOPING INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH COMPLIANCE COMMITTEES

Ms. Ephy Khaemba and Ms.Sylvia Wanjiru

ObjectivesTo make participants aware of the legal requirements to establish IBCs before embarking on anygenetic modification work.

Content Composition Functions SOPs / Biosafety Manual

11. BIOETHICS, BIOSECURITY AND DUAL-USE RESEARCH OF CONCERN

Ms. Cecilia Rumberia and Mr. Albert Bunyasi

BioethicsObjectives

The purpose of this course is to provide students with an introduction to the historical andtheoretical foundations of bioethics. To present the basic concepts, principles, and elements ofbioethics

Content The history and development of key international institutions and regulatory documents,

pivotal policies, theoretical frameworks informing international bioethics and research ethics,and case studies of specific areas in international bioethics.

Describe the ethical responsibilities for individuals working with infectious disease agents inthe laboratory.

Outline the ethical issues that concern biosafety and biosecurity Discuss codes of conduct for scientists Identify key international codes and conventions in relation to the safe and ethical use of

biological sciences

BiosecurityObjectives

Develop awareness and understanding of the concepts of biosafety and biosecurity, and its

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relevance to biosecurity within the laboratory. Develop knowledge of approaches to the conduct of biosafety and biosecurity risk

assessments, and be able to provide strategies to appropriately manage these risks.Dual use in researchObjectives

Create awareness on the historical and regulatory perspective of Dual Use Research of Concern Develop awareness and understanding of a range of dual-use conundrums and dilemmas that

arise due to the impact of science and technology on society; Develop awareness and understanding of the ethical, legal and social relevance of dual-use

biosecurity Create an understanding of the regulations governing life science research. Familiarize on the Dual Use Research (DURC) criteria. Steps by the Institution to address the issue of DURC.

12. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BIO-CONTAINMENT FACILITIES

Dr. David Mburu

Objectives To identify factors that governs the design of a high bio-containment facility. To summarize the roles of key professionals involved in setting up a BSL3 laboratory. To outline the significance of the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system in

biosafety. To reinforce the central role of the Building Management System (BMS) as the nerve centre for

a BSL3 facility. To present an operational strategy cognizant with the industry optimal.

Content Design consideration Project management Builder’s requirements Laboratory services matrix HVAC system BMS consideration Facility management

13. DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE OF ISOLATION FACILITIES

Eng. Josphat Wamburu

Objectives To identify factors that governs the design and maintenance of isolation.

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Content Engineering Interventions in IPC (Infection prevention& Control) Design & Maintenance of Contact Isolation Facilities. Design & Maintenance of air-borne Infection Isolation Facilities

14. BIOSAFETY CABINETS, FUME HOODS & CLEAN BENCHES

Mr. Gabriel Okondo and Ms. Beth Njaramba

Objectives• To discuss different types of Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs) and their applications

Content• Selection limitations of BSCs and their application• Proper Use of BSCs• HEPA Filters : How they work• Decontamination and Annual Certification per NSF Std 49, EN Std, etc.

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CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

SESSION 2: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETY REGULATION

BIOSAFETY REGULARTORY FRAMEWORK IN KENYA

Dorington O. Ogoyi, Josphat Muchiri, Theophillus Mutui and Willy Tonui

National Biosafety Authority (Kenya)

The National Biosafety Authority (NBA) was established following the enactment of the Biosafety Act,2009. The Biosafety act provides that the Authority shall; facilitate responsible research into, andminimize risks that may be posed by GMOs to human and animal health and the environment, ensureadequate level of protection for safe transfer, handling and use of GMOs to human and animal healthand the environment and to establish a transparent, science based and predictable process for reviewof applications. Prior to the enactment of the act, Kenya ratified the Categena Protocol on Biosafety(2003) and developed Biotechnology policy (2006) which envisaged the establishment of the NBA.Since its inception, the National Biosafety Authority has developed a number of regulations including;Contained use, Environmental release, Import, Export and transit and Labeling regulations. TheAuthority has since also developed clear guidelines on transparent, science based and predictable riskassessment process which is the basis for approval of applications. A number of applications forcontained use and confined field trials have also been approved by the Authority. Among the productsthat are currently under confined field trials include; Bt-cotton, Bt-maize, water efficient maize forAfrica, biofortified sorghum and virus resistant cassava. So far, there has been no environmentalrelease of GMOs although it is anticipated that some of the products under confined field trials may bereleased in the future after due process of risk assessment. Despite these developments, there are stillmisconceptions about GMOs in the country. NBA intends to enhance understanding of the technologythrough public awareness campaigns and to establish a predictable science based and transparentsystem for the approval process. Challenges towards attainment of this objective will be discussed.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF GM CROPS: DETERMINING THE LIKELIHOOD OF HARM

Michael Wach, J.D., Ph.D., Senior Scientific Program Manager

Assessing potential environmental risks posed by the commercial production of GM crops can bechallenging for regulators, but the Problem Formulation approach can assist regulators in creating ascience-based, transparent process to formulate questions relevant to the risk assessment of GM cropsand to collect and analyze appropriate information to answer those questions. Problem Formulationhas four basic steps. It begins by identifying environmental resources that need protection and then

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determines if there are any causal relationships between these resources and the commercialproduction of a GM crop that could result in harm to the resources. Next comes an evaluation of thelikelihood of a particular harm, followed by a determination of the regulatory significance of any harmthat are likely to occur. Among the four steps in the Problem Formulation approach, the determinationof the likelihood of a particular harm may be the most challenging for regulators, especially whendecisions must be made consistently and transparently. This presentation will provide a review of theProblem Formulation approach and an in-depth discussion of how the likelihood of harms can bedetermined using the “Pathway to Harm” method. Using this method, the likelihood of harms can bedetermined in a systematic way that documents all the data used in the decision making process,resulting in clear, defensible decisions that accurately assess the safety of commercial GM cropproduction.

NATIONAL PERFORMANCE TRIALS OF NEW VARIETIES: IMPLICATIONS ON GMOCOMMERCIALIZATION

Dr. James OnsandoMD, Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), P.O. Box 49592 Nairobi, website: www.kephis.org

Interest for release of genetically modified crops in Kenya has been growing. Kenya’s framework forregulating GMO crops and the roadmap for undertaking the release is clearer now than it was severalyears ago. This is made possible by the existence of international standards as well as domesticstandards and regulations governing this process. This is complemented by existence of regulatorssuch as KEPHIS and NBA. KEPHIS; vigilance on matters of plant health and quality control of agro-inputs, plant variety protection, seed certification and is a member of National Codex Committee andNational Food Safety Coordination Committee. Detailed guidance has been provided by UPOV, OECD,IPPC and CBD. Locally the Biosafety Act, The Standards Act and the Seeds and Plant Varieties Act haveprovided clear steps for commercialization. Fundamental questions have to be asked when proceedingwith release of GM varieties including whether the variety is imported or developed locally, whetherrisk assessment has been conducted and regulatory approval granted by the NBA, whether the varietyhas been described, ownership and whether the variety is an EDV. All varieties should comply withexisting laws and regulations. For this reason, national performance trials and evaluation of DUS mustbe performed for new varieties to give value to farmers and users of the variety. The varietiesevaluated in this manner are released and entered in the official list and may be protected if required.The duration from application to release has generated debate though the regulations have clearlydefined it. This is especially so due to EDV’s where characteristics other than the introduced trait arealready evaluated in a released variety. This may lead to possibility of conducting trials for specialattributes and also possibility of joining NPT’s with CFT’s while considering appropriate local checks.The conduct of NPTS has been elaborated within the general rules of NPT s. Though confinement is notrequired at this level and in order to avoid undue attention or safeguard NPTs it is recommended tosecure the sites by confinement or select sites that can guarantee the trials. Laboratory testing(molecular characterization) will be required on the seed to confirm the presence of the protein andthe gene of interest and to provide additional data for DUS purpose and facilitate seed multiplication.Variety release must be accompanied by appropriate certification, variety maintenance and monitoringprocesses to ensure continued supply of quality seed. Besides, large scale commercialization of avariety in linked to effective variety maintenance and seed production continuum. In the future focusshould be on trials that can generate data for; Scientific technology transfer, Biosafety, National

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Performance evaluation - NPT, Environment safety, Food safety and Socioeconomic considerations.This will save time and maximize use of resources

SAFETY OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS: ECHOES FROM THE SERALINI PUBLICATION IN 2012

Kennedy Oyugi1 and Francis Nang’ayo2

1. African Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum, P. O. Box 66069-00800-Nairobi2. African Agricultural Technology Foundation, P.O. Box 30709 – 00100, Nairobi

Adoption of biotech crops has increased nearly one-hundred fold since 1996 when genetically modified(GM) crops were first commercially grown making modern biotechnology to stand out as one of therapidly adopted technologies in history. In 2012 alone, a total of 17.3 million farmers in 28 countriesgrew biotech crops on an estimated 170 million hectares. This impressive account of GM crops perhapsstems from the twin advantage manifest in their superior performance on one hand and a longstanding record of safety to public and environmental health on the other hand. Indeed, GM productsare subjected to a suite of safety tests in accordance with laid down international standards andprotocols before they are deregulated for public use. However, in September 2012 the scientificcommunity the world over was stunned by a sensational publication by a group of French Scientists ledby Prof Gilles-Eric Seralini describing harmful effects on rats fed diets containing genetically modifiedmaize. This peer-reviewed study (Seralini et al., 2012), attracted wide-ranging global attention fromconsumers, scientists, industry, academia and policy makers. Nearly a dozen professional ToxicologicalSocieties, Food Safety Agencies and Academies of Sciences are on record to have issued ExpertOpinion and Position Statements on this matter. Despite all this, opinion remains divided on thescientific merit and validity of this so called Seralini Study. This dilemma has precipitated far reachingactions such as bans on GM food imports that was once slapped in Russia, and the one that remains inforce in Kenya today. This paper reviews the outcomes of the Seralini Study in light of scientificresponses, opinions and policy implications generated.

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SESSION 3: DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN SETTING UP A BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3 LABORATORY IN EMERGINGECONOMIES: THE KENYAN PERSPECTIVE

David MburuDepartment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University,P. O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100.

Due to a greater awareness of biosafety and biocontainment practices as well as the need to meetregulatory requirements there is a steady increase in the number of operational high containment BSL3facilities in the emerging economies, including Kenya. There are various challenges encountered whensetting up and running a BSL3 facility and the critical ones include lack of expertise and legislation. Thispaper discusses the challenges encountered and at the same time it offers some solutions to the same.In nearly all developing countries there are no specialized national or local authority codes thatspecifically govern the construction and running of high containment facilities, instead, they aregoverned by the general building codes. The available approach when setting up a BSL3 facility locallyis to domesticate guidelines that have been developed in United States, Canada or European Union.Likewise there are almost no construction industry project managers experienced enough to handlesuch projects on their own. For project management the approach is normally to incorporate a BSL3specialist as a consultant on biosafety matters to advice the implementing panel that comprises of anarchitect, mechanical and electrical engineer and quantity surveyor. The BSL3 specialist is normally ascientist with hands on experience of overseeing construction and management of such facilities, andlocally they are very few in existences. Overall, there is urgent need to develop guidelines to regulatethe construction and running of BSL3 facilities and at the same time train the BSL3 specialists.

APPLICATION OF SLIPTA IN ENHANCING BIOSAFETY IN GLOBAL DISEASES DETECTION DIVISIONLABORATORIES OF CDC KENYA

A. Kosgey*2, E. Apondi2, R. Mugoh2, S. Moulid2, P. Ahenda2, E. Ouma2, F. Oyier2, G.Awiti2, N. Wamola2, D.Wako3 J.oundo1, B. Fields1

1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Diagnostics and Laboratory System Program,Nairobi, Kenya.2Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research andPublic health Collaboration, Diagnostics and Laboratory System Program Nairobi, Kenya.3Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Emergency Response unit, Nairobi, Kenya.

INTRODUCTIONA robust institutional biosafety and biosecurity policy is important in mitigating and controlling thespread of infectious diseases. Diagnostics and Laboratory Systems Program (DLSP) of CDC Kenya playsa pivotal role in research and public health collaboration in Kenya and the region. The program iscurrently using the Stepwise Laboratory Improvement Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) approach in

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enhancing biosafety and biosecurity measures as the laboratories work towards ISO 15189accreditation.OBJECTIVEImplement biosafety and biosecurity measures in DLSP Laboratories at CDC Kenya and public healthlaboratories as a component of laboratory systems development and accreditation.METHODOLOGY

Laboratory assessments of the four DLSP laboratories in Kisumu and Nairobi was done using the WHOAFRO checklist. Improvement projects were identified for implementation.RESULTSBiosafety ratings of the respective laboratories were: Kisumu (Enterics 75%, Respiratory 66%, AnimalBSL3 64%, Zoonoses 54%), and Nairobi (Virology 52% and Tabitha clinic laboratory 47%.) Improvementprojects identified include development of biosafety manuals, safety standard operating procedures,training and competency assessment, immunization of laboratory staff, enforcing stringent biosecuritymeasures, enhancing fire safety and emergency response measures. The laboratories should beaccredited at the end of the improvement process. Future activities include joint accreditation withMinistry of Health (MOH) laboratories.CONCLUSIONThe DLSP is effectively using SLIPTA to improve biosafety and Biosecurity levels of its laboratories and

future activities include joint accreditation with MOH laboratoriesREFERENCES: WHO laboratory Quality Management System assessment tool.

SESSION 4: BIORISK MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF BIOLOGICAL EXPOSURES INTHE WORKPLACE

POOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT: A POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARD AMONG KENYA’S SMALL MEDIUMENTERPRISES (SMES)

Ali Adan Ali

National Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya, P.O Box 40658-00100 Nairobi, Email:[email protected] or [email protected]

Kenya’s economy is dependent on agriculture, manufacturing, packaging, tourism, training andresearch sector. All these sectors use enormous quantities of chemicals to improve their products andservices. Many of the small-medium enterprises import and use a variety of chemicals to producegoods and services, where the staff level education is not well enhanced since most of their workersare from vocational institutes where the issue of health and safety is not well grounded. It is importantto note that the Kenya vision 2030 has provided various economic opportunities to make Kenya amiddle economy with improved quality of life for its citizen. However, it is important to point out thatthe country development framework is not strongly driven by green investments framework and as aresult of this, most of the SMEs workers often fail to effectively neither follow instructions on thechemical containers nor understand the potential hazards of careless handling of these chemicals.Additionally, there is little recognition of this problem due to weak enforcements and compliancemeasures by relevant government authorities. For example strategies to reduce the risks posed by

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these chemicals to human and environment, especially those in products including heavy metals likemercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium among others is lacking in many aspects. Another problem is lackof scientific data on the chemicals used by the Kenyan SMEs in terms of estimated chemicals demand,level of substitution, and experience with alternatives for the various product categories (measuringand control devices, batteries, dental use, electrical and electronic devices, lamps/lighting, and otheruses) and process categories (vinyl chloride monomer production, chlor-alkali production, and smallscale/artisanal gold mining). Despite Kenya being a transit for many land locked countries, it lacksadequate national policies, legislations and regulation to effectively deal with the challenge ofchemicals management. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to trigger critical thinking, policydebates, and create awareness on the potential health hazards among the Kenya’s small mediumenterprises.

REFLECTIONS ON LONE WORK WITH HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND DUAL USE

Andrew O. Muruka,Kemri-wellcome trust research programme, P.O Box 230-80108, email: [email protected]; Kilifi-Kenya

In the last few years, there has been increased concern about the possibility of the use of benevolentscientific breakthroughs for malevolent purposes. This has been compounded by insufficientinternational, regional or nationally enforceable policies to guide the rapid and secure growth inscientific research endeavours around the world. Lone work with hazardous biological materials whichpresents multiple opportunities for access to and possibly theft of such materials is reflected upon. It isargued that both Thomas Butler’s case and the Amerithrax attacks may have exploited lone worksituations to deviate from pure benign to more malicious scientific work. Policies that clarify and definehow and when lone work may be conducted and what sort of records and documentation would beneeded are critical during work that is conducted while alone. An example of such policies, the LoneWorking Policy would be more effective at the laboratory level in ensuring and contributing to dualbiosecurity concerns and addressing dual use research dilemmas that may be contemplated.

SESSION 5: CAPACITY BUILDING IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETYIN KENYA

STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY COMMITTEES IN CONTAINED USEAPPLICATIONS

Mutui, T.M., Tonui, W, Ogoyi, D. and J. Muchiri

National Biosafety Authority

National Biosafety Authority was established through Biosafety Act, 2009. Its mandate is to exercisegeneral supervision and control over the transfer, handling and use of genetically modified organisms

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with a view to ensuring safety of human and animal health; provision of an adequate level ofprotection of the environment. Regulation 6 of Contained-use Regulations provides that a researchinstitution undertaking contained use activities shall establish an Institutional Biosafety Committee(IBC). It further states the composition of the IBC. Some key functions of IBC are to advise the researchinstitutions on matters relating to biosafety, to prepare applications for contained use activities andrefer the applications to the Authority for approval, assist their institutions in the establishment of theappropriate monitoring mechanisms for risk assessments and risk management and to review andascertain the suitability of both physical and biological containment and control proceduresappropriate to the level of assessed risk involved in research, development and application activitiesamong others. NBA advises all research institutions dealing in genetically modified organisms tocomply with the law through establishment of IBCs.

BIOCHEMICAL BENEFITS OF TEA OUTWEIGH MINOR BIO-SAFETY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH ITSINTAKE

Alfred Orina Isaac1, Khalid Rashid2,3 and Mercy Chemwotie21. Technical University of Kenya, Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences Po Box 52428 Nairobi2. Egerton University, Po Box 536 Egerton3. Tea Research Foundation, Kericho

Tea is contains compounds with significant downsides such as caffeine. It has also been shown toaffect iron absorption and hence interfere with vital processes that are linked to iron metabolism.However, we have shown quite remarkably that tea anthocyanins, which are powerful antioxidantshave profound benefits to brain function and lipid metabolism. In our studies we investigated theability of Kenyan purple tea ACNs to cross the BBB and boost the brain antioxidant capacity. Mice wereorally administered with purified and characterized Kenyan purple tea ACNs or a combination ofKenyan purple tea ACNs and coenzyme-Q10 at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight in an experiment thatlasted for 15 days. Twenty four hours post the last dosage of antioxidants; CO2 was used to euthanizethe mice after which the brain was excised and used for various biochemical analyses. Brain extractswere analyzed by HPLC for ACN metabolites and spectrophotometry for cellular glutathione (GSH).Kenyan purple tea anthocyanins significantly (p<0.05) raised brain GSH levels implying boost in brainantioxidant capacity. However, co-administration of both antioxidants caused a reduction of thesebeneficial effects implying a negative interaction. Notably, ACN metabolites were detected in braintissue of ACN fed mice. Our results constitute the first demonstration that Kenyan purple tea ACNs cancross the BBB reinforcing the brain’s antioxidant capacity. Hence the need to study them as suitablecandidates for dietary supplements that could support antioxidant capacity in the brain and havepotential to provide neuroprotection in neurodegenerative conditions. In another study, we sought todetermine if anthocyanins can prevent or reverse metabolic disturbances induced by diabetes,including occurrence of diabetic wounds. Oral administration of tea helped alleviate hyperglycaemiaand hypercholesterolemia in a mice model for diabetes. Blood glucose and cholesterol levels werelowered in treated groups compared to controls. PCV levels increased while body weights declined inboth diabetic and healthy mice on tea. Note that, anthocyanin rich tea had the most significant impactcompared to other teas. Anthocyanin rich tea played a significant role in wound closure and ultimatelyfast angiogenesis and wound repair. Histological studies of skin wounds revealed an accelerated

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wound healing in mice supplemented with anthocyanin rich tea as compared to the controls.Granulation tissue contained more collagen and fibroblasts and no inflammatory cells suggesting amore advanced stage of wound healing as compared to controls which had high levels of inflammatorycells. Results of the present study demonstrate that hyperglycaemia is responsible for diabeticcomplications including artheriosclerosis and delayed wound healing. Moreover, these resultsdemonstrate beneficial and significant effects of tea in wound healing and diabetic complications.

OSRAP2.6 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CONTRIBUTES TO RICE INNATE IMMUNITY THROUGH ITSINTERACTION WITH RECEPTOR FOR ACTIVATED KINASE-C 1 (RACK1) IN COMPATIBLE INTERACTIONSTARGETING THE RICE BLAST FUNGUS

Mwathi Jane Wamaitha*1, Risa Yamamoto1, Hann Ling Wong1,2, Tsutomu Kawasaki1,3, Yoji Kawano1 and KoShimamoto1

* Corresponding author, Email; [email protected]. Present address: Kenya AgriculturalResearch Institute, NARL-Biotechlogy Cneter, Nairobi, Kenya1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan2Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900, Malaysia3 Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan

The rice small GTPase OsRac1 is a molecular switch in rice innate immunity. The Receptor for ActivatedKinase C-1 (RACK1) interacts with OsRac1 to suppress the growth of the rice blast fungus, Magnaportheoryzae. RACK1 has two homologs in rice, RACK1A and RACK1B. Overexpressing RACK1A enhancesresistance to the rice blast fungus. However, RACK1A downstream signals are largely unknown. Here,we report the identification of OsRap2.6, a transcription factor that interacts with RACK1A. We found a94% similarity between the OsRap2.6 AP2 domain and Arabidopsis Rap2.6 (AtRap2.6). Bimolecularfluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays in rice protoplasts using tagged OsRap2.6 and RACK1Awith the C-terminal and N-terminal fragments of Venus (Vc/Vn) indicated that OsRap2.6 and RACK1Ainteracted and localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Moreover, OsRap2.6 and OsMAPK3/6interacted in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Expression of defense genes PAL1 and PBZ1 as well asOsRap2.6 was induced after chitin treatment. Disease resistance analysis using OsRap2.6 RNAi andoverexpressing (Ox) plants infected with the rice blast fungus indicated that OsRap2.6 RNAi plantswere highly susceptible, whereas OsRap2.6 Ox plants had an increased resistance to the compatibleblast fungus. Therefore, OsRap2.6 contributes to rice innate immunity through its interaction withRACK1A in compatible interactions.

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GENOTYPE INDEPENDENT EMBRYOGENIC CALLUS INDUCTION AND REGENERATION FREQUENCY OFPH4 AND DK 8031 HYBRID MAIZE ADAPTED TO COASTAL ECOSYSTEM OF KENYA

Laban Mwadime, Muchemi Kariuki Peterson, Allan Jalemba Mgutu, Catherine Taracha, Sylvester ElikanaAnami

Maize (Zea mays) is an important human food, animal feed and energy crop throughout the world.Establishing a reproducible regeneration system is a prerequisite to improve its tolerance to bothabiotic and biotic stresses through recombinant DNA technology. This study provides an evaluation ofimmature zygotic embryos in relation to embryogenic callus production and plant regeneration in PH4and DK 8031 maize genotypes for their use in genetic transformation experiments. Immature zygoticembryos harvested 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 days after pollination (DAP) were cultivated in MS basalmedia complemented either with dicamba or 2,4-D growth regulators. The frequency and fresh mass ofembryogenic callus was evaluated after 7 days in callus induction media. Embryonic callus inductionand fresh weight were dependent on 2,4-D and dicamba growth regulator concentrations (p=0.006and 0.001) in all the genotypes at all the DAP. 12 DAP was determined as the developmental stage forimmature zygotic embryos to induce the highest frequency of embryogenic callus at all the growthregulators concentrations. Embryogenic callus induction and regeneration frequency were genotypeindependent (p=0.209 and 0.136 respectively).The optimal concentrations of growth regulator forinduction of embryogenic calli were 3 mg/L dicamba and 2 mg/L 2, 4-D at all DAP in both the genotypes.This is the first report establishing regeneration protocol for genotypes adapted to coastal region ofKenya. The data demonstrates that yield and yield stability for these genotypes can be improvedthrough the integration of Agrobacterium mediated transformation step.

YEAST EXTRACT PEPTONE (YEP) MEDIA PROMOTES AGROBACTERIUM INFECTIVITY INRECALCITRANT TROPICAL MAIZE INBRED LINES

Sylvester E. Anami 3* Olive Sande1, Allan J. Mgutu1, Jesse Machuka1, Mieke van Lijsebettens4, andCatherine Taracha2

1. Plant Transformation Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University,P.O. BOX 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

2. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), P.O. BOX 57811, Nairobi, Kenya3. The Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Systems Biology, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences,

the Mombasa Polytechnic University College, P.O. BOX 90420-80100 G.P.O. Mombasa, Kenya4. Department Plant Systems Biology, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent,

Belgium

Different evidence indicate that bacterial recognition of susceptible hosts, chemotaxis and subsequentattachment are not the limiting steps in Agrobacterium mediated transformation of monocots.However, tropical maize inbred lines are recalcitrant to Agrobacterium mediated transformationthrough unknown means. Here, three hypotheses were advanced: 1. MS salts do not support theoptimal growth of Agrobacteria. 2. Tropical maize immature embryos produce chemicals that inhibitthe optimal subsistence and ultimately attachment of Agrobacterium to maize cells. 3. WhenAgrobacterium is cultured on an optimal growth medium during infection, its virulence can break-

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through the resistance presented by the maize immature zygotic embryos. Agrobacterium EHA101harboring pTF102 vector at different titers (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% relative to 12 hrs culture) wasevaluated for its ability to attach and infect immature embryos of seven (7) tropical maize inbred linegenotypes (CML216, CML 144, CML 395, T 04, A 04 E 04, TL 21) 18 DAP (days after pollination) onMurashige and Skoog (MS) and Yeast Extract Peptone (YEP) medium. Transient histochemical Gusassays was used to evaluate the successful transfer of gene into plant cells as an indicator of successfulattachment of the Agrobacterium to the plant cells and transfer of T-DNA. Immature zygotic embryosfrom all the genotypes failed to show transient expression of β-glucuronidase gene on MS saltssupplemented either with Dicamba, Picloram and 2, 4-D growth regulators after 12 hrs of co-culture andno Agrobacterium growth was visualized around the immature embryo using a light microscope.Immature zygotic embryos placed on YEP medium containing EHA101 harboring pTF102 vector with orwithout growth regulators showed transient GUS expression and revealed host resistance induction byAgrobacterium as visualized by deep halos around the immature zygotic embryos. The deep halosaround the immature embryos suggest that the chemicals exuded by the immature embryos weretoxic and likely killed the Agrobacterium that were present. Thus, YEP medium is a viable alternative tocommonly used infection and co-cultivation media (MS, LS or N6) in tropical maize tissue culture andthat T-DNA transfer to immature embryo cells occur early before induction of host resistance by theAgrobacterium. The delay of tropical maize immature embryos in inducing resistance againstAgrobacterium provides a window for Agrobacterium attachment, infectivity and subsequent transferof T-DNA. The elucidation of these chemicals might be instrumental in designing theirinhibitors/effectors to enhance Agrobacterium attachment, infectivity and ultimately transformation oftropical maize genotypes. In addition to early activation of the T-DNA transfer process in theAgrobacterium (sometimes using chemical cues like acetosyringone), it is conclusive from this studythat an optimal growth medium (YEP) for Agrobacterium positively influences the ultimate T-DNAtransfer to target tropical maize immature embryo cells.

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SESSION 6: QUALITY AND ACCREDITATION SYSTEMS IN LABORATORIES ANDINDUSTRIAL SETTING

IMPORTANCE OF ACCREDITATION IN BIOSAFETY

Sammy K. MilgoKenya Accreditation Service (KENAS)

A lot of controversy still exists in some countries with regard to the use of genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs).The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety seeks to protect biological diversity from thepotential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. It establishesan advance informed agreement (AIA) procedure for ensuring that countries are provided with theinformation necessary to make informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such organismsinto their territory. The National Biosafety Authority is mandated among other roles to collaborate withrelevant Government Departments and Universities' faculties, to develop strategies in the fields ofBiotechnology & Biochemistry; to co-ordinate Biotechnology & Biosafety issues in the country amongall the relevant stakeholders. In order to get credible, accurate, reliable and trustworthy information,accreditation of GMO inspection, testing and certification facilities are essential for products destinedto countries that have set specifications, standards, regulatory requirements including customerrequirements for purposes of ensuring quality and safety of Genetically modified organisms.Participation in accredited Proficiency Testing programs for GMOs is also a very critical component thatenables testing laboratories analyzing GMO products to demonstrate competence. The growingawareness among the public of the risk associated with biological agents and toxins, formal inspection,testing and certification has created demand for assurance that the biorisk management system iseffectively and efficiently being implemented and that applicable regulatory requirements are fulfilled.This then becomes a public declaration of an organization’s commitment to protect the staff, thecommunity and the wider environment including plants and animals. Accreditation is third partyattestation related to a Conformity Assessment Body (CAB) conveying formal demonstration of itscompetence carry out specific conformity assessment tasks. Accreditation lays emphasis on technicalcompetence of the respective activities for which the CAB is mandated to undertake. This is in terms ofpersonnel and infrastructure that include equipment, methods, procedures and the environmentwithin which the activity is carried out. KENAS was established under the State Corporation’s Act Cap.446, Laws of Kenya as the sole National Accreditation Body mandated by the Government of Kenyavide Legal Notice No. 55 of 2009 to accredit Conformity Assessment Bodies (CABS) that include generaltesting, Laboratories, institutional research laboratories, inspection and certification bodies involved inbiosafety and certification. Accreditation of CABs is carried out against conformity assessmentstandards i.e ISO/IEC 17025,ISO/IEC 17043 and ISO/IEC 17021, ISO/IEC 17024 and applicable regulatoryand customer requirements. Such regulations include those that have established by regulatoryinstitutions such as the National Biosafety Authority. It is for this reason that the quality infrastructureand the regulatory infrastructure must work in synergy for meaningful trade in products and services.

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QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) INMORGUE: THE IMPACT OF SOP DOMESTICATION ON IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICE OFUNIVERSAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN KENYA.

Abel M Okoth-Okelloh, Sydney Ogolla, RosebellaOnyango, Willy Tonui

The growing need for mortuary services in sub-saharan Africa amid competing priorities continue topose occupational health and Safety (OHS) challenges to stakeholders. OHS Administration (OSHA) inthe healthcare sector in sub-Saharan Africa has not only been overlooked on the assumption thathealthcare sector is a ‘safe zone’ given that “health” is its core mandate. Morgues have been sidelinedas resources are allocated to presumed priority areas like maternal and child health, leavingstakeholders exposed to biohazards. Quality implementation of universal safety precautions ishowever critical in such risky work environments. Emerging data raises an alarm. In over 2.3 millionfatalities reported annually in hospital environment related accidents and diseases, morgues are acontributor. However there is lack of information on OHS exposures among mortuary workers in thelight of rapid expansions. This study investigated the quality assurance for OSHA in morguesspecifically the impact of standard operating procedures (SOP) domestication on practice of universalsafety precautions in government mortuaries in Kenya. This was a cross-sectional survey targeting asaturated sample of 39 facilities out of a population of 97 randomly sampled from 3,448 governmenthealth facilities. A research model instrument, the Morgue OHS-Hazard Identification Risk Assessmentand Control (HIRAC) survey developed from the principles of universal mortuary safety precautionswas used to collect data. Factors analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation analyses was used. Theresult shows cases of “Universal Precautions fully in Place” at 9.8%, “Universal Precautions Partially(Certain Elements) in Place” 27.8%, while cases of “No Universal Precautions in Place” at 62.4%. Inaddition, a correlation was observed between the presence of SOPs and the practice of universalprecautions in the morgues (P=0.05) confirming an empirical relationship between SOP domesticationand the practice of universal precautions. The findings are significant in improving quality assurance forOHSA in the mortuaries and healthcare sector in Kenya.

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SESSION 7: ROLE OF THE MEDIA, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMICCONSIDERATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

ROLE OF THE MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS IN SHARING KNOWLEDGE ONBIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETY

Dr. Margaret Karembu, Faith Nguthi and Kwame Ogero – ISAAA [email protected]

highly polarized debate and diverse opinions about modern biotechnology, specifically geneticallymodified crops has raised public anxiety and fears about actual benefits and risks of geneticengineering as a tool for agricultural sustainability. This has reaffirmed the need for greaterstakeholder engagement and participation, continuous and sustained efforts in building public trustand confidence in the technology, policy formulation and regulatory/biosafety decision-makingprocesses. Communication, biosafety, biotechnology, genetically modified crops Effective biosafetycommunication therefore is an essential component of technology acceptance. It is imperative thatscientists get acquainted with principles of effective science communication and the skills and tools topromote public understanding of the innovation process. This can only be realized through bridgingthe gap between scientists and the policy making community in order to formulate and implementpolicies that are timely, demand-driven and evidence-based. Over the last ten years, variouscommunication actors and the mass media have been conducting awareness creation activities with aview to filling this void. What has clearly emerged is that biosafety communication is not an event but aprocess and is much more than reporting a biosafety decision or a product. It requires an audienceperspective and careful planning, preparation and participatory evaluation in order to address theneeds and aspirations of a wide range of stakeholders. This paper examines the communicationmodalities employed by the various communication networks including the mass (and social) media incommunicating biotechnology and biosafety in the country. Planning for effective biosafetycommunication involves preparing the Messenger (Science communicator) the Message (content) andthe Means (delivery channels) of communication.

MYTHS AND MISCOMMUNICATION; A CHALLENGE IN COMMERCIALIZATION

OF GMOS: A CASE STUDY IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY

Edwin Madegwa

This is to study and examine how myths and miscommunication among residents of Kakamega Countyabout GMOs has posed a great challenge to commercialization of GMOs in the county. The studytargeted both men and women, working and jobless who are over 18 years of age residing in KakamegaCounty in the Western region of the Republic of Kenya. Both qualitative and quantitative data werecollected using interview schedules consisting of fixed and open-ended questions administered in faceto face interviews. Stratified random sampling method was used to select the samples for the study,that is, 320 residents drawn from different socio-economic background were interviewed. Thequantitative data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) while the

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qualitative data were analyzed manually. The study showed that various myths and miscommunicationabout GMOs are passed on from generation to generation and thereby interfering withcommercialization of GMOs in Kakamega County. The major one include ; GMOs are products dumpedby Western Countries to Africans with the aim of controlling birth rates i.e. GMOs cause infertility andthe other one being the GMOs are products are associated with devil worshipping. These make themto fear using these goods because they believe they have consequences thereafter. The other findingswas that most of these myths and miscommunication are passed on from generation to generationthereby making these misleading information to spread .However, from the findings of study , therewere viable ways through which the challenges could be addressed. The key ones included using theCBOs, FBOs, NGOs, Youth groups and Women groups to pass the right information to the residentsregarding the GMOs and also creating ways in which more GMOs goods can reach people far andwide so that they can be used to. This study concluded that these myths and miscommunication haveposed a great challenge to commercialization of GMOs in Kakamega County and these challenge canbe addressed effectively. However, effectiveness can be hampered by other constraints.

THE ETHICAL DIMENSION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS/ORGANISMS (GMO’S)

Ms. Virginia GichuruStrathmore University, School of Humanities and Social Sciences

The Kenya Biosafety Act enacted in 2009 is an act of parliament to regulate activities in geneticallymodified organisms. The law now paves the way for Kenya to undertake commercial production ofgenetically modify crops. There is belief that the use of biotechnologies in combination withconventional plant breeding, can contribute to the food security of Africa. Some of these potentialbenefits of biotech crops include tolerance to salinity, resistance to pests, and enhanced nutritionalvalue. Nutritionally enhanced crops are important in developing countries to fight malnutrition and itsrelated diseases. On the other hand the advent of biotech crops has been met with skepticism bydifferent sectors of the public. People want to know whether these crops are safe, cheaper and morenutritious. However, informed decisions about their use have been left to individual countries. InKenya, Genetically modified maize has been imported into the country to meet the current shortfall inthe maize crop. This has been met with certain reservations from the sector of the public. This paperseeks to explore the ethical analysis of the local/current situation in genetically modified foods andmake some recommendations for our Kenyan context.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS TOWARDS COMMERCIALIZATION OF BT COTTON IN KENYA

Lydiah Miriti, John Ndungu and Charles Waturu

The cotton industry in Kenya is one of the sub-sectors targeted for poverty reduction especially in themarginal rainfall areas. It is estimated that about 25% of the country’s population can benefit from thecotton industry. However, analysis of the sub-sector shows a decline in cotton production, mainly dueto high incidences of pests and the high cost in controlling them. This led to the introduction of Btcotton in 2004. This paper notes the socio economic considerations towards commercialization of Btcotton in Kenya. Economic analysis studies were conducted in a confined field trial to compare benefitswith respect to yield and revenue between Bt and non Bt cotton. Data were collected on cost of

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production and the yield. The results for these confined field trials showed that Bt cotton yielded 25%more than the conventional cotton variety and gave positive net benefits. There was also a 20%reduction in costs when untreated Bt cotton (06Z604D) was grown compared to the conventionalvariety (HART 89M) treated for all pests. This indicated that the benefits in Bt cotton were not so muchin the yield but in the reduction of the costs of pesticide application. A study on the Potential EconomicImpact and Analysis of Institutional Factors that May Influence Adoption and Deployment of Bt-Cottonin Kenya is currently on going. The study is expected to document constraints, opportunities, andintervention packages, economic advantages of Bt-cotton compared to commercial cotton varieties,knowledge sharing and communication on appropriate interventions among Farmer Self Help Groupsand Community Based Organizations in the adoption, production and commercialization of Bt-Cotton.The results of this study are expected to guide in awareness creation and sensitization to thestakeholders on the socio-economic issues related to Bt cotton.

SESSION 8: STATUS OF GMOs RESEARCH IN KENYA: COMPLIANCE WITH BIOSAFETYREQUIREMENTS

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TRENDS IN COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIOTECH/GM CROPS: 1996-2012

Dr. Margaret Karembu, Faith Nguthi and Kwame Ogero – ISAAA [email protected]

The adoption of GM crops has grown 100-fold from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to170.3 million hectaresin 2012 making it the fastest adopted crop technology in history. In 2012, 17.3 million farmers in 28countries grew GM crops, an increase of 0.6 million from 2011. Over 15 million or 90% of these weresmall scale farmers in developing countries. This is enough evidence that biotech crops deliversustainable and substantial, socioeconomic and environmental benefits. The net economic benefit atthe farm level in 2011 was $19.8 billion, equal to an average increase in income of $133/hectare. For thefirst time, developing nations grew more, 52%, of global GM crops compared to industrial countrieswhich grew 48%. The major biotech crops in 2012 were soybean, cotton, maize and canola. Africacontinued to make good progress with South Africa increasing its biotech area by a record 0.6 millionhectares to reach 2.9 hectares. Sudan became the fourth African nation to commercialize GM cropsafter South Africa, Burkina Faso and Egypt. The country planted Bt cotton on a total of 20,000 hectaresin both rain-fed and irrigated schemes. It is projected that the adoption of GM crops will continue torise in the developing countries where the need for the technology is greatest.as more governmentsenact enabling biosafety polices and appropriate cost-effective regulatory regimes There is need fortransparent and consistent communication with society about the biosafety measures in place toassure on product quality and ensure responsible use.

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PROGRESS IN CONFINED FIELD TRIAL OF AFRICA BIOFORTIFIED SORGHUM IN KENYA AND NIGERIA

Silas D. Obukosia, Esther Kimani, Mary Yeye, Florence Wambugu, Daniel Kamanga, Jim Gaffney, MichaelNjuguna, Kenneth Mburu, , Simon Gichuki, Rose Gidado, Solomon B. O., Daniel Aba, Antony Aseta, AnthonyKorir, Daniel Aba, Evans Mwasame, Marc Albertsen, Che Ping, Zhao, Zuo-Yu, Christopher Ngichabe andDominique Nzeve

The overall goal of Africa Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) Project is to develop and deploy biofortifiedsorghum with enhanced pro-vitamin A to farmers and end users in Nigeria and Kenya, as the firstpriority product. The deployment of improved ABS product will be done on a sub-regional basis. Kenyawas chosen as the primary site for deregulation and deployment of ABS products for Eastern Africa,while in Western Africa the project is focusing on Nigeria, the largest producing of sorghum in Africa.To date 2 to 3 ABS confined field trials have been successful undertaken in each country underprescribed biosafety and regulatory measures to ensure effective genetic and material confinement.These measures included-isolation distance of 400metres, bird netting, inherent self-pollination ofsorghum (90-95%), habitat isolation, electric fencing, chain link fencing, 24/7 hour security, post-harvestmonitoring, stringent record keeping, washing trough, three layer packaging. Preliminary results showssuccessful and stable introgression of ABS traits into farmer preferred sorghum varieties includingKARI Mtama I, Gadam and Tegemeo as confirmed by phosphomannoseisomerase test and real-timepolymerase chain reaction.

BIOSAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DROUGHT TOLERANT AND INSECTPROTECTED MAIZE IN KENYA

Murenga M, S. Mugo, S, Gichuki, F. Nang’ayo, J. Karanja, R. Tende, K. Pillay, and S. Oikeh

Kenyans are among the 300 million people that are affected by the recurrent droughts in Africa, andlosses 13.5% of maize grain yield to stem borer insect pests. Maize weakened by drought stress suffersmore damage from stem borer pests. The Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project is a 5-country multi-institutional initiative to address drought and insect pests in maize, with the objective toincrease yields by 20-35% under moderate drought, and to reduce yield losses due to stem borers usingboth conventional and recombinant DNA techniques. A drought tolerance CspB gene from Bacillussubtilis, and an insect resistance gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for stem borer pest control havebeen introduced to elite maize germplasm. The WEMA project has an internal biosafety strategy toensure compliance with biosafety regulations set by the National Biosafety Authority (NBA) thatregulates handling, research, development and commercialization of genetically modified organisms(GMOs) in line with the Kenya Biosafety Law 2009. WEMA project developed biosafety facilities thatmeet international and national standards including a biosafety level II laboratory and greenhouse at

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Kabete and a confined field trial (CFT) site at Kiboko. WEMA has trained own personnel and hascontributed to biosafety compliance trainings for policy makers, local administrators, scientists,technicians and regulators on the management of GM research facilities and materials. While ensuringthe set standard operating procedures for handling the GM maize, WEMA has made two applicationsand obtained three approvals and notifications and five plant import permits for testing DT and Btmaize in Kenya. The WEMA project has also grown one insect protected maize and four droughttolerant CFTs in compliance with all biosafety regulations. Details on the achievements, challengesencountered, and lessons learnt during research and development for drought tolerant and insectprotected maize in Kenya will be discussed.

BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS AT THE INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER(CIMMYT)

Stephen Mugo

CIMMYT is devoted to research which will provide sustainable increases in agricultural productivity andimprove the quality of life of millions of farmers and consumers in developing countries. Its work withmultiple countries and technologies at the trait discovery and applied sciences levels often requireslegal and biosafety regulatory environments. CIMMYT acknowledges and endorses the safe transfer,handling and use of biotechnologies, minimizing any adverse effects that they may have on theconservation and sustainable use of the biological diversity as well as to the general environment andhuman health. To this end, CIMMYT developed a Biosafety Policy and Procedures on GeneticallyModified Organisms (GMOs) since 2002. A CIMMYT Biosafety and Bioethics Committee (BBC) overseesthe implementation of these Policy and Procedures that mirror international and national regulationsand guidelines on GMOs and provide detailed operational measures seeking to ensure their safeproduction and use. The BBC and guidelines also govern conventional technologies with important riskdimensions for example the implementation of quarantine sites to contain maize lethal necrosis (MLN)disease in Kenya. World-class standard operating procedures are conducted at the CIMMYT biosafetyfacilities that include laboratories, greenhouses and confined field trial sites. CIMMYT also joined theExcellence Through Stewardship (ETS) program the first biotechnology industry-coordinated initiativeto provide stewardship and quality management programs. CIMMYT has a serving biosafety officer andis in the process of recruiting a lead Scientist for biotechnology opportunities and stewardship that willfurther ensure and oversee the implementation of state-of-the-art stewardship practices andadherence to laws and regulatory standards. These measures have ensured that several laboratory,greenhouse and field GM wheat projects have been carried out in in Mexico and several GM maizeprojects carried out in Mexico and Kenya without non-compliance issues. Details of these and thelessons learnt that can benefit our partner institutions and countries will be presented.

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BASELINE STUDIES ON INSECT RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR BT-COTTON IN KENYA

Waturu C. N., Muriuki S. J. N. and Taracha C.

Measures of Insect Resistance Management (IRM) are usually applied to delay the evolution ofresistance in pest populations exposed to a pest management tool. The core of an IRM strategy isbased on the biology of the key target pest and the pest-crop interaction. Therefore, insect resistancemanagement plans should be tailored to the specific local needs. Studies geared towards thedevelopment of an IRM strategy for Bt-Cotton in Kenya were designed and implemented. Theobjectives of the studies were to identify refuges of non-Bt plants where populations of the Africanbollworm may build up to mate with any resistant insects from the Bt-cotton plants, to establishbaseline susceptibility of the African bollworm (Helicoverpaamigera) populations to the proteinCry2Ab2 toxin and to produce a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the basic biologyand ecology of lepidopteran pests impacting cotton production in Kenya. The study established thatthe alternative hosts supported higher larval populations than cotton. These included cowpeas, pigeonpeas, sorghum, sunflower, chickpea, tomatoes and beans. This study gave a good indication of possiblehosts that have potential in insect resistance management in Bt-cotton agro-ecosystem. Susceptibilityof H. amigera to Cry2Ab2 toxins showed a clear detrimental effect on larval growth confirming that theKenyan population of H.amigera was highly susceptible to Cry2Ab2 proteins. Pests of cotton includingthe African bollworm, Spiny bollworm(Eriasbiplaga), Pink bollworm (Pectinophoragossypiella), redspider mites(Tetranychustelarius), Cotton stainer (Dysdercus spp.), Cotton jassid (EmpoascaSpp),tobacco whitefly(Bemisiatabaci) and Cotton lygus (Lygusvosseleri) have continually featured as themost important pests of cotton in Kenya. These findings will provide a basis for developing an IRMstrategy for Bt-Cotton that will sustain the products effectiveness. It is hoped that the strategy oncedeveloped will minimize the selection pressure on the African bollworm and ensure compatibility withintegrated pest management.

INTROGRESSION OF NUTRITIONAL TRAITS AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF IMPROVEDSORGHUM EXPRESSING THE ENHANCED NUTRITION

Kimani E., Obukosia S., Mwasame E., Nzeve D., Aseta A., Gichuki S., Wambugu F., Ngichabe C., Kamanga D.,Njuguna M., Gaffney J., Che Ping, Albertsen M., Zhao, Zuo-Yu, Mburu K. and Korir A

Sorghum is a high energy valued food for more than 300 million people in arid and semi-arid regions ofAfrica. The African biofortified sorghum project has made progress in improving the bioavailablility ofiron and zinc, pro-vitamin A, and improved protein digestibility and quality in sorghum, through geneticengineering by lowering the expression of genes encoding for lysine ketoglutaratereductase, gammakafirin and myoinositol kinase enzyme in one event (ABS 032) and introduction of phytoene synthase(psy), carotenoid desaturase (crtI) and low phytic acid (lpa) genes in ABS188. In Kenya, we areintrogressing these genes into local varieties and evaluating the backcrosses under confined field trial.Preliminary data shows no significant differences (>0.05) of the ABS 032 backcrosses with KARIMtama1 (parent), for plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, grain yield, 100 seedweight and number of tillers. The presence of the marker gene was confirmed using polymerase chainreaction.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSGENIC VIRUS RESISTANT CASSAVA UNDER THE VIRCA PROJECT

D. W. Miano, T. Alicai, M. Halsey, H. M. Obiero, T. Munga, P. Anderson, S. T. Gichuki, A. Bua and Nigel Taylor

The VIRCA (Virus Resistant Cassava for Africa) project is a collaborative program between KenyaAgricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya, National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI),Uganda and Donald Danforth Plant Science Center (DDPSC), USA. The project’s goal is to developfarmer-preferred cassava varieties with resistance to viral diseases cassava brown streak disease(CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) using pathogen-derived RNAi technology. The projectincludes all aspects of the intellectual property, technology development, regulatory, biosafety, qualitycontrol, communication and distribution components required for a genetically modified cropdevelopment and delivery process. Discussed in this paper is the progress made in the laboratory,greenhouse and confined field trials (CFTs) and future activities towards the approval and release offarmer-preferred virus resistance cassava varieties.

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR L. MOENCH) WITH CHITINASE ANDCHITOSANASE GENES FOR ANTHRACNOSE TOLERANCE

Linus KosamboAyoo

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench) is an important staple food and fodder crop in Africa and Asia.Fungal diseases such as anthracnose which is caused by Colletotrichumsublineolum reduce sorghumyields. Genetic engineering can be used to confer tolerance to plant diseases such as anthracnose. Thetolerance can be developed by introducing genes encoding antifungal proteins such as chitinases andchitosanases that hydrolyse fungal cell wall. Chitinasesendolytically hydrolyse the -1,4-linkages ofchitin; whereas chitosanases hydrolyse the -1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine residues in a partially acetylated chitin polymer. Particle bombardment was used togenetically transform a sorghum genotype from Kenya, KAT 412, with chitinase (harchit) andchitosanase (harcho) genes isolated from Trichodermaharzianum. The genetic transformation alsoincluded introduction of herbicide resistance pat gene. Successful genetic transformation of KAT 412with the two antifungal genes and the herbicide resistance gene was achieved. Transgenic sorghumplants coexpressing the two anti-fungal genes and the herbicide resistance bar gene were developed.Expression of the harchit and harcho in the transformants was confirmed by southern blot andquantitative real time PCR. In planta and ex plantaC. sublineolum infection assays were carried outusing one-week old seedlings to determine tolerance to anthracnose. Seedlings from a transgenic linewere found to be significantly more tolerant to anthracnose than the parent wild type. The transgenicline was further compared with other wild type sorghum cultivars. The comparison revealed agenotype-dependent difference in anthracnose response. The transgenic line was found to be moretolerant than the sorghum line SDSH 513 but less tolerant than KAT L5. This demonstrated theexistence of a genetic diversity that can be utilised to pyramid genes for higher tolerance toanthracnose. Antifungal genes can be introduced into other agronomically elite sorghum lines forfungal diseases resistance and enhanced productivity.

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EXPRESSION OF DROUGHT INDUCED GENES ENHANCES GRAIN PRODUCTIVITY UNDER WATERLIMITED ENVIRONMENT

Steven Maina Runo, Leta Tulu Bedada, Miccah Songelael Seth, WondyifrawTefera, CharlessMugoya, CletWandu Massiga, Richard Okoth Oduor, Eduardo Blumewald and Machuka Jesse

Drought is one of the major abiotic constraints contributing to low productivity in maize. In tropicalregion, it causes grain yield losses of as high as 70% while complete crop failure is also commondepending on the severity of drought. Drought diminishes crop productivity mainly by causingpremature leaf senescence. It is now possible to delay drought induced leaf senescence in order toenhance tolerance to drought and stabilize crop yield through bioengineering. The ipt gene codes forisopentenyl transferase (IPT) enzyme, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis ofcytokinin (CK) and enhances tolerance to drought by increasing the foliar level of CK that delaysdrought-induced leaf senescence in transgenic crops. The current study aimed to genetically transformlocally adapted elite and commercial tropical maize genotypes with ipt gene to develop drought stresstolerance through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Ten maize genotypes adapted toEthiopian and the Eastern and Central African (ECA) countries were evaluated for in vitro regenerationability using immature zygotic embryos as explants. Six genotypes (Melkassa-2, Melkassa-6Q,[CML387/CML176]-B-B-2-3-2-B[QPM], CML395, CML442 and CML216) were identified as the bestregenerating ones having potential for improvement through genetic transformation. Subsequently,the ipt gene was sub-cloned into the pNOV2819 binary vector to take advantage of the pmi gene asplant selectable marker and mannose as selective agent. The pNOV2819 binary vector carrying the iptgene was introduced into the Agrobacterium strain EHA101 which was subsequently used to transformimmature zygotic embryos obtained from the six genotypes. Among the six genotypes studied,transgenic plants were successfully regenerated in Melkassa-2 and CML216 with regeneration efficiencyof 87.5 and 59.6 %, respectively. Transgenic plants were analyzed using PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR.Based on PCR results, transformation efficiencies were found to be 97.4 and 100% for Melkassa-2 andCML216, respectively, indicating stringency of the pmi/mannose based selection system for maizetransformation. Southern blot analysis indicated stable integration of the transgene into the genomeof CML216 with 2-3 copy numbers in five independent events. In drought assay carried out in theglasshouse transgenic plants expressing the ipt gene maintained higher leaf relative water content(RWC) and total chlorophyll concentration during the drought period and produced significantly highergrain yield compared to the wild type (WT) plants. The ipt gene was observed to improve droughttolerance in tropical maize by delaying drought induced leaf senescence. It was concluded that thetransgenic line developed can be further tested for tolerance to drought under contained field trials.Furthermore it can be used in breeding programs to improve drought tolerance in other commercialtropical maize genotypes through conventional breeding.

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF BANANAS FOR RESISTANCE TO XANTHOMONAS WILT DISEASE

L. TripathiInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), C/o ILRI, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya

Banana (Musa sp) represents one of the most important world food crops after maize, rice, wheat and cassava.Many pests and diseases have significantly affected banana cultivation. Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW),caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, is one of the most important diseases andcurrently considered as the biggest threat to banana production in the Great Lakes region of Africa includingUganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi. The pathogen is highlycontagious and its spread has endangered the livelihood of millions of farmers who rely on banana for food andincome. All banana varieties in Africa are vulnerable to BXW. Overall economic losses were estimated at $2 billion

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over a decade, arising from price increases and significant reductions in production. BXW can be managed byfollowing cultural practices; however, the adoption of these practices has been inconsistent as these techniquesare labor intensive. The development of disease resistant bananas remains a high priority since farmers arereluctant to employ labor-intensive disease control measures and there is no host plant resistance amongbanana cultivars. In the absence of natural host plant resistance among banana cultivars, researchers at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO),in partnership with the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF), have developed hundreds oftransgenic lines expressing the Hypersensitive Response Assisting Protein (Hrap) or Plant Ferredoxin LikeProtein (Pflp) gene originated from sweet pepper. These transgenic lines have exhibited strong resistance toBXW in the laboratory and glasshouse tests. The best 65 resistant lines were planted in a confined field trial(CFT) in Uganda for further evaluation. All transgenic lines tested had significantly higher resistance incomparison to control non-transgenic plants under field conditions. Twelve of these transgenic lines had shownabsolute resistant to BXW with both mother and progenies plants in CFT. Aside from full resistance to BXW, thetransgenic lines also showed flowering and yield (bunch weight and fruit size) characteristics comparable to non-transgenic plants, indicating there are no observable unintended impacts. These lines will be further tested inmulti-location trial in Uganda. These lines will be evaluated for environmental and food safety in compliance withUganda biosafety regulations, risk assessment and management, and seed registration and release procedures,and anticipating to release this product to farmer in 2020. This study is a significant step toward development oftransgenic bananas resistant to BXW, which will boost the available arsenal to fight this epidemic disease andsave livelihoods in Africa. Our results demonstrated that constitutive expression of the sweet pepper Hrap andPflp genes in banana resulted in enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas wilt. Therefore, we are currentlygenerating more transgenic lines with additional cultivars of bananas preferred by farmers in Kenya.

AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS RESISTANCE IN CATTLE BY A TRANSGENIC APPROACH

Mingyan YU, Charity MUTETI, Moses OGUGO, Steve KEMP

Genetics Group, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

African trypanosomiasis, caused by extracellular protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma), is a major diseasein cattle that affects agricultural production in broad regions of Africa. The parasites are transmittedbetween mammals by infected tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) during blood feeding. Both wild and domesticanimals are potential reservoirs of the parasites for human infection resulting in human sleepingsickness. In order to control the disease, we proposed a new strategy for creating resistance in cattleto African trypanosomiasis by a transgenic approach. Using the technique of somatic cell nucleartransfer (cloning), we aim to establish genetically modified cattle on the background of a Kenyanindigenous breed – Kenyan Boran, which carry a gene that imparts resistance to African trypanosomes.The gene, apoL1, encodes the key trypanolytic component of baboon’s protective Trypanosome LyticFactor (TLF) against both cattle and human infective trypanosomes. TLFs are only found in humans,gorillas, sooty mangabys, mandrills and baboons and govern resistance to different Africantrypanosome species. Baboons are remarkably resistant to all African trypanosomes due to its TLF,specifically apoL1. Previous research with transgenic mice has shown that the baboon apoL1 productwas able to confer protection to the mice against trypanosome infection. Therefore, we hypothesizethat expression of baboon apoL1 in cattle will also endow endogenous resistance to trypanosomes. Asthe proof of concept step, we have successfully set up and tested the platform for somatic cell nucleartransfer using Boran bovine embryonic fibroblasts (BEFs). In total, two cloned calves were born bycaesarean section operation. One calf survives up to today and is in good health. The next step is toestablish genetically modified cattle with transgenic BEFs.

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POSTERS AND EXHIBITIONS

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS FOR GENE EXPRESSION OF BETA CAROTENE GENES IN TRANSGENIC CASSAVA

Kipkemboi P. T1, Maling’a J. 2, Nyende A. B.1, Gichuki S. T2. And Wanjala B.21. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology2. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

Cassava is an important food for millions of people around the world. The starchy root crop ranks thirdafter maize and rice as a major food crop in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Among the World’s grownstarchy crops, cassava has the lowest protein/energy ratio. It is deficient in protein, iron, zinc, pro-vitamin A and vitamin E. Many of the poor in the SSA suffer from Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). Strategiesapplied to address the VAD include pharmaceutical supplementation, conventional breeding and foodfortification. The former is not practical due to its inaccessibility and unaffordability in rural areas.Conventional breeding is the most desirable but is challenged with the cassava heterozygosity andpoor seed set. Cassava biofortified with pro-vitamin A can help reduce VAD among the undernourishedcommunities that rely upon it for sustenance. BioCassava Plus project has developed trasnsgeniccassava that expresses beta carotene in roots using root specific patatin promoter. Intensive screeningof the biofortified cassava is an important package for risk assessment through establishing integrity ofthe promoter gene and genes driving beta carotene expression. This study aimed at molecular analysisfor gene expression of crtB and DXS genes using PCR and RT-PCR on both the roots and leaves. DXSand PSY genes were present and expressed in both the roots and leaves.

LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST KIT FOR RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE-PLEUROPNEUMONIA

Anderson Wambugu, Reuben Soi and Abuu OrikoKenya Agricultural Research Institute; Biotechnology centre; P.O. Box 57811 00200 Nairobi

Contagious caprine-pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a disease of goats caused by Mycoplasma capricolumsubsp. capripneumoniae which has a predilection for the lungs and causes death in susceptible goatswithin a few days after exposure if no interventions are instituted. Once an animal is exposed to thedisease, its immune system responds by production of specific antibodies to the mycoplasma’santigens. The latex agglutination test is a rapid pen-side test intended to confirm the presence of thespecific antibodies either in whole blood or in the separated serum obtained from clinical cases. Testresults are reported with reference to known positive and negative control sera. Equal volumes ofLatex beads coated with mycoplasma antigen are mixed with either whole blood or separated serumand rocked for 1-2 minutes at room temperature. Results are observed and recorded immediately. Thekit contents include Latex beads coated with mycoplasma antigen, a 12 well test plate,10 µl. reagentdroppers to dispense LAT beads, test and control samples.

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GMOS: EFFICACY, SAFETY AND PROFIT

Marion MutugiJKUAT

MITIGATING HEALTH CONCERNS AND RIGHTS OF CONSUMERS IN RELATION TO GMO FOODS

Monica Wekesa, Wanjiru Kamau and Moses AtongKBIOC/KOAN

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Biosafety Recognition Awards 2013Program Overview

The NBA has created a Biosafety Recognition Ward Program to identify and celebrate extraordinaryindividuals who have made significant contributions to help others in the field of Biosafety in Kenya.This Program honours exceptional and inspiring individuals who have made a difference in promotingBiosafety, serves as role models and contributes to food security, the fight against infectious diseases,environmental, animal and public health protection.

Four (4) individuals and one (1) group with excellence in ANY of the following areas will be awarded:

Medical, laboratory , research and Public health Environment , plant and animal Biosafety Facilities and Maintenance Advocacy and regulations Advocacy groups/associations

Selection mechanism:

1. Nominations can be made by anyone by filing the nomination form. Nominations should beemailed to the Chief Executive Officer, National Biosafety Authority (NBA):[email protected] or [email protected]

2. Staff from National Biosafety Authority and the NBA Board do not qualify for this Award3. Awards to be presented during the 2nd National Biosafety Conference in Nairobi on August 9,

20134. Winners will be chosen by a selection committee based on the criteria outlined in the

nomination form.

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2012 Biosafety Recognition Awardees:

Name Awardees Affiliation1. Medical, laboratory , research and

public healthDr Peter Mark Tukei, In charge American Public Health

Laboratory (APHL) Kenya Office

2. Agriculture, environment , plant andanimal Biosafety

Dr Simon T. Gichuki Head, KARI BiotechnologyCentre and KARI IBC Secretary

3. Facilities and Maintenance Mr James Kipruto Lelei Chief Institute Engineer, KenyaMedical research Institute(KEMRI).

4. Advocacy and regulations Professor Norah KhadziniOlembo

Executive Director, AfricanBiotechnology StakeholdersForum (ABSF)

5. Advocacy group or Association(s) African BiosafetyAssociation (AfBSA)

Regional Biosafety body ofprofessionals

From left: (Seated) Mr. James Lelei, Prof. Norah Olembo, Dr Peter Tukei, DrSimon Gichuki, Mr Murenga Mwimali, Mr Nicholas Mwikwabe- AfBSA. Standingare NBA Management and Board Members.

Full biographies are available on our website: www.biosafetykenya.go.ke

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NATIONAL BIOSAFETY AUTHORITYChampioning for a Biosafe Nation

VISION STATEMENTA World-class Biosafety Agency.

MISSION STATEMENTTo ensure and assure safe development, transfer, handling and use of genetically modified

organisms (GMOs) in Kenya.

OUR CORE VALUESIntegrity

ProfessionalismTransparencyAccountability

Commission for University Education BuildingRedhill Rd, off Limuru Rd (Route 108)

Roselyn area, GigiriP.O. Box 28251 – 00100

NAIROBI.Tel: +254 202678667 or 0713 854132

Email: [email protected]: www.biosafetykenya.go.ke

biosafetykenya @biosafetykenya

abstract book 5-9th august 2013-1

Documents

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national biosafety conference5

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